On Huizhou Ancient Buildings

The characteristics of Huizhou ancient buildings: white walls and tiles, cornices and walls, rows of animal ridges and arches, and patchwork horse-headed walls span a long historical scroll of clan survival and reproduction. In the passage, thoughts move with the bluestone alley, and distant historical memories are gradually restored. Keywords: Ancient architecture is a cultural phenomenon with unique characteristics. Huizhou ancient dwellings were formed in a specific natural and cultural environment. Huizhou people who have "five mountains in their chests and big Kyushu at the soles of their feet" either work for Jia Sifang or get rich and return to their hometowns, introducing higher-level culture from abroad into China. The civil engineering is extremely poor, and they are extravagant to achieve their goals and build exquisite and unique residential buildings. Therefore, as early as the end of the Ming Dynasty, "overlooking high walls and white houses in leisure time" became a unique landscape of Huizhou villages. "Four waters return to the hall", also known as "the five mountains in the sky", is one of the main features of Huizhou architecture. Most old houses in Huizhou use patios for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. There are few windows on the outer wall, so the old house always gives people a gloomy and sad feeling. I appreciate the Huizhou architecture in Xidi Village. This is an ancient dream forgotten by modern society. Modern sunlight has not yet shone on its green and gray roof tiles. Apart from the hustle and bustle of the city, it firmly grasps the remnants and presents us with a simple folk life in the clarity of southern Anhui. Xidi Village, located in yi county, is the most intact Huizhou architectural complex. From a distance, Xidi Village is a roof paved with simple lines of black tiles and tall white walls, black and white, patchwork. When you walk into the old houses, you will find that the complexity and exquisiteness inside these old houses are in sharp contrast with the simplicity and purity outside, and the three major sculptures in Huizhou architecture-wood carving, brick carving and stone carving-are vividly reflected here. The formation of Huizhou architecture is influenced by Huizhou's unique historical and geographical environment and humanistic concept. It used to be the settlement of Guyue people, and the living form was a "dry column" building that adapted to the life in mountainous areas. The large-scale migration of gentry in the Central Plains not only changed the population size and structure of Huizhou, but also brought advanced Central Plains culture. The exchange and integration of Central Plains civilization and ancient Yue culture is directly reflected in the architectural form. As a typical form of "upstairs hall" in early Huizhou architecture, the upstairs hall is particularly spacious and is a place for people to rest in their daily activities. This is because the mountainous area is humid, and in order to prevent the gas of boils, the pattern of Vietnamese "dry column" buildings has been retained. At the same time, due to the influx of immigrants, Gai Lou has become the best choice. However, in order to solve the problem of ventilation and lighting, the "quadrangle" in the Central Plains has evolved into a closed and unobstructed "patio" in Huizhou that adapts to the sinister mountain environment. But wooden houses in mountainous areas are prone to fire. In order to prevent the fire from spreading, the Horsehead Wall was created. The early Huizhou architectural form is the product of the integration of foreign immigrants and local culture. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, Huizhou merchants rose and dominated the business circles in China. When Huizhou merchants get rich, they will return a lot of capital to their hometown, one of which is investment in architecture. They built ancestral temples, mansions, gardens, archways, bridges and pavilions, which brought great changes to the rural landscape of Huizhou. Due to the characteristics of "being good at Confucianism", Huizhou merchants with high cultural quality have injected their own opinions into the layout, structure, interior decoration and hall layout of their buildings, which has prompted Huizhou architecture to gradually form a unique architectural system, making Huizhou architecture not only practical, but also rich in cultural connotation. The characteristics of Huizhou architecture are mainly reflected in village houses, ancestral halls, archways, gardens and other architectural entities. Its most distinctive style is a large number of traditional residential villages, which reflect Huizhou's mountain characteristics, geomantic will and regional beauty tendency from site selection, design, modeling, structure and layout to decoration and beautification. Most villages in Huizhou are located in strict accordance with China's traditional geomantic rules, with beautiful mountains and rivers, pursuing ideal living environment and artistic conception of mountains and rivers, and are known as "villages in Chinese painting". Influenced by the traditional concept of "water is the source of wealth" in Feng Shui, Huizhou people entrusted with business paid special attention to the "Shuikou" of villages and built some unique Shuikou gardens. The structure of Huizhou-style mansions is mostly in the form of multiple courtyards (the small ones are mostly in the form of three courtyards), which embodies the characteristics of Huizhou people living in compact communities. Generally, they sit facing south, facing the mountain and facing the water, emphasizing the value of geomantic omen. The layout is symmetrically divided by the central axis, with three rooms wide, a hall in the middle and wings on both sides. The front of the hall is called patio, which has lighting and ventilation. Courtyard collocation creates living space for deeply self-sufficient families. The overall appearance and aesthetic feeling of the residential building are very strong. The high wall is closed, the horse's head is tilted, the wall lines are strewn at random, and the black tiles and white walls are elegant in color. In terms of decoration, the brick-cleaning door cover, stone carving leaking windows, wood carving columns and buildings are integrated into one, making the house beautiful and poetic, which can be regarded as a major feature of Huizhou government. Ancestral temples and memorial archways in Huizhou are also important architectural forms in Huizhou architecture. Every village has a shrine, which is generally large and magnificent. Various memorial archways scattered all over the country are an important part of the cultural landscape of ancient Huizhou. As a traditional architectural school, Huizhou architecture has always maintained its unique artistic style of simplicity, simplicity and richness. Technical characteristics of Huizhou architecture Huizhou ancient buildings are made of brick, wood and stone, with wooden frames as the main materials. The beam is made of huge materials and pays attention to decoration. The middle of its beam is slightly arched, so it is commonly known as "winter melon beam". Both ends are engraved with flat (Ming Dynasty) or round (Qing Dynasty) patterns, and the middle part is often engraved with various patterns, which makes the whole body look magnificent and magnificent. The material of the column is also quite thick, and the upper part is slightly thinner. The pillars of the Ming Dynasty were usually spindle-shaped. Liang Tuo, claw column, fork hand, Baquan, Queti (Ding Tou Arch in Ming Dynasty) and diagonal braces are engraved with patterns and lines. The ingenious combination and decoration of beam components make technology and artistic techniques integrate into one, and achieve a perfect and harmonious wonderful situation. Generally, the beam frame is painted with tung oil, without colored paint, which is particularly simple and elegant. Corners, patios, railings, lighting walls, leaking windows, etc. It is built by cutting bluestone, red sandstone or granite into stone strips and slabs, and the natural texture of the stone itself is often used to synthesize patterns. The walls are basically built with Xiaoqing bricks to the horse head wall. Brick, wood and stone carvings are widely used in Huizhou architecture, showing a superb level of decorative art. Brick carvings are mostly embedded in doorways, window lintels and zhaobi, and large pieces of blue bricks are carved with vivid figures, insects, fish, flowers and birds, eight treasures, Bo Gu and geometric patterns, which are very decorative. Wood carving plays an important role in the carving decoration of ancient houses, which is manifested in the line carving pattern on the moon beam, the Lotus Pier on the pole bucket, the screen door partition, the sash and hanging board under the window, the arch fence on the floor, the watchtower around the patio, etc. Covering figures, landscapes, flowers and plants, birds and beasts, eight treasures, Bo Gu and so on. There are many themes, including traditional operas, folk stories, myths and legends, as well as life scenes such as fishing, firewood, ploughing, reading, feasting, drinking tea, traveling, music and dancing. There are various techniques, such as wire carving, bas-relief, through carving, high relief, round carving and hollow carving. The content and techniques of its performance vary with different building parts. These woodcarvings are not decorated with paint, but the details of carving are more vivid through high-quality wood colors and natural textures. Stone carvings are mainly displayed in ancestral halls, temples, memorial archways, towers, bridges, courtyards, doorways, railings, pools, flower beds, leaky windows, zhaobi, column foundations, drum stones and stone lions. The contents are mostly auspicious dragons, cranes, tigers, lions, elephants, Kirin, Xiangyun, Babel, Bo Gu, landscapes and people's stories. Mainly in relief, through carving and round carving, it is simple and elegant, vigorous and natural. Huizhou's "three wonders" of ancient architecture Huizhou architecture is characterized by ancestral halls, archways and folk houses, and is called "three wonders of ancient architecture". Ancestral halls are divided into different types, such as ancestral halls, branch shrines and family shrines, and there are also strict differences in architecture, so they cannot do whatever they want. Generally, it is magnificent and magnificent. The archway is mainly made of stone, imitating wood structure, with four-column soaring, eight-column and mouth-shaped styles, and its shape is elegant. According to the function, it can be divided into two categories: scene table workshop and topic workshop. Jing Biao Fang can only be built by the imperial court, and only those with outstanding official luck and filial piety, as well as virgins and women are eligible to enjoy it. The inscription square is generally built in front of the mansion, academy, ancestral hall and tomb as a symbol of solemnity and authority. Folk houses are commonly known as "three rooms", which are divided into three bright rooms, three dark rooms and three cloisters. The formation of the basic pattern of Huizhou folk houses The most basic pattern of traditional Huizhou folk houses is three rooms, usually three rooms and an inner patio, which is commonly known as "one letter". The plane layout is symmetrical, the middle hall has two wings on both sides, and the stairs are at the front, back or left and right sides of the hall. An inner patio is formed at the entrance for lighting and ventilation. On this basis, the vertical and horizontal development combination of architecture can form a four-in-one, hall-style and hall-style pattern. Four-in-one type is mostly a family with a large population, which can also be said to be a combination of two groups and three rooms, divided into big four-in-one and small four-in-one The four-in-one front hall is opposite to the back hall, and there is a big patio in the middle. The lobby is three rooms, but the floor is higher, which is the main hall; The back hall is also three rooms, but the depth can be slightly shallow, and the floor is lower than the front hall. The front hall and the back hall are connected by a wing with a movable partition. Some stairwells are located in the wing and some are located behind the front hall. The interior is separated by wooden boards, and the exterior walls are all brick walls. The patio can be large or small according to the terrain, and some have a wing and a small patio behind the front hall. This big four-in-one house has floors in front and back. The front hall of the three small quadrangles is the same as that of the big quadrangles, and the back hall is a bungalow, smaller and deeper. Generally, the middle hall can't form a back hall, but as a passage, two rooms are for living, with a small patio and stairs behind the front hall. The hall of hall-style residence is mainly used for welcoming guests, handling wedding and funeral gifts, and carrying out sacrificial activities. As a place of daily life, it is often the main part of the whole house. Most of the halls are Ming-style halls, with three rooms and two columns showing the hall style. It can also be closed with movable partitions and used in winter. There are two corridors in the general hall, facing the patio. Hall-style houses can be equipped with screen doors from the middle entrance, usually from both sides of the screen door. In case of courtesy activities, they can be installed from the middle door of the screen door. There is also a side door on the side, and a guest room is set up in the world. There are also people who come in and out from the main entrance, and there are two wings on both sides of the door. The hall style, also known as the back hall, is located at the back of the hall and connected with it. It is a transitional building from the hall to the inner room. Most of them are wooden floors, and the three rooms face back to the hall. The entrance is entered by the doors on both sides of the front screen of the hall. There is a hall and two small rooms in the hall for guests or family members to use. This hall-style building is smaller than a formal three-bedroom building and has patio lighting. Huizhou people have the custom of living in groups. Some big houses are connected in pieces, with more than 100 patios, but they are only a combination of the above basic patterns. Huizhou is complex-it also has dynamic and static, vulgar and elegant. Jia's voice of merchants sitting in a bag of silver is intertwined with pastoral Confucian songs; Exquisite wood carving window lattice reflects the picturesque scenery of nature. Huizhou's tangible and intangible cultural heritage left to future generations is really a huge wealth. It has too much wisdom, enlightenment, experience and lessons, which are worth exploring, refining, thinking and summarizing. Posted in China Paper Download Center.