(26 points) Some scholars have come to the following conclusions in their study of the theme "The Transformation of Chinese Civilization from Tradition to Modernity". Conclusion 1: Ancient Chinese civ

(1) Characteristics: authoritarianism (or the supremacy of the central imperial power, the implementation of the system of the three principal officials and nine ministers), centralization (or the implementation of the county system at the local level). (4 marks)

Han Wu Di deposed the hundred schools and respected Confucianism, realizing the unification of ideas. (3 points)

(2) Invasion of Western powers and the impact of Western industrial civilization on China after the two Opium Wars. (3 points)

Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan proposed to control the barbarians by learning from them; the development of the foreign affairs movement; the emergence of the early reformists (or the birth of national enterprises). (6 points)

(3) Gain: ①Politically: the Constitution stipulates that the nature of the state is based on the alliance of workers and peasants; the grass-roots democratization of elections is now practiced in the countryside. (2 points for either answer)

② economic: land reform in the early years of the founding of the country, so that farmers have access to land; the three major reforms, the countryside on the road of cooperation; reform and opening up, the family contract responsibility system as the core of the reforms so that the living standards of farmers to improve. (4 points for any two answers)

Loss: During the Great Leap Forward period, industrialization was the center of attention, ignoring agricultural production and the individual interests of peasants; (2 points) The system of rural people's commune affected the enthusiasm of peasants to produce, resulting in slow growth of agricultural production. (2 points)

Test Question Analysis: (1) This question is mainly based on the knowledge gained to answer the question, the authoritarian centralized system established by the Qin Dynasty includes two aspects, one is authoritarianism, the other is centralized power. The former embodied the relationship between imperial power and phallic power, while the latter embodied the relationship between centralization and local decentralization. The Han Dynasty consolidated political unity through ideological unity. (2) The material "exogenous" catalyzes "endogenous", which refers to the role of external factors on internal factors. Modern China suffered from the invasion of foreign powers, China was affected by the impact of Western industrial civilization, in this case, China also began a slow process of modernization. The performance of the main Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan's open-eye view of the world trend, the foreign affairs trend and the trend of modernization and so on. (3) This question is about China's achievements and failures in the political and economic fields since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Achievements include the establishment of a democratic political system with Chinese characteristics and the gradual discovery of the road of socialist construction with Chinese characteristics. The negative aspects were the Great Leap Forward and the People's Communalization Movement, and the Cultural Revolution in the political field.