Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional stories - About Xibe nationality
About Xibe nationality
Xibo people live in Hulunbeier grassland and Nenjiang River basin. /kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, they moved westward to Chabuchar, Xinjiang, and now they live in Xibo Autonomous County, Huocheng, Gong Liu and other counties in Chabuchar, Xinjiang, and are scattered in Shenyang, Kaiyuan, Yixian, Beizhen, Xinmin, Fengcheng, Fuyu, eastern Inner Mongolia and Nenjiang River Basin in Heilongjiang Province.
Xibe people like to ride horses and shoot arrows. Therefore, Xibo people enjoy the reputation of "archery nation". They can sing and dance well, and "Dhombre" is a unique plucked instrument of Xibe nationality. In the northwest, northeast and parts of Inner Mongolia, you can see some people who are good at riding and shooting. Sometimes they leap and whip for horse racing, sometimes they bow and arrow for archery, sometimes they wrestle in groups of three or five, and sometimes they practice weightlifting several times with great interest ... They are Xibo people.
● National history
1956, Bao Erhan and Feng Jiasheng published a paper that Xianbei Guoluo is an auspicious animal, which is equivalent to a Mongolian animal (drive), that is, a special tiger with five claws. Later, he said that Xianbei Guoluo was a flying horse.
/kloc-Before the 6th century, Xibe ancestors lived in Songnen Plain and Hulunbeier Grassland for generations. 18 In the middle of the 8th century, the Qing government recruited 10 18 Xibo officers and men from Shengjing (Shenyang) and other places, and together with their families, 3,275 people, led by Manchu officials, moved westward to settle fields and guard the border in Yili, Xinjiang. On April 18 of this year's lunar calendar, Xibo people who moved to Xinjiang in the west and Xibo people who stayed in the northeast gathered in Taiping Temple, the Xibo family temple in Shengjing, to pay homage to their ancestors and have a farewell dinner. The next morning, Xibo officers and men and their families bid farewell to their hometown folks and embarked on a long journey to the west. After a year and five months of arduous trek, I arrived in Yili, Xinjiang. Now Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County is their former residence, where Xibe is their descendant.
Ancient Mystery Legend: According to Xibe folklore, Xianbei, the ancestor of ancient Xibe, lost his way in Xianbei Mountain (now Daxing 'anling) and was trapped in the mountain when he moved south. Later, a god beast led the way to the mountain and came to osawa (Hulunbeier Grassland) in the south. This beast is like a tiger with five claws, as blue as a raccoon and as fast as a dog. Xibo people keep the custom of offering sacrifices to "Xianbei beast" (Rui beast). Hanging the painted animal-shaped pattern on the west wall or north wall of the living room will become the symbol pattern of Xibe nationality over time.
● Living customs
The early Xibe people lived by hunting and fishing. At present, Xibo people in Chabuchar area are engaged in agriculture, mainly planting rice, and animal husbandry is relatively developed. There are also many young people engaged in commerce and handicrafts. The number of cadres in our country has been growing, there are all kinds of professionals, and hospitals and schools have been established.
Xibo people mainly eat rice and noodles, but also milk tea, ghee, beef and mutton. Clothing is basically the same as Manchu, and changes and differs with the changes of the times, regional differences and the mutual influence between ethnic groups. In the Qing Dynasty, Xibo men's clothing was almost the same as Manchu clothing, with robes and mandarin jackets, left slits, domes, white socks and embroidered shoes, and they liked to wear earrings, bracelets and rings. The old lady wears a white headscarf in spring, summer and autumn, a cotton hat in winter, and a leopard skin sewn on the brim of the hat, which is called "Kunqiu hat". The girl has only one long braid hanging down from the middle of her back. After marriage, tie a pair of braids and tie them on your head. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, clothing gradually became the same as that of the Han nationality, and only Xibo women in Yili still kept the habit of wearing robes.
Xibo people pay great attention to etiquette, but there are also some taboos. Such as pants, shoes, socks, etc. What you take off when you sleep can't be placed on high places; Can't lie on the kang; Wood can cross clothes, quilts and pillows; You can't sit on the threshold or stand while eating. It is forbidden to knock on tables and bowls. Daughter-in-law can't eat at the same table as her father-in-law and can't sit together; Give others a knife, aim it at yourself, aim it at each other, avoid eating dog meat, and forbid intermarriage with the same surname.
Xibo people can sing and dance well. My favorite plucked instrument is called "Dong Boer". When playing, I held the piano in my arms and fingered it with my right hand. The timbre is similar to Dongbula, which is used for solo, ensemble and dance accompaniment. Kouxian is also a popular musical instrument of Xibe nationality, also known as harmonica, mouth spring and whistle. In Xibe, it is called "Maken". When playing, the left hand puts the string between the lips, and the right hand moves the tip of the spring to unfold it with air vibration. Generally speaking, the tunes are improvisational, with a narrow range and beautiful timbre, which is a favorite instrument for Xibe children and women.
Xianbei beast-a horse like an ox, with horns on its kiss and long wings on its back. It is a favorite decoration of nomadic people such as Xianbei in the north. Legend has it that when Xianbei people moved south in the Eastern Han Dynasty, they led them out of Daxinganling and arrived safely in the south of osawa. Therefore, it has become a totem worshipped by Xianbei people. Xibe ancestors used this as a standard to draw patterns.
● National festivals
The traditional festival of Xibe nationality is Dunbai Zakun Festival, also called April 18th Festival. Its origin is the westward migration in the history of Xibe nationality. On April 1764 and 18, 275 Xibo officers and soldiers and their relatives from Shenyang and other places were sent by the imperial court to settle in Xinjiang and defend the border. After a long journey of one and a half years, I came to Yili River and established a new home. In order to commemorate this important historical event, Xibe compatriots gathered from all directions to catch up with temple fairs, sing folk songs and hold various cultural and sports activities. April 18 is an unforgettable national festival for Xibo people. On April 18 of the lunar calendar, people will solemnly carry out various commemorative activities and regard this day as their traditional festival. On this day, Xibe men, women and children will put on their own costumes, get together, play "Dhombre", play "Mock Tune" and dance "Belem", and the dance is vigorous and lively. The girl's "shaking shoulders" and the boy's "duck steps" are vivid, so as to express their yearning for their hometown and their longing for a better life in the future.
Moxiang Festival is another interesting and unique traditional festival of Xibe nationality. Legend has it that every year on the 16th day of the first lunar month, the "God of Grains" visits the earth, and people wipe their faces on each other, in order to pray that the grains will not spread smut to the world, so that the wheat can be harvested and the people can be safe. So on this day, people get up early, take the smearing cloth (black ash at the bottom of the pot) or felt prepared at night, and go to the street to wait for someone to smear. Young people who can't help but gang up and make trouble by discrediting from house to house. Don't let go when you meet an old man, but kneel down to show respect, and then wipe a small black spot on the old man's forehead to show respect. Especially for girls, few people can escape the fate of being smeared on their faces. At this time, girls are not afraid, using the same means to discredit the young man's face.
● Art and culture
Painting art It is a custom for Xibe people to paint people. Xibo folk painters have superb skills, and their portraits are vivid and lifelike. In addition, Xibo people also have the tradition of painting shaman pictures, kitchen gods, genealogy pictures and so on. ?
Embroidery Art Embroidery, applique and paper-cutting are the fine traditions of Xibe women, especially embroidery, which Xibe women are good at. Leather bag is one of the necessary items for Xibe men who smoke. Traditionally, in a pair of lovers, the woman has to sew a delicate purse for her lover. Wallets are usually embroidered with beautiful patterns, such as flowers, butterflies and birds. In addition, Xibo women embroidered all kinds of rare birds and animals, flowers and plants on the door curtain, pillowcase, pillow core, skirt and vamp with dexterous hands, which showed their intelligence and versatility.
● Other introductions
References:
Brief introduction of Xibe nationality
There is a description of Xibo nationality in the Chopin Collection/Wang Zengqi:
On the south bank of Ili River is Chabuchar. This is a Xibe Autonomous County. Xibo people are good at shooting. In dry years, in order to defend the border, they moved here from Hulunbeier in the northeast.
Come, garrison pawn one thousand people, together with their families and relatives and friends willing to catch up with them, * * * five thousand people, walked on the road for more than a year-three years, arrived ahead of time. The travel money sent by the imperial court is all-inclusive for the tour leader. If you arrive early, the team leader can get some white money. Along the way, this team gave birth to 300 children!
What a spectacular, romantic and human team this is. Five thousand people, a nation, men and women, old and young, pots and pans, all their possessions, rode horses, camels, pulled wagons and oxcarts, and set off in a mighty way, bidding farewell to the prairie in the northeast and heading for the Gobi in the northwest. Sunset, morning fog, morning star, big dipper, tent, drinking animals, camping. Fire, kitchen smoke, tea and milk. Sing songs, talk about laughter, and a shout comes from any tent or hood. "Gung-"Another child was born, a little Xibe, a future soldier.
More than a year.
Three hundred children.
Xibe people are proud. They have been stationed here for more than 200 years and have never taken a step back. No one crossed the border, and no one fled back to the northeast. They are deeply rooted in this land.
Xibe people are still good at shooting, and their players often win prizes in archery competitions held in various places.
Xibe people are very smart. They usually speak several languages. Besides Xibe, they also speak Uighur, Kazakh and Chinese. Many of them can still recognize the ancient Manchu language.
Some people who translated and sorted out the old Manchu archives of the Forbidden City were transferred from Chabuchar.
A country of heroes!
In the long historical development process, Xibo people have preserved and passed on many excellent folk music cultures with national characteristics, among which folk songs are an important part of Xibo people's traditional folk art. Although the number is limited, they profoundly reflect all aspects of Xibo people's life since they moved to the west for more than 200 years, which can be roughly divided into field songs, life customs songs, children's songs and narrative songs.
Field songs.
Xibo language, also known as "street song", is called "Tale Dance Spring". This is the most distinctive folk song of Xibe nationality, which is considered by the majority of Xibe nationality to be an inherent folk song of this nationality. The objects it praises are all-encompassing, from heaven and earth to the sun and the moon, from humans to animals. This kind of songs have no fixed lyrics, and most of them are improvised by men and women during holidays, family gatherings or field work. It is characterized by its melody development technique, musical structure and lyrics rhythm. Almost all of them are composed of two asymmetrical phrases, and the second half of the next sentence strictly imitates five degrees (or four degrees); The termination of two phrases is from rising two or three degrees below the knot to the knot, and the five-degree imitation of termination is particularly strict.
Life custom song
The music structure of this kind of songs is slightly larger than that of Tian Ge, and there are some four-phrase single paragraphs. It mainly reflects the customs of Xibo nationality in funeral, marriage, labor, entertainment, etiquette and belief. For example, "Funeral" includes "Corona Crying"; In marriage, there are songs about marriage, songs about crying marriage, and songs about persuading marriage. There is "Four Seasons Song" in labor; Recreation has "Diao Yang Ge"; Etiquette includes "respecting old songs"; In terms of faith, there are songs like Xi Yao. Wedding custom songs generally have fixed lyrics.
children's song
The tunes of these songs are simple, mostly to educate children to study hard, learn to sing letters and learn to shoot arrows. It is the embodiment of our fine tradition of advocating education. It is this tradition that prompted this nation, which had only more than 3,000 people when it moved westward, to retain its own language and traditional art, even though it has coexisted with other nationalities for more than 200 years.
Narrative song
Narrative songs are mostly songs describing the historical events of Xibe people's westward migration to Xinjiang in 1764. This has a lot to do with the special historical mission undertaken by Xibo people and the specific life content formed by them. Generally speaking, the melody is extremely concise, and there are five relatively complete songs: Song of Kashgar, La Xi Xian Tu, Ye Qinna, Gege on the Plateau and Song of the Three Kingdoms. "Song of Kashgar" describes the historical process of 19. In the 1920s, some officers and men of the 4th Ili Battalion were ordered to go to southern Xinjiang to quell the Zhang Geer rebellion instigated by Britain and Russia. The Map of Laxi County contains nearly a thousand lines, which has a strong flavor of life, and the colloquial features enhance the color of folk music. Ye Qinna is an ancient ballad reflecting the fishing and hunting life of Xibe people. With unique national characteristics, each sentence of the poem begins with the word "Ye Qinna" and connects the upper and lower paragraphs with the rhetorical device of "thimble". "Hyland Gege" is a love song for lovers, also called love song. "Gege" is a good name for girls in the old Xibe nationality, and it can also be used as a nickname for husbands to their wives. "Blue sea princess" means "poor sister (or poor lady)". Song of the Three Kingdoms is based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is widely circulated among the people. It has been circulated for more than 100 years, and it is a historical witness of Chinese cultural exchanges.
There are not many Xibe folk songs, but the mode is very complicated. There are more than twenty tones, such as four tones, five tones, six tones and seven tones. There are some rare special patterns.
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