Before the Republic of China, what kind of medical system did China implement in previous dynasties?

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Before the Republic of China, there was no separation of medicine in China.

Private medical practice does not require "approval".

There is a specialized agency in charge of drugs.

China Ancient Medicine Management System

(A) ancient drug management began in Zhou.

The ancient medical management in China began in the Zhou Dynasty, and a whole set of medical management organization and assessment system was established. "Zhou Li Tian Guan Zhong Zai" records: "The doctor is in charge of the medical purpose, gathering poison to * * * (note: * *) medical treatment. Where there are diseases and sores in the country, doctors should divide and cure them. At the end of the year, I will take care of my medical affairs to control my diet. Ten things are the best, ten things are lost once, ten things are lost twice, ten things are lost three times and ten things are lost four times. " The doctor mentioned here is the head of many doctors and is in charge of the administrative affairs of national medicine and health. Government-controlled drugs and devices; Historical documents and medical records; Act as a servant, taking care of patients and medicines. The division of labor here is clear, and the personnel perform their duties. At the end of the year, doctors will check the implementation of their medical affairs to determine the personnel level and salary. This is the earliest medical management system established in China, and the "government" is the earliest specialized personnel engaged in drug management.

(2) China's ancient medicine management continued to develop and improve.

Since the establishment of the "wine administration" and "government" in charge of wine and medicine in the Zhou Dynasty, the courts in China have set up specialized medical management institutions and personnel to manage medical laws and regulations.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the rapid social changes, academic schools of thought contended, and social economy and scientific culture showed unprecedented prosperity. Under the influence of the situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" and the achievements of medical practice, the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine and the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment began to be established and gradually formed, which promoted the continuous development and improvement of the medical management system. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the imperial edict of Imperial Physician and the decree of Imperial Physician mastering medicine were established. "Each prescription is made by one medicine", and the medicine becomes the main medicine, and the prescription becomes the main prescription. In addition, there are medical officers, such as materia medica, medicine, prescription, Chinese medicine chief, drug officer and so on.

From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there was a special drug storage bureau under the Chinese Medicine Department, and there were people who were responsible for collecting, distributing and storing drugs. There are two people in Tang Pharmacy, Lang Hecheng. Langzhong Zhang He Zhi Yong, Medicine, Cheng Erzhi ". Tangtai Medical Department is not only the highest medical institution in China, but also a medical education institution, which consists of four parts: administrative management, teaching, medical treatment and pharmacy workers. ..... one doctor of medicine, one teaching assistant and twenty doctors. A doctor of medicine teaches students with medical skills. "In the Tang Dynasty, the medical management institutions and personnel had a detailed division of labor, clear responsibilities and developed medical education, and all medical personnel were" applying the law as a country ".

In the Song Dynasty, medical management institutions developed further. In order to strengthen medical management and improve the management system of Imperial College of Medicine, Hanlin Medical College was set up to be responsible for medical purposes and medical affairs, and there were also institutions specializing in pharmaceutical affairs management, namely Imperial College of Medicine and Commercial Bureau of Medicine, to keep precious drugs donated at home and abroad and serve the royal family. The Commercial Pharmacy Bureau is the highest pharmaceutical administration institution. Taiyi Bureau specializes in medical education. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi's political reform and the New Deal were carried out, and a national drug trading organization was established according to the "Easy City Law", which was later changed to "Taiping Huimin Bureau". This is the earliest State Drug Administration in the history of China, and it also brings drug management into the scope of national legal management. The state controls and monopolizes the drug trade, prevents businessmen from speculating and supervises drugs. The establishment of "Pharmacy Bureau" promulgated the drug standard "Taiping Huimin Heji Prescription" (hereinafter referred to as "Pharmacy Prescription"), which promoted the completion of medicine and reduced the price of medicine, and played a great role in people's health, disease treatment and drug trade development. In the history of pharmaceutical affairs management, its management measures include drug standard "prescription", drug production supervision and drug sales rotation system, drug quality inspection system and so on. Studying the history of pharmaceutical affairs management and drawing lessons from traditional experience can not be ignored. In particular, its monopoly system has far-reaching significance in the history of world medical management and medical trade. In the Song Dynasty, doctors' professional ethics and responsibility for medical accidents were also stipulated by law. Anyone who uses drugs to defraud property is punished as a bandit. Those who died of accidental injuries by quacks shall be brought to justice; If the officials in charge don't show sympathy for their suffering subordinates, they will also be punished.

During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were some new developments in medical management institutions and medical systems. In addition to the royal pharmacy and the standardized pharmacy management institutions, the Yuan Dynasty also set up private pharmacy management institutions, such as Guanghui Division, Guangji Promotion Division, Dadu Huimin Bureau, Hui Hui Pharmaceutical College, etc. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Medical Promotion was set up. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Huimin pharmacy and pharmacognosy database were set up in Tai Hospital, with one ambassador and one assistant. Its duty is to "distinguish the medicine from its soil, choose its good (evil, bad) and use it with caution." When medicines are distributed in Sifang, hospital officials collect and store the crude drug warehouse. When it is dry and humid, ... officials from Ritual Department and Ritual Department come to inspect it. "In the Qing Dynasty, there was an imperial court." There was one court envoy, one judge in the left and right courts, ten doctors and twenty officials, all of whom were etiquette posts, specializing in diagnosing diseases and repairing medicine bait. " Where medicinal materials enter and leave Danielle ". In the Qing dynasty, the criminal law was more severe in the medical management system than the previous generation, and people who prescribed the wrong medicine were punished by the rod. If a doctor misuses acupuncture drugs to cause the death of a patient, he shall order other doctors to identify prescriptions and acupoints. If it is unintentional, it shall be punished as the crime of manslaughter and the crime of not practicing medicine. Whoever intentionally uses fake drugs to treat diseases to defraud others of their property shall be punished as theft, and whoever intentionally kills people with fake drugs or kills people by mistake with drugs shall be sentenced to death. It also stipulates that those who practice medicine without official permission will be fined. Drug administration in Thai hospital "When cooking royal medicine, the officer in our hospital will prescribe a prescription after taking the pulse, and it will be supervised by the internal officer. Every two clothes are combined into a suit, and when cooked, they are put in two containers. Officials of our hospital tasted it first, ministers tasted it again, and one of them entered the imperial palace. "Taiji Hospital has a doctor who specializes in processing drugs. Make the division of labor in medicine more and more perfect.

China Modern Pharmacy Management

(1) Drug management in China before and after the Opium War.

/kloc-Around 0/800, Britain used opium smuggling as an important means to open the door to China, and imported opium from China, making amazing profits. The spread of tobacco toxins throughout the country has greatly destroyed the mind and body of opium addicts. The Qing government banned opium imports many times. But the poison of tobacco is becoming more and more serious. In order to further expand the forces of aggression, imperialist powers regard medicine as an important means of cultural aggression. Since then, opium smoke poison has further poisoned people, and a large number of chemical raw materials have been continuously imported into China. All these reflect an important aspect of the Qing government's out-of-control drug management after the Opium War.

(2) Medical management in the Republic of China

After the Revolution of 1911, the Nanjing Provisional Government led by Sun Yat-sen abolished the old system and adopted a new system, which explicitly prohibited the cultivation and smoking of opium. Under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, there is a health department, which is responsible for drug management, and the fourth department is responsible for drug management. At that time, the main tasks of pharmaceutical affairs management were: (1) approving the qualification of pharmacists, issuing or canceling their licenses, and supervising their business; (2) registering and banning drug dealers; (3) supervising pharmaceutical factories; (4) Verification and restriction of trafficking in drugs and toxic drama drugs; (5) Investigate prescriptions and drugs, etc.

1927 after the establishment of the Kuomintang central government, it copied the management model of the United States, and the reason for drug management was to set up a medical administration department in the Ministry of Health. 1947 After the Ministry of Health resumed, it announced the establishment of a drug supervision department. The main contents of the drug management work of the National Government are in three aspects: (1) The Pharmacopoeia of China promulgated by the Ministry of Health in 1930, which is based on the American Pharmacopoeia 1926 edition and compiled with reference to the British Pharmacopoeia and the Japanese Pharmacy Bureau, and contains 7 18 kinds of drugs. Photocopyed seven times without any changes. (2) A number of drug laws and regulations have been promulgated. 3) Establish drug inspection institutions. 1932 set up the central health facilities department in the state economic commission, 1933 changed its name to the health laboratory department, responsible for health experiments and drug inspection; 1947 The Ministry of Health has established the Drug and Food Inspection Bureau.

During the Republic of China, there was a shortage of medical personnel, and the established drug supervision institutions did not play their due role in supervision and management. 1937 after the outbreak in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the demand for drugs increased sharply. The Kuomintang government announced the duty-free measures for the import of ambulance drugs, encouraged the import, and set up a "wartime medicine and drug management Committee" to purchase from home and abroad. According to statistics, 873 tons of medicines and equipment were imported from 194 1- 1945. 1946 ——1947 China imported more than 7,650 tons of raw materials, and at the same time imported a large number of western medicines to China for dumping, which led to the closure of many domestic pharmaceutical factories. At this time, the mess left by the old China to the new China in drug management is: tobacco drugs are rampant, and some pharmaceutical companies cut corners, shoddy, and confuse the fake with the real, endangering people's health; Unqualified foreign drugs flooded the domestic market. Chinese medicine was discriminated and restricted by the Kuomintang government, which seriously hindered the development of traditional medicine in China.

Source: Maywind's blog