What are the three functions of literature? The three basic social functions of literature are cognitive function, educational function and aesthetic function. Literary aesthetic education acts on the reading subject in an intuitive way. All readers who enter the aesthetic realm hold the mentality of "doing nothing" and regard literary works as independent and isolated images, which do not contain any practical purpose or scientific understanding. Because of this, the aesthetic function of literature is completely different from the cognitive function and educational function of literature. The author believes that when we talk about the aesthetic function of literature, we should not include both the cognitive function and the educational function of literature. Even if the entertainment function of literature is closely related to aesthetic education, we should distinguish between aesthetic factors and non-aesthetic factors, which is more conducive to our reading and appreciation of literary works and guiding students to read and appreciate literary works. People's understanding of things is grasped in a rational way, using scientific analysis methods. Its purpose is to guide people to know society, nature and life. The influence of literary works on people's spiritual world certainly has this cognitive function, but it is not the main function of literary works, let alone its essential characteristics. The educational function of literary works is obvious, and the ruling class of all previous dynasties used this function of literature to ideologically rule the working people. However, because of the obvious political purpose of enlightenment, it is essentially different from aesthetic education. For thousands of years, the deep-rooted explanation of China Confucian culture on the function of literature has always regarded literature as a political and moral vassal. "Nothing to say if you don't learn poetry" is not to warn people to build a life form in the way of poetry, but to say that "Poetry" is a political and moral classic, and many of its poems have become political and moral maxims, which can be effectively applied to social communication between the country and the people. Although people also attach great importance to the color of "Wen" in this poem, it is in a modern sense. "Poetry can flourish, view, group, hatred. Your father is far away. You know the names of husbands, birds, animals and plants. " These words are mainly the understanding and enlightenment of The Book of Songs. Obviously, Confucius did not elaborate the Book of Songs as a literary style at that time. However, the Confucian tradition of explaining literary functions with "small words but great meaning" has far-reaching influence. Until today, some of us have not jumped out of this cage in understanding the aesthetic function of literature. It is a strong proof that the role of cognition and enlightenment is included in the role of aesthetic education. This way of reading the function of literature confuses the functions of cognition, enlightenment and aesthetics indiscriminately, which greatly weakens the aesthetic function of literature. Its obvious legacy is: when reading literary works, people first pay attention to its ideological content rather than its aesthetic form; The way people absorb literary works is not an accepting experience, but an understanding cognition; People accept the formal beauty of literature without being influenced by the content of the work, but make an accurate "scientific" analysis of the content of the work on the basis of preconceived ideas, so as to achieve the purpose of "education". People ignore the artistic characteristics of literary works, its fuzziness, fuzziness, subjectivity and uncertainty, and give more single interpretations and objective conclusions. In short, under the premise of emphasizing the cognitive and educational functions of literary works, people's differences between literature and other articles are blurred. The more you know, the more you feel. Cognition replaces perception, which greatly reduces the benefits of literature reading and education. Therefore, people are not used to aesthetics, but are keen on analysis and induction; Therefore, hegemonic discourse patterns such as "the novel reflects the social reality of …", "the script reveals the system of …", "the poem expresses the spirit of …" and "the prose spreads the idea of …" have been hanging over the field of literary interpretation like dark clouds. Especially when educating the next generation of literature, Chinese teachers can't interpret literary works from the perspective of the old literary theory restricted by mainstream consciousness. On the relationship between form and content, between thinking and language, and between image and life, the concept is outdated and lacks modern consciousness. Most teachers know little about new literary interpretation theories such as ontological hermeneutics and reception aesthetics, and can't guide students to read and appreciate literary works from a new angle. Literary aesthetic education acts on the reading subject through intuition. All readers who enter the aesthetic realm hold the mentality of "governing by doing nothing" and regard literary works as independent and isolated images, which do not contain any practical purpose or scientific understanding. Because of this, the aesthetic function of literature is completely different from the cognitive function and educational function of literature. The author believes that when we talk about the aesthetic function of literature, we should not include both the cognitive function and the educational function of literature. Even if the entertainment function of literature is closely related to aesthetic education, we should distinguish between aesthetic factors and non-aesthetic factors, which is more conducive to our reading and appreciation of literary works and guiding students to read and appreciate literary works. People's understanding of things is grasped in a rational way, using scientific analysis methods. Its purpose is to guide people to know society, nature and life. The influence of literary works on people's spiritual world certainly has this cognitive function, but it is not the main function of literary works, let alone its essential characteristics. The educational function of literary works is obvious, and the ruling class of all previous dynasties used this function of literature to ideologically rule the working people. However, because of the obvious political purpose of enlightenment, it is essentially different from aesthetic education. For thousands of years, the deep-rooted explanation of China Confucian culture on the function of literature has always regarded literature as a political and moral vassal. "Nothing to say if you don't learn poetry" is not to warn people to build a life form in the way of poetry, but to say that "Poetry" is a political and moral classic, and many of its poems have become political and moral maxims, which can be effectively applied to social communication between the country and the people. Although people also attach great importance to the color of "Wen" in this poem, it is in a modern sense. "Poetry can flourish, view, group, hatred. Your father is far away. You know the names of husbands, birds, animals and plants. " These words are mainly the understanding and enlightenment of The Book of Songs. Obviously, Confucius did not elaborate the Book of Songs as a literary style at that time. However, the Confucian tradition of explaining literary functions with "small words but great meaning" has far-reaching influence. Until today, some of us have not jumped out of this cage in understanding the aesthetic function of literature. It is a strong proof that the role of cognition and enlightenment is included in the role of aesthetic education. This way of reading the function of literature confuses the functions of cognition, enlightenment and aesthetics indiscriminately, which greatly weakens the aesthetic function of literature. Its obvious legacy is: when reading literary works, people first pay attention to its ideological content rather than its aesthetic form; The way people absorb literary works is not an accepting experience, but an understanding cognition; People accept the formal beauty of literature without being influenced by the content of the work, but make an accurate "scientific" analysis of the content of the work on the basis of preconceived ideas, so as to achieve the purpose of "education". People ignore the artistic characteristics of literary works, its fuzziness, fuzziness, subjectivity and uncertainty, and give more single interpretations and objective conclusions. In short, under the premise of emphasizing the cognitive and educational functions of literary works, people's differences between literature and other articles are blurred. The more you know, the more you feel. Cognition replaces perception, which greatly reduces the benefits of literature reading and education. Therefore, people are not used to aesthetics, but are keen on analysis and induction; Therefore, hegemonic discourse patterns such as "the novel reflects the social reality of …", "the script reveals the system of …", "the poem expresses the spirit of …" and "the prose spreads the idea of …" have been hanging over the field of literary interpretation like dark clouds. Especially when educating the next generation of literature, Chinese teachers can't interpret literary works from the perspective of the old literary theory restricted by mainstream consciousness. On the relationship between form and content, between thinking and language, and between image and life, the concept is outdated and lacks modern consciousness. Most teachers know little about new literary interpretation theories such as ontological hermeneutics and reception aesthetics, and can't guide students to read and appreciate literary works from a new angle. The so-called aesthetic function of literature is entertainment function, that is, the pleasant effect of literary activities. At the beginning of the century, Mr. Lu Xun once pointed out: "As far as pure literature is concerned, the essence of all fine arts is to make the audience feel happy." What he emphasizes is the "fine arts" such as literature, that is, the entertainment contained in art. China's literary tradition has always emphasized "literature carries Tao", and his understanding of the entertainment function of literature is mostly limited to the non-authentic stylistic fields such as novels and operas. In the development of modern literature, the political utility of literature and art has been emphasized for a long time, and the entertainment function of literature and art has been ignored, excluded or even absolutely denied. In recent years, with the development of social life, the entertainment function of literature and art has been gradually recognized and valued by people, and the dull face of literature in the past has become approachable. However, at the same time, there are some misunderstandings that cannot be ignored. One-sided emphasis on the realization of literary entertainment function on the physiological level is a psychological phenomenon, and there are various reasons for happiness and ways to get it. The physiological * * * caused by sight, taste and hearing is not unique to human beings. Animals also have this instinctive function, but this * * * itself has no social content. As a unique feeling of human beings, aesthetic feeling, accompanied by rich social content, is a kind of spiritual pleasure associated with perceptual experience and rational understanding. Entertainment is a non-utilitarian activity in which human beings get happiness outside the basic activities of survival and production, which includes physical acquisition and, more importantly, psychological acquisition. It is too narrow to regard entertainment only as perceptual pastime and sensory pleasure, and to think that entertainment only satisfies a low-level physical desire, not a high-level psychological demand. We don't rule out that some entertainment modes of human beings or some people's entertainment activities are limited to the physical level, but we shouldn't draw the conclusion that the entertainment function of all literary works can only or should stay at this level, let alone agree with vulgar, ugly and even immoral entertainment modes and interests that distort human nature and give up advocating healthy, elegant and perfect human entertainment modes and interests. As a special aesthetic activity, literature has obvious entertainment function, but after all, it appears and exists as a social phenomenon and is one of many practical activities of human beings. It runs through the characteristics of human freedom and self-awareness, and should meet the basic survival requirements of human beings, be conducive to the survival and development of social life, and realize the unity of law and purpose. Therefore, in literary activities, entertainment and rationality, and individuality and sociality of entertainment should not be opposed. Entertainment does not mean rejecting rational thinking or social content. Literature and other art forms, like other entertainments, can certainly satisfy people's senses. But this kind of sensory satisfaction will not only cause people's mental fatigue, but also cause ideological shock and thinking. The key lies in whether the work is profound and thoughtful, and in what and how the author writes it. In our current literary production, many people are keen to show the love between men and women, highlighting adultery and murder, and talking about high-end hotels, beaches and luxurious Bie Ye villas, which arouse strong physiological reactions with the sight and hearing of consumers. Its purpose is of course related to the commercial effect caused by it, but it is also related to the misleading propaganda of entertainment functions, and its negative impact can not be ignored. The entertainment function and educational function of literature are separated. Some people think that literature used to play a major role in political education and should now play a major role in entertainment. This view is one-sided. The entertainment function of literature is not accidental or marginal, nor is it an isolated or single function. It is one of the universal effects inevitably brought by the aesthetic function of literature and one of the multiple functions of literature. The social function of literature is a multi-level and multi-faceted system: the first level is aesthetic function, which is the most basic and core social function determined by the basic nature and characteristics of literature. With this basic nature and characteristics, there can be real literary works and literary activities; Only with this function can it become the social function of literature. The second level is some other social functions that the aesthetic function of literature must produce, mainly including cognitive function, educational function, entertainment function and communication function. As for the third level, it is derived from the first level and the second level, and its literary function is limited by certain time and space. For example, the function of literature as a weapon of class struggle, the function of literature as a tool of religious propaganda and so on. In this system, entertainment and education are functions derived from aesthetic functions. If we regard them as the basic functions of literature, it may lead to ignoring or even obliterating the characteristics of literature itself, thus weakening the social functions of literature. What is the purpose of literature and art? This is a long-debated question in the history of European literature and art, * *, lesson, or * * * and lesson? All three answers have many supporters. It should be said that the latter is more in line with the general situation It is precisely because literary works can't reflect the author's thinking about world life that literary works can't play the role of ideological education without ideological influence on readers and audiences. Model operas have the function of entertainment, and so-called pure entertainment films such as "Playing Dragon" also have the function of ideological education. Although there are individual artistic styles or works of art that basically do not involve ideology, acrobatics, for example, bring people a purely technical appreciation. However, literature is the most thoughtful style in all kinds of arts. Imagine that if the vivid and profound ideological content in literary works is removed and its ideological and social nature is completely eliminated, only entertainment is left, and the taste and value of its entertainment function will be greatly reduced. The entertainment function of literature is equivalent to general entertainment: playing cards is entertainment, watching plays is entertainment, and reading novels is entertainment. The function of various forms of entertainment is consistent, that is, to cause happiness, which is different from people's activities with clear utilitarian purposes, such as sleeping when they are extremely tired and having a full meal when they are hungry. However, these activities are generally not regarded as recreational activities. At the same time, in the process of participating in or watching these pure entertainment activities that seem to be divorced from reality and forget everything, people also get some fun to enjoy freely, and may also get some detached experience of reality. In this sense, even in these pure entertainment activities, it is entirely possible to contain aesthetic factors, and entertainment and aesthetics are obviously not diametrically opposed. However, all kinds of entertainment activities are different in the nature of obtaining * * * and the role they play. Mahjong, billiards, poker and other pure entertainment activities bring people physical * * *, but it is hard to say that it is only physical * * *. Sitting still all day playing mahjong and poker may be physically uncomfortable, but what people get from these activities is mainly a kind of psychological compensation, pleasure and excitement. Different from the above-mentioned pure entertainment activities, the pleasure of literature mainly lies in the free enjoyment and aesthetic appreciation obtained through aesthetics. As Wellek said: "The * * * that literature gives people is not a random choice from a series of things that may make people happy, but an' advanced * * *', which is obtained from an advanced activity, that is, contemplation without desire." From this perspective, the entertainment function of literature is different from other entertainment activities; The entertainment function and aesthetic function of literature can't be completely equal, and we can't think that aesthetics is equal to entertainment just because of aesthetics. The essential feature of literature and art is entertainment. These entertainment functions of literature cannot and should not replace the functions of other entertainment methods. Therefore, literature and mahjong, poker and other forms of entertainment should not be required to play the same entertainment function. This requirement is inappropriate and unrealistic. If you don't have a clear consciousness about this, it will easily encourage the kitsch tendency in literary production. One-sided emphasis on the self-entertainment function of literary creation activities ignores the social effects of literary entertainment. Since the mid-1980s, some people in China's literary world have emphasized the self-entertainment function of literature, and regarded literature as a writer's "game". The so-called "playing with literature" and "writing is my way of entertainment" all reflect this tendency. Literature not only has the function of entertaining people, but also has the function of entertaining itself. Bai Juyi once described his relationship with poetry friends as follows: "Poetry is a warning as a general rule, an encouragement for the poor, a comfort for fellow travelers, and an entertainment for fellow travelers." It can be seen that even in the ancients who emphasized the utility of literature, writing and reading poems can be a kind of entertainment; But the author's self-entertainment in writing is a personal matter, and the mutual entertainment between writing and friends is a personal matter, which is often unknown and difficult for outsiders to comment on; However, most writers' works are not just for themselves or a few people. Usually it is published or distributed, and the public should read and buy it to achieve the effect of entertainment. Self-entertainment and entertainment are not separated from each other. What kind of self-entertainment pursuit will naturally have what kind of entertainment effect. In this way, the level of self-entertainment interest can not be separated from the social effect of entertainment. Different audiences have different entertainment requirements. The connotation of entertainment is multi-level and multi-faceted, as well as personal entertainment interests. Therefore, whether a literary and artistic work can play its entertainment function, what kind of entertainment function it can play and how much entertainment function it can play depends not only on the work itself, but also on the attitude of the receiver, that is, how the receiver views and treats the work. As far as social groups are concerned, the needs are also multi-level and multi-faceted. Symphony appreciators and pop music lovers get pleasure from their own appreciation activities. Players and golfers in the streets get pleasure from their participation. Readers of western modernist literature and China's classical novels appreciate the brilliance of black and white literature. However, these pleasures are obviously different. The author should not neglect the diversity of readers' tastes and needs and be biased towards vulgarity, let alone impose his low and unhealthy artistic tastes on readers. Needless to say, while overcoming years of asceticism prejudice, the hedonistic tendency in life and culture is growing in our society. Hedonism regards the pursuit of sensory pleasure as the only value goal of life, while cultural hedonism regards satisfying sensory pleasure as the only function and highest goal of culture, and interprets the advanced and complex aesthetic process as simple and vulgar sensory * * * and reaction. All kinds of one-sided understanding of the entertainment function of literature just caters to the needs of the development of this cultural hedonism and hinders the construction and development of advanced culture, which cannot but arouse our attention and concern.
In this case, I personally think that the best way is to combine the author's background and life experience at that time to better understand the author's feelings in writing this article. If you can personally understand the author's thoughts and feelings, you will find out why the author feels this way. I hope my answer can help you. Please answer if you can. Thank you.
What is the relationship between the five functions of network management? Five basic functional areas:
Fault management: its main function is fault detection! Discovery, reporting, diagnosis and treatment.
Configuration management: Its main functions include network topology, monitoring and managing the configuration of network devices, and reconstructing the network according to predefined conditions.
Performance management: Monitor network performance data, check thresholds, and automatically analyze current performance data and historical data.
Security management: mainly refers to the management of access rights of network resources. Including user authentication! Permission approval and network access control (firewall) and other functions.
Billing management: mainly based on the use of network resources.
These five basic functions are independent of each other and inextricably linked. Among these network management functions, fault management is the core of the whole network management; Configuration management is the basis of various management functions, and other management functions need to use configuration management information; Performance management, security management and billing management are relatively independent, especially billing management. Because the charging policies of different application units are very different and the development environment of charging applications is also different, charging management applications are generally specially developed according to the actual situation.
How to understand the relationship between moral education functions? Moral education is an education to cultivate students' moral quality. In content, it includes ideological education, political education, law and discipline education and moral education. ? Moral education aims at forming a certain ideological and moral education for the educated. In socialist China, it includes ideological education, political education, law and discipline education and moral education. It is closely related to intellectual education and physical education. ?
? Moral education is an educational activity that educators organize a value environment suitable for the moral growth of moral education objects and promote their moral cognition, emotion and practical ability to be continuously constructed and improved. In short, moral education is a value-oriented activity to promote the independent construction of individual morality.
The social function of moral education refers to the degree to which school moral education can play a role in society. Specifically, it refers to the political, economic, cultural and ecological functions that moral education has an impact on social politics, economy, culture and ecological environment. The indirect realization of the social function of moral education, the primary intermediary link of the realization of social function lies in shaping the moral character or personality of the moral education object through the influence of the system itself, while the cultural function is the intermediary of the school moral education function. The core function of school moral education lies in spreading ethical culture, making the moral education object complete the socialization of ethics and politics, and at the same time making it have the creative ability in ethics, political culture and so on.
The comprehensive view of moral education function is mainly reflected in the following two points: 1) "comprehensive" means that school moral education not only serves politics, but also serves the economic and cultural development of society. Political function, economic function and cultural function must form a complete framework of social function of moral education. We can't unilaterally emphasize any factor of social function. 2) "comprehensive" requires a comprehensive understanding of every specific moral education function.
The relationship between literature and reality Literature originates from life and is higher than life.
The relationship between literature and reality can be summarized as the meaning of literature. Literature is used to reflect reality, truth and life. From ancient times to the present, literary thoughts have their own opinions on the relationship between literature and reality. The diversity of real life endows literary works with rich connotations. Yes, literature is always changeable. It sometimes escapes from reality, sometimes criticizes it, sometimes praises it, and sometimes subverts it. Sometimes it is sad, sometimes it struggles, and sometimes it is too rational. Sometimes it's too emotional. In short, there are as many changes as there are attitudes towards life. But no matter how they change, literature can never be divorced from the framework of reality. A clever woman can't cook without rice, and this reality is the rice for writers to create literature.
Any kind of literature should not only reflect the reality, but also have a profound warning effect on society. Literature often plays its warning role through morality, philosophy, religion and other forms. Raskolnikov, the hero of Crime and Punishment, felt uneasy after committing a crime, and the moral norms he despised secretly punished his soul. He has nightmares, is suspicious and lives in constant fear. He tried to go to the police station several times and finally surrendered under the influence of Sonia. This shows the positive influence of morality on society, which is also the reason why China insists on paying equal attention to morality and law.
In short, the relationship between literature and reality is that blood is thicker than water, and any good article must deal with the relationship between the two. Just like Mr. Lu Xun's article is like a dagger inserted into the ugliest side of society, its function is to give people a bloody feeling and arouse people's deep thinking. This is the purpose of literary creation!
The immune system is a defense network covering the whole body. The first line of defense to protect the body is the skin, cell membrane, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urethra and kidney. However, simple barriers and filtering mechanisms cannot completely protect us. The body relies on blood cells and protein, which make up the immune system, to exert its defense ability.
White blood cells are responsible for patrolling blood vessels, releasing antibodies, purifying blood and a series of defense and immunity work! The antibody is protein, which circulates in the blood and tissues to strengthen the body's defense ability and also helps white blood cells to play a role. Lymphocytes are special cells that can remember how to protect the body. This is also the reason why vaccines can work. The so-called cellular immunity refers to the role played by white blood cells, and humoral immunity refers to the role played by antibodies. The two systems cooperate with each other and trigger each other's effectiveness!
The human complex immune system is particularly sensitive to diet, exercise and lifestyle. Lack of sleep and the stress of daily life will weaken our immunity. Many natural food sources can provide substances that promote and strengthen cellular and humoral immune activity.
There are three main lines of defense for human immune function: one is skin and mucosa; The second is the bactericidal substances and phagocytes in the body; Third, immune organs and immune cells.
What is the relationship between quality, schedule and cost? The relationship between quality, control and cost emphasizes that "quality first" should always be the basic principle and central task of supervision work; It is pointed out that progress control is an important way to ensure the quality and investment benefit of highway engineering, while cost control is an effective means to ensure the quality and progress of highway engineering, which provides valuable measures and suggestions for highway engineering construction supervision and its three major controls in the future.
What is the relationship between university teachers? Not bad. See which department and position you are in. Generally, the competition of the older departments is definitely greater, but after all, it is a school, so these competitions are nothing, so don't worry.