Current situation of geo-environmental monitoring

At present, the geo-environmental monitoring work that has been carried out in China includes groundwater dynamic monitoring, geohazard monitoring, mine geo-environmental monitoring and soil and water geo-environmental monitoring. Except for the groundwater dynamic monitoring which has been carried out continuously for more than 60 years, the other monitoring is mainly deployed and carried out one after another since the implementation of the land resources survey in 1999.

I. Current Situation of Groundwater and Geological Environment Monitoring

Groundwater monitoring in the system of the Ministry of Land and Resources (formerly the Ministry of Geology and Minerals) started in the early 1950s, and it is the earliest professional department to carry out groundwater monitoring in China. At present, it has basically formed a "national-provincial-prefecture (city)" three-level groundwater dynamic monitoring network, which basically controls the over-exploitation and pollution of groundwater in the country's major plains, basins and 223 major cities where groundwater is exploited.

Since 1999, groundwater monitoring has carried out fruitful work mainly in the daily monitoring of groundwater environment, automated monitoring in demonstration areas, and monitoring data collection and processing. By the end of 2013, there were 16,570 groundwater monitoring wells (points) of various levels and types nationwide***, with a monitoring area of nearly 1 million km2, including 10,906 long-term observation wells (points) and 5,664 unified measurement points. Among the 10,906 long-term observation wells (points), according to the level of monitoring wells (points), there are 2,231 national-level points, 7,425 provincial-level points, and 1,250 prefectural and municipal-level points; according to the monitoring elements of monitoring wells (points), there are 8,515 water level and flow monitoring points, and 4,778 water quality monitoring points; according to the means of monitoring, there are 9,293 manually-monitored points, and 1,613 automatically-monitored points. There are 2,000 water level flow monitoring points and 800 water quality monitoring points in 2,231 national-level long-term monitoring wells (points). The monitoring points are distributed in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China, and the key areas for monitoring are the Huanghuaihai Plain, Songliao Plain, Sanjiang Plain, Guanzhong Basin, Yinchuan Plain, Qaidam Basin, the Yangtze River Delta, the Shandong Peninsula, the Jianghan Plain, the Chengdu Plain, the Hexi Corridor, the six basins of Shanxi, the Shenmu Energy Development Zone, and the 217 cities that develop and utilize groundwater and the major large and medium-sized sources of groundwater in China. The region. It is characterized by a long monitoring series and rich accumulated data.

Through the construction and operation of three national groundwater monitoring demonstration zones in Beijing Plain, Jinan Karst Springs, and Urumqi Basin of Xinjiang, a set of monitoring methods has been basically formed that is suitable for China's national conditions in terms of the theory and method of optimizing the water level monitoring network and the water quality monitoring network, the protection of the monitoring facilities, the selection of the automated monitoring equipments, the development of the automated transmission equipments of monitoring information, the real-time release system of the monitoring information, and the application of large-scale GIS. Basically formed a set of technical methodology system suitable for China's national conditions.

In order to strengthen the national groundwater monitoring work, China Academy of Geological and Environmental Monitoring and the Hydrology Bureau of the Ministry of Water Resources*** applied to the National Development and Reform Commission for the "National Groundwater Monitoring Project", and on July 22nd, 2014, the National Development and Reform Commission has formally approved the feasibility study report of the monitoring project, which required that China Academy of Geological and Environmental Monitoring and the Hydrology Bureau of the Ministry of Water Resources to formally implement the construction work after preparing the engineering design. The National Groundwater Monitoring Project*** will construct 20,401 national groundwater monitoring wells, all of which will realize automatic collection and transmission of water level and temperature data, and all of which will be able to collect water samples for water quality monitoring. Among them, 10,103 were constructed by the China Geological and Environmental Monitoring Institute and 10,298 by the Hydrology Bureau of the Ministry of Water Resources.

After the completion of the national groundwater monitoring project, combined with the existing monitoring station network, a relatively complete national groundwater monitoring station network can be formed, realizing the effective monitoring of the national groundwater dynamics, as well as the regional monitoring of the dynamics of groundwater in large plains, basins and karst mountainous areas, and the real-time monitoring of groundwater monitoring points; providing leaders at all levels, departments and the society with timely, accurate and comprehensive information on the dynamics of groundwater, and meeting the needs of scientific research and social It also provides timely, accurate and comprehensive groundwater dynamic information for leaders at all levels, departments and society, meets the basic needs of scientific research and the public for groundwater information, provides high-quality services for the optimal allocation and scientific management of groundwater resources, prevention and control of geologic hazards, and protection of the ecological environment, and provides basic support for the sustainable use of water resources and the national strategic decision-making, so as to realize the sustainable development of the economy and society.

Two, the current situation of monitoring sudden geologic disasters

"Sixth Five-Year Plan" to "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, sudden geologic disaster monitoring is mainly in the Three Gorges and other typical areas of sporadic "point" (monolithic), "point" (monolithic), "point" (monolithic), "point" (monolithic).

During the period from the Sixth Five-Year Plan to the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the monitoring of sudden geological disasters was mainly carried out in typical areas such as the Three Gorges with sporadic "point" monitoring, and since 1999, regional monitoring of geological disasters has been deployed in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River, Ya'an in Sichuan Province, Jiangxi Province, and the key sections of the West-to-East Natural Gas Pipeline Project and Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

Since 1998, through the survey and zoning of geologic hazards in the great survey of land and resources and the annual flood season geologic hazards inspections. The country has established more than 270,000 monitoring points of collapse, landslide and mudslide in 2020 counties (municipalities), and initially formed a four-level network system of geologic disaster monitoring in counties, townships, villages, and monitors; in synchronization with the Three Gorges Project, a professional monitoring network of geologic disasters in the reservoir area has been established, and more than 10 national geologic disaster monitoring and early warning demonstration areas of different types have been established in Ya'an of Sichuan Province, Wushan of Chongqing, and Mourning Mountains of Yunnan Province, etc. Since 2003, the geologic disaster monitoring and warning demonstration areas have been established at national levels. Since 2003, the meteorological early warning and forecasting of geological disasters during flood season has been promoted to 323 cities (prefectures and states) and 1,741 counties (cities and districts) from the whole country and 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). For China's national conditions, developed a variety of small, simple, efficient geological disaster group monitoring and prevention monitoring and early-warning devices, promoted 200,000 sets in the country.

Professional monitoring of sudden geologic disasters is based on manual regular monitoring, supplemented by automatic monitoring. The types of monitoring are mainly landslides. The monitoring content includes surface and deep deformation monitoring, groundwater dynamic monitoring, physical and chemical field monitoring, triggering factors monitoring and macro phenomenon monitoring.

The monitoring method of the hidden danger point monolithic is based on the manual on-site measurement of surface displacement, surface cracks and deep displacement with precision instruments; the monitoring means mainly include surface and underground displacement monitoring, total station automatic monitoring, GPS monitoring, groundwater dynamics monitoring and rainfall monitoring. The frequency of monitoring is 1 time per month under normal circumstances, and in flood season, according to the precipitation and landslide deformation, it will be increased to 1 time every 5 to 10 days.

Geological disaster group monitoring method is mainly for simple artificial monitoring, monitoring content is mainly observe the dynamic change of the surface displacement of the geological disaster site, monitoring method to macro signs inspection and surface displacement measurement; monitoring means to simple tape measurements and inspections are mainly visual inspection. Monitoring frequency is generally flood season for 5 days a time, non-flood season 10 days a time, heavy, heavy rainfall period for 1 day a time or even real-time observation.

Geological disaster inspection during the flood season is a field inspection conducted by 31 provincial (autonomous regions and municipalities) geological and environmental monitoring organizations every year before, during and after the flood season on the major geologic hazard areas in the region, with the purpose of understanding the hazardous conditions of the existing geologic hazards.

Three, ground subsidence monitoring status

China's east-central plains and coastal areas of widespread ground subsidence, cracks and other slow-varying geological hazards. 1920s Shanghai found the ground subsidence, systematic monitoring began in 1962. Through more than 50 years' efforts, a three-dimensional monitoring network system consisting of bedrock markers, stratification markers, geodetic leveling networks, GPS observation networks, groundwater dynamic monitoring networks and monitoring centers has been initially set up in the three key areas of the Yangtze River Delta, the North China Plain and the Fenwei Basin, where the ground subsidence and geocracks have been identified and monitored. It has made an important contribution to the government's correct decision-making on the amount of groundwater exploitation, the adoption of effective measures to control subsidence, and the safeguarding of urban planning, construction and modernized management. And launched the Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu three provinces (cities) joint meeting mechanism.

The ground subsidence monitoring work has a wide range of contents, mainly including precision level measurement, bedrock marker and layered marker observation, GPS measurement, InSAR measurement and groundwater dynamic observation.

Monitoring means: level measurement adopts manual measurement. Layers are measured manually and automatically. Frequency of area level measurement: 1 time per year. Frequency of stratification marker measurement: manual monitoring frequency is 1 time per month; automated monitoring frequency is real-time monitoring.

In areas such as the Yangtze River Delta and the North China Plain, with the improvement of the accuracy of level measurement and the continuous improvement of the key technology of GPS, the operation results show that the accuracy of the ground subsidence monitoring is further improved, which objectively reflects the characteristics of the current situation of ground subsidence. Its monitoring technology, information processing and socialized services have reached a high professional level.

Four, mining geology and environmental monitoring status

China's mining geology and environmental monitoring and research began in the 1950s, Kailuan "Black Duck" observatory was established to mark the beginning of China's mining geology and environmental monitoring and research. After that, a number of rock and surface mobile observatories were established in Kailuan, Fushun, Fuxin, Datong, Jiaozuo, Huainan, Pingdingshan and other mining areas.

In 2008, the China Academy of Geological Environment Monitoring carried out mine geological environment monitoring tests in Lengshuijiang antimony mining area in Hunan Province, Daye polymetallic mining area in Hubei Province, and Qitaihe coal mining area in Heilongjiang Province, and accumulated rich experience in the deployment of monitoring network, the determination of monitoring projects, the provision of monitoring frequency, and the collection and processing and analysis of monitoring data in mine geological environment monitoring.

V. Status of soil and water geological environment monitoring

The soil and water geological environment monitoring adopts the combination of regional monitoring, key monitoring and problem monitoring, and has already started the monitoring work in three demonstration zones of the "Yangtze River Delta", Suzhou, Wuxi and Changsha, and Baoding and Cangzhou, and the provincial-level surface soil and water environment monitoring work in Shanghai and Tianjin has also been started. has been launched.

Six, geothermal monitoring status

National geothermal resources monitoring work carried out in a relatively fragmented, monitoring work in Tianjin, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Shaanxi, Anhui, Ningxia and other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) is the main, the geothermal monitoring data obtained for the effective use of geothermal resources, and to promote the local characteristics of the economic development of the basis for decision-making.

In summary, the geo-environmental monitoring work is from scratch, from small to large, from imperfect to gradually improve, from passive to active process. Due to the different start, groundwater monitoring relatively long history, control surface is slightly wider, but not yet perfect; geological disaster monitoring, group monitoring and prevention of monitoring points covering a wide range of professional monitoring is insufficient, a late start; mining geo-environmental monitoring and monitoring of geological sites are still in the initial stage, but all provide support for economic and social development. Although all professional monitoring has made a better start in the last decade or so, there are still problems such as insufficient scale of monitoring network deployment, unreasonable layout, aging of monitoring facilities, destruction of monitoring points and backwardness of monitoring means. Some of these problems have seriously constrained the effective development of geo-environmental monitoring work, constraints on the benefits of geo-environmental monitoring results to play, thus restricting the development of the whole geo-environmental monitoring cause, so to promote geo-environmental monitoring work has reached a very urgent stage.