What are the special functions of new polymer materials?

Well, this question is a bit too broad ~

Ion exchange resin, membrane separation (L-B membrane, liquid membrane, single-layer membrane), photosensitive resin. Photochromic and photoconductive polymers, conductive polymers, piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials, polymer liquid crystals (dendrimer liquid crystals) ~ ~

Application, intelligent color-changing system, military stealth material, brain probe ...

Well, I got some courseware from my teacher, I hope it will help you ~

The concept of functional materials was first put forward by Morton in 1965. Functional materials refer to materials with one or more specific functions, such as magnetic materials and optical materials, which have excellent physical, chemical and biological functions and play a "functional" role in objects. Broadly speaking, structural material is actually a material with mechanical function, so it is also a functional material. However, because the mechanical motion corresponding to mechanical function is a kind of macroscopic object motion, it is obviously different from the microscopic object motion corresponding to other functions. Therefore, it is customary not to classify structural materials as functional materials. In this way, materials are generally divided into two categories: structural materials and functional materials.

(1) The function of functional materials corresponds to the microstructure of materials and the movement of microscopic objects, which is the most essential feature.

(2) The aggregation state and morphology of functional materials are very diverse, including gaseous state, liquid state, liquid crystal state, amorphous state, quasicrystalline state, mixed state and plasma state. In addition to three-dimensional bulk materials, there are two-dimensional, one-dimensional and zero-dimensional materials. In addition to the equilibrium state, there are also non-equilibrium States.

(3) Structural materials are often the final products in the form of materials, while a considerable part of functional materials are the final products in the form of components, that is, the integration of materials and components.

(4) Functional materials are knowledge-intensive products of modern science and technology and interdisciplinary.

(5) The preparation technology of functional materials is different from the traditional technology used for structural materials, but many advanced new processes and technologies are adopted, such as quenching, ultra-clean, ultra-micro, ultra-pure, thin film, integration, miniaturization, densification, intelligence and fine control and detection technologies.

Present situation and prospect of 1.2 functional materials

(1) monofunctional materials, such as conductive materials, dielectric materials, ferroelectric materials, magnetic materials, magnetic information materials, heating materials, heat storage materials, heat insulation materials, sound insulation materials, sound-emitting materials, optical materials, luminescent materials, laser materials, nonlinear optical materials, color-developing materials, infrared materials, optical information materials, etc.

(2) Functional conversion materials such as piezoelectric materials, photoelectric materials, thermoelectric materials, magneto-optical materials, acousto-optic materials, acoustic energy conversion materials, electro-optical materials, electrorheological materials, electrochromic materials, magneto-sensitive materials, magnetostrictive materials, etc.

(3) Multifunctional materials such as anti-vibration and noise reduction materials, three-proof (heat-proof, laser-proof, nuclear-proof) materials, heat-resistant sealing materials, electromagnetic materials, etc.

(4) Composite and comprehensive functional materials such as shape memory materials, stealth materials, electromagnetic shielding materials, sensing materials, intelligent materials, environmental materials, display materials and separation functional materials.

(5) New form and new concept functional materials, such as liquid crystal materials, amorphous materials, gradient materials, nano materials, unbalanced materials, etc.

(1) Develop new functional materials with high technical requirements, especially those in cutting-edge fields (aerospace, molecular electronics, high-speed information, new energy, marine technology, life sciences, etc.). ) and working under extreme conditions (ultra-high pressure, ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, high fever, high fever shock, strong corrosion, high vacuum, strong laser, high radiation, atomic oxygen, nuclear explosion, etc.). ).

(2) The function of functional materials develops from single function to multi-function and compound function, and from low-level function (such as single physical function) to high-level function (such as artificial intelligence, biological function and life function).

(3) Functional materials and devices are integrated, highly integrated, submicron, dense and supermolecular.

(4) Functional materials are compatible with structural materials, that is, functional materials are structured and structural materials are functionalized.

(5) Further research and development of new concepts, new designs and new processes of functional materials. The new concepts proposed include gradient, low dimension, intelligence, non-equilibrium state, molecular assembly, hybridization, supramolecule and biomolecule. New designs are proposed, including chemical pattern recognition design, molecular design, non-equilibrium design, quantum chemistry and statistical mechanics calculation methods. The proposed new processes include laser processing, ion implantation, plasma technology, molecular beam epitaxy, solid phase epitaxy, biotechnology and processes under specific conditions (such as high temperature, high pressure, high vacuum, microgravity, intense radiation, rapid cooling and ultra-clean).

(6) Improve and develop the testing and evaluation methods of functional materials.

(7) Strengthen the application research of functional materials and expand the application fields of functional materials, especially the cutting-edge fields and civil high-tech fields. And the mature research results will be quickly popularized to form productive forces.

1.3 Catalogue of Functional Materials and Related Subjects

(1) Functional materials science is to study the composition, structure, performance, application and their relationship of functional materials, and on this basis, to study the design and development of functional materials.

(2) Functional materials engineering is a technology and process to study the synthesis, preparation, purification, modification, storage and use of functional materials.

(3) The characterization and testing technology of functional materials is to study the application of general physical and chemical testing technology in functional materials and the testing technology and characterization of the characteristics and functions of various functional materials.

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Overview of 1.4 Functional Polymer Materials

Performance: refers to the resistance of materials to external stimuli (such as external force, heat, light and other physical stimuli or chemical stimuli of chemicals). Such as strength, heat resistance, elasticity, plasticity, transparency and corrosion resistance.

Performance and function

Function: refers to the output function of a substance due to the change of quality and quantity after the input signal. Function refers to the response of substances (materials) to input signals.

For example, a material can output electricity when external light is input, which is called the photoelectric function of the material; When a material is acted by various media, a part of it can be selectively separated, which is the so-called selective separation function of the material. In addition, such as thermoelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, drug slow release and so on. , all belong to the category of function.

Structural polymer materials and functional polymer materials

The basic characteristics of structural polymer materials are high specific stiffness and strength, which can replace metals as structural materials. The mechanical properties are utilized. Such as engineering plastics and polymer-based composites.

Functional polymer materials: refers to materials with specific functions in addition to certain mechanical properties. For example: ion exchange resin

Functional polymer materials and functional polymers

A: Structural and functional polymer materials (such as cationic resin with styrene structure).

* Functional polymers refer to polymers in such materials.

B: Composite functional polymer material (polymer matrix+other materials with specific functions, such as conductive rubber)

(2) Classification of functional polymer materials

① Mechanical functional materials

Strengthen functional materials, such as ultra-high strength materials and high crystallization materials.

Elastic functional materials, such as thermoplastic elastomers

② Chemical functional materials

Separation of functional materials, such as separation membranes and ion exchange resins.

Active functional materials, such as polymer catalysts and polymer reagents.

Biofunctional materials, such as immobilized enzyme and bioreactor.

Classification of functional polymer materials

③ Physical and chemical functional materials

High temperature resistant polymer, polymer liquid crystal

Electrically functional materials such as conductive polymers and superconducting polymers.

Optically functional materials, such as photopolymer, photopolymer

Energy conversion functional materials, such as piezoelectric polymers.

④ Biochemical functional materials

Artificial organ materials, such as artificial kidneys (heart and lungs)

Polymer drugs, such as active polymers and slow-release polymers.

Biodegradable materials, such as degradable polymer materials.

① Reactive polymer materials: including polymer reagents, polymer catalysts and dyes.

② Photosensitive polymers: including various light stabilizers, photoresists, photosensitive materials, nonlinear optical materials, photoconductive materials, photochromic materials, photodegradable polymer materials, etc.

③ Electromagnetic functional polymer materials: including conductive polymer materials (conductive polymer and polymer electrolyte), electroluminescent and electrochromic polymer materials, polymer piezoelectric materials and magnetic functional polymer materials (plastic magnets).

Domestic classification

④ Polymer separation materials: such as semi-permeable membrane materials such as various polymer separation membranes and slow-release membranes, ion exchange resins, polymer chelating agents and polymer flocculants.

⑤ Polymer adsorption materials: such as super absorbent resin, oil absorbent resin, etc.

⑥ Polymer intelligent materials: such as polymer shape memory materials, information storage materials and light, magnetism, pH and pressure sensitive materials.

⑦ Medical polymer materials: such as medical polymer materials, medical polymer materials, medical accessories, etc.

(8) High-performance engineering materials: such as polymer liquid crystal materials, high-temperature resistant polymer materials, high-strength and high-modulus polymer materials, flame-retardant polymer materials and functional fiber materials, biodegradable polymer materials, etc.