How much do you know about the nine categories of Jingdezhen porcelain?

Jingdezhen is the representative and symbol of "porcelain capital". It has a long history of making porcelain. According to historical records, "Xinping smelting pottery began in Han Dynasty". Jingdezhen porcelain is exquisite and has the inherent title of "porcelain capital" Jingdezhen produces a wide variety of porcelain, most of which have become world-famous porcelain and sell well overseas. So what kinds of porcelain are produced in Jingdezhen? Let Bian Xiao take you to see it!

First, blue and white porcelain

Pastel porcelain, the second kind of porcelain produced in Jingdezhen, also called "soft color", is a variety of glaze color. The so-called glaze color is painted on the glazed surface of the fired blank and fired in a kiln at 600-900 degrees Celsius. Pastel porcelain is generally painted by sketching the outline of the pattern on white porcelain fired at high temperature, then using arsenic-containing glass white as the background color, and then coating pigment on this glass white. According to the different needs of shade, the color is gently washed away with a clean pen, so that the petals and characters' clothes have a sense of shade. Due to the opacification of arsenic, glass white has an opaque feeling. When it is mixed with various colors, it will cause pulverization. Red will turn into pink, green will turn into light green, yellow will turn into light yellow, and other colors will turn into opaque light tones. The amount of arsenic can be controlled, and a series of different shades can be obtained, giving people a feeling of powder and softness. Therefore, this glaze color is called "famille rose", which is used in expression techniques. In style, its layout and brushwork have the characteristics of traditional Chinese painting. Pastel porcelain adopts "glass white", which is closely combined with painting techniques and is a new initiative of Jingdezhen ceramists. Through research and analysis, the so-called "glass white" is an opaque white opacifier, which belongs to the compound of lead oxide, silicon and arsenic. Using its opacifying effect, it can make the picture appear uneven, increase the expressive force of the picture, make the picture soft and rich in Chinese painting style, thus winning the reputation of "Pearl of Oriental Art".

As early as the late Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, pastel porcelain in Jingdezhen had already appeared, and it was quite exquisite in Yongzheng period, and reached a high artistic level in Qianlong period. "Eight Friends of Zhushan" left many porcelain treasures painted in pastels. Its leader, Wang Qi, applied the general method of painting porcelain to the portrait of porcelain plate, which was called "magic power" because of its profound painting method and novel painting style. After the founding of New China, pastel porcelain has made great progress, and many healthy, fresh and generous new works are dazzling. Fushou pastel porcelain produced by Art Porcelain Factory won the national gold medal.

Second, pastel porcelain

Doucai porcelain, also known as Doucai, is a kind of colored porcelain that combines underglaze blue and white with underglaze color. The name Dou Cai is not recorded in the Ming Dynasty literature. The earliest use and explanation of the name "Doucai" can be found in Nanyao Annotation during the Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty: "Doucai has three kinds: successful, positive, good and full of colors, which is called Doucai." The author of "Notes on South Kiln" thinks that all underglaze blue and white and underglaze colors are combined into a complete pattern, which is called Doucai. The most famous bucket color in the history of ceramics is Chenghua bucket color in Ming Dynasty, among which the bucket color chicken cylinder cup is even more exquisite, which is related to the exquisite tire repair and crystal clear glaze color of Chenghua porcelain. In the Qing Dynasty, there were also bucket-colored porcelains with high artistic value in the dynasties of Kang, Yong and Gan. Doucai is a wonderful flower in the history of ancient ceramics in China, and it is a kind of colored porcelain fired in Jingdezhen kiln in Jiangxi. Doucai is a decorative method of ceramics, which is different from underglaze blue-and-white decoration, underglaze multicolor decoration, underglaze pastel decoration, underglaze enamel decoration and plain tricolor decoration. It combines underglaze blue and white with underglaze multicolor and decorates them on the same porcelain surface, forming an artistic expression of competition between underglaze blue and white and underglaze multicolor. According to the current cultural relics investigation and archaeological excavation results, Doucai porcelain first appeared in Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory in Xuande period of Ming Dynasty. Doucai is made by pre-firing underglaze blue-and-white porcelain at high temperature (65,438+0,300 C), filling the gaps in the blue-and-white outline left by the blue pattern with mineral pigments for the second time, and then firing in a small kiln at low temperature (300°C). Doucai, colorful, calm and old-fashioned, has formed a decorative style that conforms to the aesthetic taste of Ming people. Speaking of fighting colored porcelain, we certainly won't feel strange. Not long ago, there was an uproar. The chicken coop photographed by Liu Yiqian at a high price of 220 million yuan belongs to this doo-doo porcelain.

Third, fighting color porcelain

Jingdezhen produces four-color glazed porcelain: colored glazed porcelain, also known as colored glazed porcelain, is decorated with the change of glaze color. Usually, the glaze color can be changed by adjusting the content of various trace elements in the glaze, such as copper red, cobalt blue, iron black, lead green and so on. ? Adding some oxidized metals to the glaze will show some inherent colors after baking. The metal oxides that act as colorants mainly affect the color of the glaze, and are also closely related to the composition, size, firing temperature and firing atmosphere of the glaze. People say, "whatever color there is in nature, you can burn porcelain of whatever color." If you visit the colored glazed porcelain in Jingdezhen, you will believe that this statement is true. Of course, many ingredients and firing in glass are difficult, such as "offering red glaze", and there is a saying that "a thousand kilns are valuable". Generally speaking, glass can be divided into the following categories, such as blue glaze, sauce glaze, black glaze, white glaze, yellow glaze, blue glaze, blue glaze and so on. In fact, each color can be subdivided. For example, green glaze can be divided into nearly 20 kinds, such as bean green, pink green, azure, plum green and so on. It should be noted that the division of colored glaze is not determined by the naked eye's judgment of glaze color. For example, some blue-and-white glazes of Fujian kilns in the Song Dynasty are white intuitively, but they still belong to blue-and-white glazes due to the proportion of various trace elements. Kiln glaze and crystalline glaze color should be included in the range of colored glazed porcelain.

Four. Yan Cai you porcelain

Jingdezhen produces five kinds of glazed porcelain:? Enamel porcelain is a decorative method introduced from abroad. In the Qing Dynasty, it was a kind of exquisite painted porcelain specially designed for the imperial palace. According to historical records, Emperor Kangxi ordered the enamel originally used to decorate bronzes to be decorated. Applied to porcelain tires, this new kind of porcelain glaze was created. Enamel-colored porcelain is to draw patterns and patterns on an unpainted blank, and then glaze it. The characteristics of patterns and patterns are that there are flowers but no birds.

Five, enamel porcelain

Jingdezhen produces six kinds of colored glazed porcelain: also known as "heterochromatic glaze". Glaze color varies with different light sources. The white glaze of high-grade fine porcelain is used as the basic glaze, and metallic oxides such as cerium, praseodymium and ytterbium, nonmetallic oxides and mixed rare earth oxides are used as coloring elements. After a certain technological treatment, the glaze slurry is made and coated on the surface of the green body, which produces physical and chemical changes at a proper firing temperature and generates a new solid solution. It can change color under different light sources, showing lavender in sunlight, sky blue in fluorescent lamp, dark green in mercury lamp and orange red in high-pressure sodium lamp.

Six, color-changing glazed porcelain

Jingdezhen produces seven kinds of ancient colored porcelain: also known as hard color, which is different from famille rose in Qing Dynasty. Generally known as the five colors of the Ming Dynasty, the five colors of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty are ancient colors. Multicolor refers to glass materials such as red, yellow, green, blue and purple. According to the needs of pattern decoration, it is applied to glaze. Use raw materials and vanadium red to draw lines on the porcelain tire, adopt the method of single-line flat coating, and then put them in the "color furnace" (at 800-900? An antique color made by secondary baking. Because of its distinct red and green, few levels and clear color, it is called hard color. The antique colors are bright and crystal clear, the tone contrast is strong, the image is exaggerated, the lines are strong and powerful, and it has a strong national artistic style. There are many objects depicted in ancient colors, such as figures, landscapes, dragons and phoenixes, mandarin ducks, pines and cypresses, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and plants, etc. Ancient colored porcelain has been widely praised at previous world expositions. It is one of the outstanding traditions of Jingdezhen ceramic technology. In terms of age, it includes Daming Cai and Kangxi Cai; As far as color is concerned, there are three colors, five colors, red and green. Its technical features are single line and plane, strong lines, concise and vivid brushwork, strong color contrast, exaggerated image generalization, strong folk style and strong decoration.

Seven, ancient painted porcelain

Jingdezhen produces eight kinds of new colored porcelain: one kind of glaze color. Formerly known as Yangcai, it appeared in the late Qing Dynasty and was a ceramic decoration method introduced from abroad. At that time, it was also called "foreign color" because it was imported color material and the western style of the picture. First, draw various pictures or patterns on the surface of white porcelain with colorful pigments, and then bake them in a color furnace. This kind of porcelain is called new colored porcelain. New colored porcelain is a new variety gradually developed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), after several improvements, new color decoration techniques have been enriched and developed, and combined with modern technology, it has become a widely used decorative form. At present, among the popular new colors in Jingdezhen, there are not only new colors with China freehand brushwork style, but also bright and bright brush flowers and spray colors, regular and beautiful lithography and silk-screen decals. After a series of reforms and innovations, the decorative style has formed the local characteristics of Jingdezhen ceramic art. New colors include decal, painting, brush painting, spray painting, printing, film transfer, gold painting and color addition, color printing, corrosion of gold color and electronic luster of various colors. It is characterized by rich colors, diverse decorations, beautiful blank shapes, vivid patterns and novel styles. 1984, Cosmic Porcelain Factory produced 45 sets of "high-collar brand" new colorful western-style tableware, which won the national silver award.

Eight, new colored porcelain

Jingdezhen produces nine kinds of porcelain carvings: porcelain carvings, as the name implies, are works of art that make solid ceramics by carving, referred to as porcelain carvings. Its production needs a lot of manual operations, such as stamping, chiseling, carving, piling, molding, carving, etc., and only high-temperature firing can be completed. Due to different operation methods, it can be divided into round carving, pile carving, carving, relief carving, carving embedding and carving. Every kind of sculpture has its own characteristics, from artistic display to daily utensils and toys, which can be attractive through sculpture. ? Jingdezhen ceramic sculpture has a long history, which can be traced back to 1400 years ago. According to historical records, lions and elephants were presented to the palace in the Sui Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, pottery, pottery horse, stone carving, clay sculpture and other sculpture arts were absorbed to improve their skills. There are many carved porcelain Buddha statues in the Ming Dynasty, which are quite famous. The hollowed-out rotating bottles in Qing Dynasty-Meiren Cup-are all famous porcelain carvings. After the founding of New China, porcelain carving developed more rapidly. In modern Jingdezhen, porcelain carving skills are exquisite and complete, including garden carving, pinch carving, carving and relief carving. Products are diverse, including Buddha statues, flowers, fish and insects, pavilions, animal toys and so on. Beautiful shape, both form and spirit, varied and lifelike; Rich decoration, including high-temperature colored glaze and underglaze multicolor; Strong artistic expression, some solemn and vigorous, some elegant and fresh, some gorgeous and dazzling. The "Scattered Flower Brand" porcelain carving products produced by Sculpture Porcelain Factory won the National Excellent New Product Award. Guanyin, Guan Yu, Fairy Peony, Goddess Scattered Flower, Eight Immortals, Samsung, Water Margin and so on are all popular famous products.

Nine, porcelain carving

The types of porcelain produced in Jingdezhen sell well all over the country and even all over the world. "Everything is difficult in the world". Although it is difficult to make ceramics, it is of great benefit to the world celebration. Jingdezhen ceramics has a long history and exquisite craftsmanship. From ancient times to the present, whether it is the royal family, famous families in China, or overseas dignitaries such as Southeast Asia and Western Europe, Jingdezhen ceramics have been purchased or collected as treasures, which has attracted worldwide attention. The poet Chen Zhisui's Jingdezhen: "Don't laugh and dig mountains with rough hands, and the earth will shake the king's capital. People from all dynasties have gone overseas, and the rugged mountains are flat. " This poem not only shows the development history of "porcelain capital", but also describes the international market position of Jingdezhen porcelain.

Jingdezhen produces a wide variety of porcelain with beautiful shapes, rich decorations and unique styles. Porcelain produced in Jingdezhen can be divided into nine categories: blue-and-white porcelain, pastel porcelain, bucket-colored porcelain, colored glazed porcelain, enamel colored porcelain, color-changing glazed porcelain, ancient colored porcelain, new colored porcelain and porcelain carving. Jingdezhen ceramic art is an important treasure in China cultural treasure house. The previous small series introduced these nine kinds of Jingdezhen porcelain in detail. After reading it, everyone will definitely know more about Jingdezhen porcelain. Let me introduce the types of Jingdezhen porcelain to you first. Want to know more, please continue to pay attention to Tuba rabbit decoration!

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