What is Hakka culture?

Question 1: What are the specific Hakka cultures? Hakka is a huge ethnic group of Han nationality in China with a long history and a large number of people. Relevant information shows that there are 55 million Hakkas, including about 45 million in China. Most of them live in some countries in Asia. Among them, Malaysia is about 1.25 million, Indonesia is 400,000, Thailand is 370,000, Vietnam is 300,000, Singapore is 200,000, and Myanmar is 654.38+million. Hakka is so widely distributed in America, Europe, Australia and other places that the study of its historical origin did not attract people's extensive attention until the 20th century. Previously, there were some sporadic records about the origin of Hakka, which can be traced back to the middle of Qing Dynasty.

The comprehensive study of Hakka by scholars from all walks of life shows a gratifying phenomenon of a hundred schools of thought contending. They put forward many different opinions. Generally speaking, they have the following views:

1. On "the purest descendants of the Central Plains"

2. The theory of "aborigines (Guyue)"

3. Theory of "Originating from the whole ancient Central Plains"

4. Theory of "Integration of Southern Nationalities"

5. The theory of "Han-min integration"

Hakka is an important member of the big family of the Chinese nation, a Han nationality with remarkable characteristics and a geographical group of the Han nationality. Hakka culture is the sum total of all material and spiritual cultures created by this group in the process of its formation and development in order to adapt and transform its living conditions. Once this culture is formed, it becomes the identification symbol of this group and the core force to maintain its survival and development. In other words, without Hakka groups, there would be no Hakka culture; However, without the long-term and stable development of Hakka culture, it is impossible for Hakka ethnic groups to have such a strong vitality that they can still maintain it until now after hundreds of years.

Hakkas are widely distributed, among which the border triangle of Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi is the main settlement, and Southeast Asia is the main place overseas. According to academic estimates, there are about 40 million to 50 million Hakkas. Hakka culture is a regional culture represented by immigrants formed under specific historical conditions. Why is it regional culture? Because this kind of culture has a very clear geographical scope, it only occurs in the triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, and there is no other place.

Hakka history

Why is there such a strong Hakka culture with regional characteristics here? On the one hand, it is a hilly and mountainous area surrounded by mountains, with Luo Xiao Mountains in the west, Wuyishan and Jiulian Mountains in the east and Nanling Mountains in the south. There is also a Lushan Mountain in the middle of Luo Xiao Mountain, which is connected with Wuyishan Mountain, thus separating southern Jiangxi from central Jiangxi and forming a relatively closed natural environment. The aborigines here are Baiyue people belonging to the same ethnic group as Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Zhejiang. They "have their own castes and are not subordinate to each other." After the Qin and Han Dynasties, hundreds of Vietnamese were sinicized in batches due to the continuous entry of northern men into the area, some were forced to move to Jianghuai area, and some left the plain to enter the deep mountains and forests, becoming a once famous "mountain-crossing" nation in history. So, on the whole, it has long been a sparsely populated place. During the Jin Dynasty, especially during the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the constant war in the north and the depression of rural economy, a large number of refugees crossed the river south to find another way to survive. After continuous migration, some immigrants came to this triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, which was shielded by mountains, lived with the local aborigines and merged with them under the condition of relatively closed society and nature, thus creating a regional culture dominated by Chinese culture and different from the surrounding cultures, which is Hakka culture. Therefore, the original foundation of this culture is the indigenous culture with strong local flavor and the Han culture in the Central Plains with the charm of Han and Tang Dynasties, and the great driving force for the emergence and development of this culture is a large number of northern immigrants who have entered the triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration for some scholars to call it the immigrant culture formed under specific historical conditions.

It is precisely because Hakka culture is an immigrant culture with the Han culture in the Central Plains as the main body that it not only has the profound connotation of the Central Plains culture, but also has the cultural outlook as a special group of immigrants. For example, the very strong root-seeking consciousness and local consciousness in Hakka culture is precisely the attachment of immigrants to the native culture after leaving their ancestral home. At the same time, it is precisely because of the Hakka people's long-term wandering experience and the difficulties they face after arriving at their settlement that they have exercised their perseverance, pioneering, industrious and simple character and innovative spirit ...

Question 2: What is Hakka? Hakka, called Hakka in English, belongs to a branch of the Han nationality, and it is also a microcosm of the southward migration of the Central Plains and its language, customs and cultural evolution in history. Scholars at home and abroad have different opinions about the origin of the title of "Hakka". For example, in the quotation of Hakka dialect in Section 47 of Wang Li's Chinese Phonology, "Hakka" means "guest" or "outsider", so Hakka is a foreigner. Their language, customs and genealogy are enough to prove it. "There are many other viewpoints, such as: Hakka appellation is caused by Hakka people worshiping their ancestors" Xia "; Hakka dialect should come from the relative name of "guest host"; Hakkas are called names because local residents reject them as foreign races; The pronunciation of Hakka dialect comes from the ancient sound of Heluo, which means Heluo people and so on.

What is a "pure Hakka residence" and what is a "non-pure Hakka residence"? So far, there is no recognized exact definition standard, which can only be said relatively. On the basis of extensive investigation, Luo Xianglin roughly divided the distribution areas of Hakkas in China. Hakka people in China mainly live in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan Province and other places, including 33 pure Hakka counties and 44 non-pure Hakka counties/kloc-0. In foreign countries, Hakkas are more widely distributed. The so-called "where there is sea water, there are overseas Chinese, and where there are overseas Chinese, there are Hakkas".

Hakkas attach great importance to their roots and have a strong consciousness of "pursuing the future with caution" and "initiating this newspaper first, enlightening the rich and then Kunming"

Anguolou: Hakka guests are at home. Some scholars have profoundly pointed out that its form is closely related to its historical conditions, geographical environment, life background and lifestyle, and it is the result of "external pressure cohesion", with distinctive local color and folk style. In the historical trend of the Millennium, the northern nationalities are constantly merging dynamically, while the Hakkas are relatively static. On the basis of maintaining the original features of the ancient culture in the Central Plains, they absorbed the cultural essence of local ethnic minorities and became a unique nation. Moreover, it provides cultural nutrients for the cultivation of the cohesion of the Chinese nation and becomes more than one note in the big family of the Chinese nation.

Hakka people have a deep-rooted consciousness of tracing back to the source, "being cautious in the end" and "advocating this newspaper first, then enlightening it, and then enlightening Kunming". This value orientation of worshipping the ancient times combined with a strong clan concept has formed a strong feeling of worshipping ancestors and seeking roots to repay their ancestors. This feature is clearly reflected in many genealogies, such as: Zheng, the name of Xingyang in Tang Dynasty; Tang Lian: Shi Ze of Xingyang, the voice of a poetess. This class is too numerous to mention. During the festival, Hakkas will hang lanterns with surnames and hall numbers, and put up couplets with their families' counties, so as to express their memory of their ancestors and care for their homes. "Birds fly back to their hometown, and foxes will die in the first hill." If Hakkas die in their hometown and can't go back to their hometown, they should repeatedly urge their descendants to indicate the county name and hall number of their ancestral home or clan in their resting place.

Guests who go back to their hometown are very special, and home is everywhere. Hakka ancestors inherited the spirit of "vigorous progress and unremitting self-improvement", experienced hardships, the threat of hunger, disease, diaspora and death, tempered their perseverance and accumulated cultural factors of innovation and adventure. The border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi is mountainous and barren. Known as "eight mountains, one water and one field", the living environment is extremely difficult. However, it is the miserliness of nature that casts the indomitable character of Hakkas and their entrepreneurial spirit of loving their hometown rather than loving it.

Hakkas have a particularly strong feeling of patriotism and love for home.

Anguolou: Mr. Xia Defeng, a scholar, once pointed out that most Hakka ancestors fled their homeland and migrated to other places because of foreign invasion and national disintegration, so the spirit of patriotism and love for their hometown was stronger than that of other nationalities, which was fully reflected in those people with lofty ideals in history.

At the end of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, a Hakka, enlisted the Rebels in Ganzhou and Jiaying (now Meizhou) to fight for the king. At the end of the Ming dynasty, the Qing soldiers marched south, and the Hakkas tried their best to resist the Qing dynasty and protect the Ming dynasty. They surrendered at the latest and rose up again and again to resist.

In modern times, the spirit of patriotism and love for home has been well reflected in many Hakka celebrities. For example, Qiu and Liu Yongfu, the national heroes who fought against Japan and saved the nation, Sun Yat-sen and his assistants Liao, Deng Zhongyuan and Yao Yuping who led the Revolution of 1911, Ye Ting and Zhang Fakui, famous generals of China, Xie Jinyuan, and famous historical figures such as Zhu De, * * *, Liu Yalou and Xiao Hua are all models of Hakka patriotism. Overseas, Hakka people who worship their ancestors are very concerned about China's modern revolutionary cause and the construction of various parts of the motherland. Xie, Xie Liangmu and others actively supported Sun ... >>

Question 3: What is a Hakka? "Hakka" refers to the Han people who migrated to the south because of wars, famines and other disasters in the ancient Central Plains, so the history of Hakka people is a history of blood and tears. Not all the Han people who migrated to the south are Hakkas, but they all have their own unique dialect customs. 1. The most obvious feature of Hakka people is that speaking Hakka dialect is one of the seven major dialects in Chinese. Some experts study Hakka dialect and ancient Chinese, especially like a living fossil with the name of ancient Chinese. Perhaps this is because Hakka dialect retains many words of ancient Chinese. Hakka people have their own dialect called Hakka dialect (Hakka dialect in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi; In the west of Guangdong and Guangxi, it is called Yayan, Majie dialect and Xinmin dialect. Some places in Hunan are called Hakka dialect; They are called Tukan people in Sichuan. Among them, "Hakka dialect" is the most common name. Second, Hakka people are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, and there are also a large number of Hakka people overseas, such as Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi and Zhejiang. At present, both china national radio and China radio stations broadcast Hakka dialect to the outside world, mainly serving the reunification of the motherland. Thirdly, Hakka houses around Longjia were very famous in America in 1970s. I was shocked to think that the Hakka Dragon Farm was a nuclear weapons launch site in China. I said that China has such a secret weapon research and development base. You can come to our Hakka place when you are free. Fujian and Guangdong have a large number of dragon paddocks. A dragon enclosure is as strong as a wrong city, and it is because of living in a foreign country that it is built so strong. Fourth, Hakka women do not bind their feet. This is a remarkable feature that is different from traditional Han women. Hakkas are famous at home and abroad. Women's contribution should surpass that of men in peacetime, support their families and raise children in wartime. According to legend, at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Zhao was hunted down by the Yuan Army and rescued by a group of Hakka women who went up the mountain to cut firewood in Meixian County. Therefore, at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Zhao gave Hakka women the title of "Zi" after their death. "Ruren" used to be the title of the wife of an official above the fifth level, but ordinary Hakka women were later called "Ruren", which shows their social status at that time. In the second year of Song Jingyan (1277), Yuan soldiers invaded south, and Wen Tianxiang led a diligent king to resist Yuan. Hakka men and women "men bring women armor, and eight thousand children bring diligent kings." During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Hakka women joined the Taiping Army women's barracks and fought bravely against the Qing Dynasty. They were called "Bigfoot Barbarian Wars" by Xiang Army led by Zeng Guofan. During the Central Soviet Area, Hakka women were the main force to expand the red propaganda. They sang folk songs, sent their husbands, brothers, children and grandchildren to the front, shouldered the burden of helping the Red Army raise salt and food, and did housework alone, supporting their husbands to kill the enemy with peace of mind. Hakka women's perseverance and self-improvement left a deep impression in the history of revolutionary struggle in the Soviet area. Fifthly, during the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the loyalty and patriotism of the Hakkas fought against the Qing Dynasty and Japanese invaders, especially the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement led by Hakkas in the last century promoted the establishment of the China Revolution in New China. The Hakkas' children in Ruijin and Xingguo in Jiangxi were the main components of the Central Red Army, and one of them fell down every kilometer on the Long March Road in Xingguo, Jiangxi, making their own contribution to the establishment of the new China. The contributions of Zhu De, Ye Ting and others, as well as countless Hakka children who gave their lives. Sixthly, Hakka people have survived through hardships overseas. They once established a country overseas, called Lanfang * * and the country (1777- 1884), called Lanfang Dakong * * and the country in the south. It is the first Hakka descendant founded by Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and Singaporean Prime Minister. Of course, there are many scum, such as Lee Teng-hui, the leader of Taiwan Province Province. Seventh, in the history of Hakka migration, there are five records of Hakka migration to the south, with a time delay of 1500 years. The first great migration was in AD 3 17-879, when Emperor Huaidi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty came to power. Due to the invasion of the northwest minorities into the Central Plains, the situation of "Five Wild China" which had a far-reaching influence on the Han nationality was formed, and many officials and people in the Central Plains also crossed the Yellow River to the south. In order to avoid confusion with the original household registration, these new household registration are called "guests". This is the first time that the word "guest" has appeared in China Citizen Travel Service. The second great migration was from 880 to 1 126. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao mobilized troops to revolt and "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries", and the world was in chaos. Hakka ancestors came from somewhere in Anhui and Jiangxi ...

Question 4: What exactly does "Hakka" mean? What is a Hakka?

It can be said that Hakka is an important ethnic group of Han nationality; Hakka is a unique and stable Han group. The gathering place of Hakka people is the triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong (there are 29 pure Hakka counties here, which are the base camp of Hakka people). Hakka dialect is a unique language of Hakka people. Hakka people have special Hakka culture and customs; Hakka people have a unique Hakka spirit. To sum up, Hakka is a unique and stable ethnic group of Han nationality formed due to historical reasons. They share the same interests and have a unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (that is, Hakka spirit). Anyone who meets the above stable characteristics can be called Hakka. I am an authentic Hakka.

Question 5: What do Hakkas mean? Hakka, also known as Heluolang. Hakka is a distinctive Han nationality and one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching Han nationalities in the world. The ancestors of Hakkas originated in the Central Plains and migrated from the Central Plains to the south, which is a branch of the Han nationality in southern China. Because I am in a foreign land, I call myself "Heluolang" because I am attached to my hometown Heluo (Luohe Valley centered on Luoyang). On the one hand, Hakka culture retains the mainstream characteristics of Central Plains culture, on the other hand, it contains the cultural essence of local ethnic groups. Hakkas often follow the example of talented men, inspire and educate their children and grandchildren, and learn from their predecessors who have made great achievements. Some people say: Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas. Others say: where there is sunshine, there are Hakkas; Where there is a piece of land, there are Hakkas who live in groups, work hard and reproduce. Hakkas are called "Oriental Jews" because they travel around the world, emigrate to the world, and there are many successful people in overseas business circles. Answer supplement 1. Outline where the guests come from. Hakka ethnic group is a special ethnic group of Han nationality formed in the long history of China. Hakka's roots are in the Central Plains, and Hakka culture is the extension and expansion of the ancient culture in the Central Plains. During the period of 1000 years since the Qin and Han Dynasties in China, nomadic people in the north invaded the Central Plains or suffered natural disasters and wars, which led to the central plains moving southward many times, with more than one million people. A number of branches have been formed in the south, among which, they entered Gannan, western Fujian and the Central Plains of northern Guangdong, exchanged ideas with the indigenous people such as She and Yao, descendants of the ancient Yue nationality, and created a culture with southern characteristics, which is called "Hakka culture". These people who emigrated to the south spoke a strong ancient Central Plains accent mixed with Jianghuai Mandarin, which was called "Hakka dialect". People who speak this dialect are called "Hakka". Today, there are about1.200 million Hakkas at home and abroad, among which Hakkas account for one third of the total population of Hong Kong. Accounting for one-fifth to one-quarter of Taiwan Province Province; In China, besides Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces, there are also a considerable number of Hakkas in Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan provinces. There are many Hakkas overseas, Southeast Asian countries, Australia, the United States and Canada. Meizhou is the largest and most concentrated settlement of Hakka people, with a population of more than 5 million, and is known as the "Hakka Capital of the World".

Question 6: What ethnic group are the Hakkas? What are their main origins?

What is the Hakka clan?

In the long history of thousands of years, Hakka ancestors have been in a state of mobility. Migration and re-migration are important features of the formation of Hakkas. When others have basically settled down, Hakkas are still moving around looking for an ideal home. It was the great migration of Central Plains civilization that formed a unique and excellent clan.

So, what is the Hakka clan? The so-called Hakka clan is a branch within the same body of the Han nationality. After a long-term migration, they finally arrived and settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, forming a group with unique dialects, customs and other cultural phenomena different from other ethnic groups around them.

Criteria for the formation of hakka clans. First, Hakka dialect. One of the most basic and important aspects to distinguish Hakka from non-Hakka is language. Hakka dialect is not only a symbol of Hakka becoming a Hakka, but also a cohesive bond of Hakka self-identity. Specifically, the most direct and simple reason why a Hakka recognizes another Hakka as his own ethnic group is that both sides speak the same Hakka dialect, not because of the same region and blood relationship. Second, important cultural phenomena in the base camp area. The so-called cultural phenomenon refers to the deep cultural things that are closely related to people's daily life and directly or indirectly reflected in people's daily behavior. For example, folklore, religion, philosophy of life, value orientation, psychological feelings and so on. The research results of contemporary cultural anthropology show that the self-identity between different groups (groups, genera, etc.). ) is mainly a cultural phenomenon, in addition to these innate factors such as race and descent.

Hakka's base camp

The triangle of southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong is the base camp of Hakkas. There are traffic jams in the base camp area, and the triangle is full of hills and mountains, which is the place where the southeast hills are concentrated. Wuyishan and Nanling Mountains meet here, forming a natural barrier separating the Central Plains from the southeast coast. It is in the center of this natural barrier that three great rivers, Ganjiang, Tingjiang and Meijiang, have been bred. On the banks of these three rivers and their numerous tributaries, small basins are dotted. Hakka ancestors migrated from north to south and finally found an ideal place to stay. The small basin here, through the hard development and construction of several generations of Hakkas, has formed a series of busy market towns and villages with smoke curling up.

The origin of Hakka appellation

The formation of Hakka clans in the triangle of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong makes the southeast corner of Chixian county dazzling and full of vitality. The mysterious and colorful Hakka Base Camp proudly announces to the world that there are a group of people with China blood in their veins, who are working hard to sow and cultivate Chinese civilization. The name of this group of people is Hakka.

So, how did the name Hakka come from? Wang Li, a famous linguist, believes that Chinese rhymes "Hakka means' guest' or' outsider', so Hakka is a foreigner." It can be seen that Hakka dialect is a kind of symmetry relative to the "master" (aborigines), and the "guest" in Hakka dialect means a foreigner. "Being a guest makes you feel at home", and those who are a guest in a foreign country and make this their home are called Hakkas.

On the whole, the word "guest" embodies the historical opportunity of Hakka people to stay at home all the time, and the generosity and openness of "calling themselves guests" "People often do Kunzhi's work in all directions, and a routine program can be set up everywhere. Being in a foreign land is still in my hometown. " This is a long-standing ballad in Hakka area. This ballad reflects the historical experience of Hakkas who are far away from their homeland and hometown, and shows their happy and broad-minded spirit. The magnanimity of "people are willing to endure hardships and aim at all directions" and the spirit of "being bitten by others is home" show the heroism of Hakka people who respect guests and call themselves guests. Without this heroism, how can Hakkas be proud of being called or calling themselves "guests"?

Hakka, a resounding name, makes Hakka descendants proud of it. The formation process of Hakka clan makes people clearly see the formation and development process of the Chinese nation; Hakka spiritual culture reflects the profound and long-standing civilization of the Chinese nation. The magical and colorful Hakka spiritual culture needs us to inherit, carry forward and develop.

Hakka culture

The foundation of Hakka traditional culture "Where does Hakka come from? Zh\plainu is a descendant of three generations and lives in Heluo. Since the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, when the soldiers were in turmoil, he went south in clothes. The disaster in the Tang Dynasty and the disaster in the Song Dynasty were sent to the wilderness, and he started four industries. Tracing back to the source, he has been called a guest for thousands of years. Where is your hometown? Several sages, the elders of the Central Plains ... >>