Notes on Chinese painting

Chinese painting, referred to as "Chinese painting". Chinese painting is a traditional painting form of Han nationality. It is painted on silk or paper with a brush dipped in water, ink and color.

Chinese painting pays attention to "vivid charm", not sticking to the appearance of objects, but emphasizing the expression of the author's subjective interest; Pay attention to the charm of pen and ink, "write the spirit with form" and pursue a feeling that "beauty lies between similarity and dissimilarity"; Pay attention to "using the brush and bone method", do not pay attention to the focus perspective, and do not emphasize the influence of the environment on the light color change of the object. The smaller the large field of vision, the better; Pay attention to the blank layout and the "momentum" of the object.

2. Classification of Chinese painting

Chinese painting can be roughly divided into; People, landscapes, flowers and birds; There are technical forms such as meticulous painting, freehand brushwork, sketching, coloring and ink painting. Because calligraphy and painting are in the same strain, and both of them are closely related to the operation of bones and lines, Chinese painting, calligraphy and seal cutting have influenced each other and formed remarkable artistic characteristics.

3. Tool materials

The main tools of Chinese painting are pen, ink, paper and inkstone, which is called "Four Treasures of the Study". Since the Song Dynasty, Four Treasures of the Study refers to Hu Bi (Huzhou, Zhejiang), Hui Mo (Huizhou, Anhui), Xuan Paper (Xuanzhou, Anhui) and Duanyan (Zhaoqing, Guangdong, formerly known as Duanzhou).

There are many kinds of brushes, such as rabbit hair, wool, wolf tail, moustache, horse hair and so on. In terms of performance, there are bristles, soft bristles and double brushes.

At present, most painting and calligraphy lovers use painting and calligraphy ink. Good ink requires good quality, light glue, black color and clear sound. Good quality means no sand impurities; If the glue is light, the writing will be smooth; Color black means that the ink color should be black, and the pan-violet light is better; The sound is clear, and you can't hear the sound when grinding ink.

Xuan paper is mainly made of sandalwood bark and rice straw, which has the characteristics of white as snow, uniform thickness, soft texture, no decay and ever-changing Mo Yun. It takes about a year to make a piece of rice paper. Xuan paper can be divided into raw Xuan, semi-cooked Xuan and cooked Xuan according to its water absorption performance.

Inkstone, also known as inkstone, is the most common inkstone. The inkstone is top grade, with delicate texture, moist and pure, crystal clear and smooth, beautiful texture and color, easy to ink and not absorbent.

Chinese painting pigments are mainly divided into mineral pigments, plant pigments, animal pigments and chemical pigments, and are also divided into paste, block and powder. Mineral pigments mainly include cinnabar, ochre, azurite and stone green, plant pigments mainly include cyanine and gamboge, and animal pigments mainly include rouge and peony red. Chemical pigments mainly include zinc white, titanium white, yellow and so on.

4. Features

Chinese painting should express "verve" and "realm". There are many differences between China's traditional painting and western painting. They pay attention to the similarity of spirit rather than form, emphasize observation and summary rather than on-the-spot copying, use scattered perspective rather than focus perspective, and attach importance to artistic conception rather than scene. The development of modern Chinese painting has also begun to absorb some skills of western painting, such as the configuration of light and shadow, the accuracy of human anatomy and so on. Some painters also use the artistic conception of Chinese painting in their oil painting creation.

Chinese painting is a comprehensive art integrating poetry, calligraphy, seal cutting and painting, and it is a unique artistic tradition of Chinese painting. Writing poems and calligraphy on China's paintings is helpful to supplement and deepen the artistic conception of painting and enrich the artistic expression of painting.

Seal cutting is an art that combines calligraphy (mainly seal script) with seal cutting (including chiseling and casting) to make seals, which is a unique art form of Chinese characters. Seal cutting is a perfect combination of calligraphy, composition and knife cutting. On the one hand, there are magnificent and elegant calligraphy strokes, beautiful painting composition and vivid knife cutting and carving charm. It can be described as "between square inches, there are thousands of weather."

Step 5 paint

Chinese painting is very particular about brushwork, including brushwork, the use of brushwork and various brushwork techniques. There are three ways to raise the pen: center, flank, hidden front, exposed front, reverse front and positive front. The center is vertical, and the nib is in the center of the ink line. The lines drawn in the center are quite strong and smooth, and are often used to outline objects. Carry a pen at the front, and the front tip is sideways. Because the side of the pen is used, the pen line is thick and hairy, which is mostly used for wiping. The front of Tibetan pen is hidden but not exposed, and it is "standing but not falling", which the ancients called "twists and turns" The lines drawn are calm and subtle, and the power penetrates the back of the paper. It is often used to draw the outline of houses, ships and bridges, as well as the outline of rocks and the double hooks of tree trunks. Lu Feng exposed the spirit of stippling, making it look handsome and vigorous, and painting bamboo leaves and wicker made Lu Feng start writing. With the back of the pen facing forward, the pen tube topples, and the nib goes against the trend, which makes the nib messy and produces white in the strokes. This kind of point and line is rich and spicy, which can be used in the outline and rubbings of trunk and landscape. The forward stroke is the opposite of the reverse stroke, and the stroke drags along, with light and smooth lines, beautiful and lively. This method is often used to hook clouds and draw water.

6. Ink method

Ink painting is a unique painting language of Chinese painting. In Chinese painting, ink painting is as important as brushwork. Pen is embodied by ink, and ink is completed by pen. Chinese painting is dominated by ink and wash, supplemented by color. Therefore, ink in Chinese painting is color, which is different from "black". Ink painting is a material means to complete painting independently and express the rich colors of objects.

Use ink with light, pay attention to hierarchy and seek change. The requirements for ink are clear, moist, heavy and harmonious. Clear and definite. Moisturize, ink color moisten. Heavy, not impetuous. Harmony and mutual integration. Chinese painting is also called ink painting, and ink in Chinese painting is black. There is a saying in China's ancient paintings that ink can be divided into five colors, namely, black, white, thick, light, dry and wet. The method of ink is to reflect the rich changes of painting, "pen is bone and ink is meat". So ink painting can be said to be a way to use water. According to the amount of water, we can divide it into five steps: scorch, thick, heavy, light and clear.

7. composition

In addition to the characteristics of general painting, Chinese painting has a unique composition method, that is, Chinese painting pays special attention to contradictions. It is manifested in the contrast between subject and object, black and white, density, movement, reality, Fiona Fang and so on.

The special perspective of China's landscape painting is called "three distances". In Song Dynasty, Guo defined the method of "three distances" in Lin Zhi: "A mountain has three distances: from the foot of the mountain to the top, it is high; Looking at the mountain from the front is far-reaching; Looking at the distant mountain from the near mountain is called the plain. " Three-distance method is a "scattered point" view of time and space, which depicts the scenery in the painting from different viewpoints such as looking up, looking down and looking up, breaking the limitation of observing the scenery from one viewpoint, that is, focus perspective.

8. Basic steps

Painting with a brush is not an easy task, because pen and ink can't be altered on rice paper, so there can't be any negligence and mistakes. Every stroke should be considered in order to solve the problems of image, distance, truth and emotion. The ancients said, "When writing, there will be concave and convex shapes." Light, heavy, virtual, solid, strong, weak, thick, light, dry and wet pens should be used properly. Therefore, we must concentrate on it in order to do it well. (1) Tick the line-where it can be summarized by lines, it should be divided into primary and secondary order, and the lines should be marked as clearly and definitely as possible with heavy ink (relative to the whole). Don't hesitate to cross the line with a pen. You should draw smoothly and accurately. Don't be afraid if you fail. After you draw the whole picture, make adjustments. (2) rubbings-rubbings are added to the skeleton of large lines to further show the vein and turning point of rocks, the solemnity and texture of trunks and buildings, and enrich the picture. "Fringe" and "rub" have the same meaning, but the size and thickness of strokes are slightly different. (3) Dot dyeing-on the basis of cross-painting, it is further enriched by dot dyeing with different strokes, and gradually forms the overall effect of the picture. Dye it and put it at the end. Use a brush with plenty of water, and don't scribble on a large area. When you leave a blank (that is, "live eyes"), you should leave it out and not block it all. Dot dyeing generally needs to be adjusted many times, so don't be impatient at this time, wait until the first time before doing the second time, otherwise it will easily lead to dirty, soft and dead problems. (4) Tidy up the whole-regarding the progress law of the whole painting, Mr. Li Keran summed up a formula called "from scratch" and then "from scratch". That is, at the beginning, the pen and ink in the picture grew from scratch, from less to more, and gradually enriched. At this time, it is easy to appear partial and partial imbalance, that is, the phenomenon of "fragmentation" and "flower". At this time, it is necessary to slowly adjust the relationship between the small parts of the strokes (don't rush for success, smear the big strokes), so that all the parts are set into a whole. This whole should have an intersection-"painting eyes", just like human eyes, is the window of the soul and plays a vivid role. The purpose of unifying the whole is to highlight the existence of "painting eyes". (5) Coloring-When the color of ink is rich enough to almost have the feeling of color (generally, the color of ink should be painted above 90%), then consider the problem of coloring. It is easy to get ink in the morning. After the ink is fully colored, it is easier to achieve the icing on the cake effect of "color does not hinder ink, ink does not hinder color"

9. meticulous painting

Meticulous painting, also called "fine painting", belongs to a category of Chinese painting techniques. Meticulous brushwork and freehand brushwork are symmetrical. Meticulous painting is a kind of meticulous painting. Meticulous painting with its meticulous and decorative features constitutes a remarkable feature of China Meticulous Painting. "Fine brushwork" is to describe objects in a neat, meticulous and meticulous way. It can be roughly divided into four categories: meticulous, meticulous light color, meticulous heavy color and boneless meticulous.

Meticulous brushwork is a complete description of objects with ink lines, without coloring. Boneless painting is a kind of painting method of traditional Chinese painting. It is called "boneless" because it is directly rendered with color or ink without drawing ink lines. Fine brushwork heavy color refers to the dyeing method based on opaque stone color, which is characterized by grandeur, beauty and elegance. Fine brushwork pastel is dyed with transparent watercolor, that is, the object is painted to 89 points with ink color method first, and then slightly rendered with pastel color. Its basic characteristics are beautiful and elegant colors, fresh and clear, and more emphasis on the artistic charm of the lines themselves.

Gongbi pen can be divided into three categories: Gou Xianbi, dyeing pen and background pen.

(1) Gou Xianbi: When tracing lines, you need to draw a thin and even line with the center of the brush, so you should hook the line with a tungsten wire pen with certain hardness and elasticity. Although these pens have different names, such as Wenyi, Ye Jin and Xiao Hongmao, they are all made of wolf hair. Gou Xianbi can be divided into large size and small size, which can be selected according to the needs of the picture.

(2) Dyeing pens: Commonly used dyeing pens include soft brush pens such as big white clouds, middle white clouds and small white clouds. The outer layer of the white cloud pen is wool, and the middle is hard wool, which can contain water and is elastic. It is an ideal dyeing pen.

(3) Background color pen: Meticulous painting often needs to draw a background color, or needs large-area painting and rendering, so it needs to be equipped with various widths of combination pens or wool brushes. There are five-inch, two-inch and one-and-a-half-inch background pens, all of which are required to be wool-like. The pen tip is soft and has strong water storage capacity, which is mainly used for plane application of background color.

10. Two schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties

(1) Huang jiafugui

"Huangjia Fu Gui" refers to one of the two major schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties, represented by yellow. It occupies an important position in the history of flower-and-bird painting in China. Matured in the five dynasties, it flourished in Huang Jucai in the early Song Dynasty.

Huang Quan, a court painter, often writes about exotic flowers and stones, rare birds and animals in court gardens, with fine outlines, rich colors and no ink marks. The so-called "yellow flower painting" (Shen Kuo) forced Xiao Qisheng to paint, so it was called "Huang Jiafu". The Yellow School represents the painting style of West Shu and Central Plains in the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Early Song Dynasty, and has become a typical style of garden flower-and-bird painting. After entering the Song Dynasty, all flower-and-bird paintings at that time were based on the "Huang family system".

(2) Xu Xiye Yi

Xu Xiye Yi refers to one of the two major schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties, represented by Xu Xi, with different styles, so it is called "Xu Xiye Yi". The painted flowers, wild bamboos, birds, fish, plants, insects and beasts are all wonderful. Flowers, trees, flowers and birds, light in shape, simple and natural, fresh and elegant, original "drop ink method"

The work pays attention to the outline of ink bone, the color is light, and reveals a unique style, so later people call it "Xu Xiye Yi". Xu's pen and ink skills have a great influence on later generations. By the time Xu Xi's grandson, Xu Chongsi, made his debut, Xu Xi Painting School was becoming more and more famous. In the Ming Dynasty, after Zhang Zhong, Wang Ruoshui, Shen Zhou, Chen Daofu, Wen Zhiming, Xu Wei and others, it developed into a set of freehand brushwork flower-and-bird paintings, which competed with the yellow flower-and-bird painting school and influenced the flower-and-bird painting circle in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than a thousand years.

1 1. Calligraphy

China's calligraphy has a long history, ever-changing style and fascinating art. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze to Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu, and then to cursive script, regular script and running script in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties, calligraphy always exudes unique artistic charm.

The culture of the Tang Dynasty was profound and brilliant, reaching the peak of China's feudal culture, which can be described as "books flourished in the early Tang Dynasty". Regular script, running script and cursive script all entered a new situation in the Tang Dynasty, and their influence on later generations far exceeded that of any previous era. Zhang Xu and Huai Su pushed cursive performance to the extreme with their drunkenness, and Zhang Xu was called "the sage of grass" in history.

12. Painting by four gentlemen

In Ming Dynasty, Huang Fengchi compiled The Four Ghosts of Plum, Orchid, Bamboo and Chrysanthemum. Since then, plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum have been called "four gentlemen" and are often used by the world to symbolize the noble character of saints.

"Four Gentlemen" is the theme of China traditional culture, with plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum as the four gentlemen. Its cultural implications are: plum blossom, exploring waves, being proud of snow, being noble and noble; Orchids, fragrant valleys, sages in the world; Bamboo, elegant and quiet, modest and gentleman; Chrysanthemum, Shuang Ling is elegant and a hermit in the world.

13. the meaning of Chinese painting

The profoundness of Chinese painting lies not only in its unique brushwork, but also in its various implications. People always like to hang some beautiful calligraphy and paintings at home to bring good luck to themselves or their families, mainly in the following ways:

(1) Peony Picture: The national flower peony symbolizes wealth, beauty, prosperity and prosperity, and is easy to hang in the living room (newlyweds), bedroom (couples) and Yingping.

(2) Dapeng spreads its wings: it is usually hung in the study and living room, giving people a positive artistic conception of "Pengcheng Wan Li".

(3) Fish splash: It is customary to take "water" as wealth, and fish has an auspicious metaphor of "more than a year", so Pisces splash has the metaphor of "getting rich".

(4) Calligraphy: The most common use of calligraphy in Feng Shui is to block the "door". For example, the door is facing the bedroom. In Feng Shui, the room is facing the door, because the fast airflow formed by the door switch will "rush" into the room. In this case, Mo Bao can be hung on the door.

(5) Smooth sailing: it means that everything goes well and the trip is safe.

(6) Landscape painting: as a "backing", it can increase the luck of the nobles; "Waterfront" can increase wealth. Mountains and rivers are also pleasing to the eye, adding interest to life.

(7) Bamboo: It means rising and getting higher and higher.

(8) Lotus: It is also a lotus, which means harmony and does not stick to mud. People who believe in Buddhism also mean perfection and kindness.

(9) Chicken picture: meaning good luck. There is a folk custom that chickens eat all kinds of insects. Therefore, children are easy to hang in the bedroom when they are young, and there are legends that prevent children from getting sick and ward off evil spirits.

(10) Zhong Kui map: Zhong Kui exorcises evil spirits, because it is hung on the front, such as screen and TV. But there is also a saying that God is more likely to send God, so try not to hang up.

(1 1) Ma: It means that life and career are flourishing and the future is boundless.

14. Painting appreciation

(1) Content Description

The content of artistic creation is rich and colorful, which can reflect social life from different angles. Therefore, it is very important to have rich historical and cultural knowledge for art appreciation. At the same time, art appreciation is inseparable from rich life experience, because the appreciator always feels, experiences and understands the works of art on the basis of his own life experience.

(2) Formal analysis

Painting is one of the most important categories in fine arts. It is an art that uses lines, shapes, colors, strokes and other modeling languages to shape artistic images and express thoughts and feelings on a two-dimensional plane.

After long-term accumulation, painting has formed its own unique artistic language and formal beauty rules, which can show far-reaching artistic realm and aesthetic implication through static images. The artistic language of painting includes modeling, composition, color, material and texture.

For Chinese painting, we can pay attention to composition, space, color, brushwork and techniques.

(3) the painter's intention

Art comes from life, and works of art are also the refinement and generalization of real life. Aesthetic concepts and value orientations in different periods will be reflected and embodied in works of art, so when we appreciate the works, we should make a concrete analysis in combination with the social background of the works and feel the artist's intention. For example, to appreciate the works of Badashanren, the appreciator needs to know the life experience of the old adherents of the painter Jin Zhi yeyu, so as to feel his simple and lonely painting style of "not much ink but more tears", his loneliness, helplessness, sadness and loneliness in his heart, and his profound sustenance outside his paintings, as shown in the figure.

(4) Evaluation of works

Appreciation of artistic language.

The sensitivity of the appreciator to the artistic language of painting determines the appreciation level. For example, in western paintings, lines are used to grasp entities, but in China's paintings, lines are also used to imply the bones, momentum and trends of objects; The body can not only show the appearance of the object, but also show the potential emotional tendency; Color can enhance the artistic appeal and expressive force of works and reflect rich emotions. Therefore, painting appreciation should combine the artistic language of painting to interpret the works, expand rich association and imagination, and enter the "re-creation" appreciation.

2) Application of different appreciation standards

Because of the differences in painting types, creative backgrounds and national styles, painting appreciation should use different appreciation standards. For example, China traditional painting advocates literary interest, attaches importance to the use of pen and ink and lines, and pays attention to expression and freehand brushwork. Western traditional painting attaches importance to objective observation, mainly reproduces the image through accurate perspective, light and color, and has a rational spirit.

3) the combination of sensibility and rationality

When appreciating activities, on the one hand, the appreciator should fully mobilize his own favorable conditions, such as life experience, aesthetic experience, emotional experience, etc., so that the appreciation activities have a sufficient perceptual basis; On the other hand, the appreciator should sort out the aesthetic and non-aesthetic elements in emotion through introspection and rational analysis, and avoid blindly and impulsively evaluating and distorting the original work. Only by fully integrating sensibility and rationality can an aesthetician achieve the unity of subjectivity and objectivity and gradually improve his aesthetic taste and appreciation level.