What are the components of ancient Chinese architecture?

Base Components of Ancient Chinese Architecture

(a) Pedestal?

It is called the base. The base of the building above the ground. Used to support the building, and make it moisture-proof, anti-corrosion, at the same time can make up for the lack of Chinese ancient monolithic architecture is not very tall and majestic. There are four kinds.

1, ordinary foundation?

With a plain or gray soil or broken bricks and earth rammed and become, about a foot high, commonly used in small buildings.

2,Higher foundation?

Higher than the ordinary foundation, often built on the top side of the foundation of alabaster railings, used for large buildings or palace buildings in the secondary building.

3,Higher pedestal?

The Sumeru seat, also known as the vajra seat. "Sumeru" is the name of the mountain in ancient Indian mythology, is said to be located in the center of the world, is the highest mountain in the universe, the sun, moon and stars in the middle of it, the three worlds of the heavens also rely on it layer by layer to establish. Sumeru used as a statue of Buddha or shrine base, to show the Buddha's lofty greatness. Ancient Chinese architecture using the Sumeru seat to indicate the level of the building. Generally made of brick or stone, with concave and convex lines and decorations on the platform built with white jade railing, commonly used in palaces and famous temples in the main hall building.

4, the highest pedestal?

By several Sumeru seat stacked into, so that the building appears more grand and tall, often used in the highest level of construction, such as the Forbidden City, three halls and Shandong Qufu Confucian Temple Dacheng Hall, that is, towering over the highest level of foundation.

(ii) wooden columns?

Commonly used pine or barrel wood made of cylindrical wood. Placed on a stone (sometimes bronze)? for the bottom of the table. Multiple wooden columns used to support roof purlins and form beam frames.?

(iii) An opening?

The space surrounded by four wooden columns is called "room". The number of facing spaces in a building is called the "open space" or "room". Between", or "face". The depth of the building between the number called "into the depth". Ancient China to odd numbers for? Auspicious number, so the majority of the plane combination of openings for the single number; and the more openings, the higher the grade. More, the higher the grade. The Imperial Palace in Beijing, Beijing, Taihe Temple Hall for eleven rooms.

(d) beams, that is, beams?

One of the most important wood on the wooden columns to form the ridge. Commonly used pine? Wood, elm or cedar made. It is one of the main pieces of the skeleton in traditional Chinese wood-frame buildings.?

(E) arch?

It is a unique component of ancient Chinese architecture. Square blocks of wood called bucket, bow-shaped short wood called arch,? Oblique long wood called Ang, known as the arch. Generally placed at the head of the column and forehead visit (also known as appendage head, commonly known as look? Visitors, located between the two gable columns, used to support the arch), between the roof, used to support the load beams and frames, picking out the eaves, as well as decorative role. By the bucket-shaped wood blocks, bow-shaped short wood, diagonally placed long wood group? Cheng, criss-crossing layers, layer by layer to the outside, forming a large under the small bracket.

(F) color painting?

Originally for the wooden structure moisture-proof, anti-corrosion, anti-moth-eaten, and only later to highlight its decorative, Song Dynasty to? After the color painting has become an indispensable decorative art of the palace. Can be divided into three levels.

1, and seal color painting?

It is the highest grade of color painting. Its main features are: the middle of the picture by a variety of different patterns of dragons or phoenixes, complemented by floral patterns; picture on both sides with the "? frame, and ? And leaching powder paste gold, gold and blue, very magnificent.

2,Spinning color painting?

Second in rank to the and seal color painting. Picture with a simplified form of scrolling petals spinning flowers, sometimes can also be painted dragons and phoenixes, two sides with "? framed up, can be pasted with or without gold dust. Generally used in secondary palaces or temples.?

3,Su-style color painting?

The grade is lower than the first two. The picture is landscape, character stories, flowers, birds, fish and insects, etc., and the two sides with the "? or (?) framed. "(?)" Known to architects as "baggage", the Su style is a form of "wrapping". The Su-style colorful paintings evolved from the Jiangnan baggage colorful paintings.

(VII) Roof (ancient name for roof)?

There are seven kinds of traditional Chinese roofs, among which the heavy-eaved hipped roof and heavy-eaved hermit roof are the? the highest level, followed by the single-eaved hipped roof and single-eaved hermit roof.?

1,hipped roof?

Sloping on all sides, with one main ridge and four sloping ridges, the roof is slightly curved, also known as the four a? The roof is also known as a four-aisle roof.

2,hermitage roof?

It is a combination of hipped roof and hard roof, i.e., the upper part of the roof with four slopes is turned into a vertical? Straight triangular wall. There are one main ridge, four hanging ridges, four depending on the composition of the ridge, so it is also known as ? Nine ridge roof.

3,Hanging roof?

The roof is double-sloped, with both sides sticking out beyond the mountain wall. The roof has a ridge and four pendant ridges, also known as the picket roof. Ridge, also known as the picket roof.

4,Hard Peak?

The roof is double-sloped, and the two side walls are flush with the roof, or slightly higher than the roof.

5, save pointed roof?

Circular or polygonal in plan, the upper part of the roof is conical, there is no ridge, there are a number of roof? Ridge intersected at the upper end. General pavilions, pavilions, towers commonly used in this type of roof.

6, rolled roof?

Double-slope roof, there is no obvious ridge, that is, the front and rear slopes do not use the ridge and built into an arc? The roofs are made up of a curved surface.

(H) mountain wall?

The upper part of the two sides of the house into the tip of the wall. Common mountain wall and wind volcano wall,? Characterized by the two sides of the mountain wall above the roof, with the sloping surface of the roof and stepped.?

(IX) Algae well?

Traditional Chinese architecture on the ceiling of a decoration. The name "alga well", containing the five elements? The meaning of water to prevent fire. Generally in the temple on the throne or the throne of the palace? Square. Is the concave part of the flat roof, square, hexagonal, octagonal or round, carved? Carved or painted, common "double dragons playing beads".

Characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture?

1,Chinese ancient architecture to wood, brick and tile as the main building materials, to wood frame structure as the main structural mode?

This structure is built by columns, beams, purlins and other main components, and the nodes between the components are matched by mortise and tenon, forming a flexible frame. In ancient China, there are three different types of wooden frames: the raised beam, the pierced bucket, and the well stem. The lifted beam style is called "lifted beam style" because the beams are lifted on the columns and the beams are lifted on top of the beams. Palace, altar temple, temple and other large buildings often use this structure. Through the bucket is to use through the square to rows of columns through even up to become rows of frame, and then with square, purlin bucket and become, so called through the bucket. Mostly used for residential and smaller buildings. Well dry type is made of wood cross-stacked, because of its enclosed space like a well and named. This structure is relatively primitive and simple, and is now rarely used except in a few forested areas. Wooden frame structure has many advantages, first of all, load-bearing and enclosure structure is clearly divided, the weight of the roof by the wooden frame to bear, the outer walls play a role in blocking the sun, heat insulation and cold, the inner walls play a role in dividing the indoor space. Since the walls are not load-bearing, this structure gives the building great flexibility. Secondly, conducive to earthquake prevention, seismic, wood frame structure is very similar to today's frame structure, due to the characteristics of the wood, and the structure of the frame used arch and mortise and tenon have a number of expansion and contraction margin, so within certain limits can be reduced by the earthquake caused by the structure of the hazards. "Walls fall down, the house does not collapse" is a graphic expression of the characteristics of this structure.

2, the layout of ancient Chinese architecture has a concise organization of the law?

It is to form a single building with the unit of "room", and then to form a courtyard with a single building, and then to form various forms of groups with the courtyard as a unit. In terms of single buildings, rectangular planes are the most common. In addition, there are also geometric planes such as circles, squares, and crosses. As a whole, most of the important buildings adopt a balanced and symmetrical approach, taking the courtyard as a unit and designing along the longitudinal and transverse axes, which, with the help of the organic combination of the building groups and the accentuation, makes the main building appear particularly grand and magnificent. Residential and landscape gardens, on the other hand, adopt the flexible layout of "due to the time of day, on the location".

3, ancient China's beautiful architectural shape?

Particularly in the roof modeling is the most prominent, mainly hipped, hiatus, overhanging mountain, hard mountain, save the tip, rolled shed and other forms.

Whether hipped or hipped roof, or hipped roof, are large roofs, appearing stable and coordinated. In the roof of the straight line and curve clever combination, the formation of upward slightly warped eaves, not only expand the light surface, conducive to the drainage of rainwater, but also added to the building of the beauty of the flying lightness.

4, ancient Chinese architecture is rich and colorful decoration?

Including painting and carving. Painting has the function of decoration, sign, protection, symbol and so on. Paint pigments contain copper, which not only protects against moisture and weathering and peeling, but also protects against insects and ants. The use of colors is limited, and the Ming and Qing dynasties stipulated that Zhu and yellow are the most noble and precious colors. Painting more in the internal and external eaves of the beam square, arch and indoor ceiling, algal wells and column head, composition and the shape of the components closely combined with the drawing of exquisite, colorful. Ming and qing dynasty beam square color painting is the most notable. Qing Dynasty color painting can be divided into three categories, namely, and seal color painting, spinning color painting and Su-style color painting.

Carvings are an important part of the art of ancient Chinese architecture, including brick carvings on the walls, stone carvings on the pedestal stone railings, gold, silver, copper and iron and other architectural ornaments. The carving of the subject is very rich in content, there are animal and plant patterns, figures, theater scenes and historical legends and stories. The Forbidden City, Beijing, on the foundation of the Hall of Baohe ah stone, carved with exquisite dragon and phoenix pattern, weighing 200 tons. There are also many carved works of art inside and outside ancient buildings, including Buddha statues in temples and stone figures and beasts in front of tombs.?

5, ancient Chinese architecture paid special attention to the coordination with the surrounding natural environment?

The building itself is an environment for people to live, work, play, socialize and other activities, so not only the internal components should be considered to cooperate and coordinate, but also pay special attention to the coordination with the surrounding natural environment. Ancient Chinese designers in the design are very concerned about the surrounding environment, the surrounding mountains and rivers, geographic features, climatic conditions, forest vegetation, etc., are to be carefully investigated and studied, and make sure that the architectural layout, form, color and so on with the surrounding environment, thus constituting a large environmental space.