*** What does the map of the disputed border look like?

(a) The Indian army occupied a large area of Chinese territory north of the traditional customary line in the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border Prime Minister Nehru said in a speech in the Lok Sabha in 1950 that "whether there is a map or not, the McMahon line is our definite boundary".

Nehru's attitude was extremely arrogant and unreasonable. He not only denied the basic fact that the border between India and China had never been demarcated, but also ignored the maps published by India *** itself.

Nehru's basic thinking on the border issue was that wherever the Indian army advances, that is India's border.

Under the guidance of this idea, the Indian army in *** before and after the peaceful liberation of the full to the illegal McMahon Line, to 1954, that is, encroached on the Sino-Indian border traditional customary line to the north of the "McMahon Line" south of a large portion of China's territory.

In 1954, India *** brazenly set up the so-called "Northeast Border Zone" in this illegally occupied Chinese territory under the direct jurisdiction of the Central Government of India and set up a grassroots regime to strengthen its control.

In order to hide its identity, India *** modified its official maps, and for the first time, in the official maps of India published in 1954, the illegal McMahon Line was marked as the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border as "demarcated line", and the "McMahon Line", which had been indicated since 1935, was erased.

On April 6, 1955, India *** stated in a document that in the future the expressions "McMahon Line" and "Boundary Line" should cease to be used, and that the reference to the "McMahon Line" should be immediately removed. The reference to "McMahon Line" should be immediately replaced by the term "North East Frontier".

(ii) India's encroachment on the four disputed areas in the middle section of the Sino-Indian border The middle section of the Sino-Indian border refers to the border between China's *** Ali region and India's Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh states.

It starts from the 6795 highlands, the terminus of the western section of the Sino-Indian border, in the north and ends at the Qiangla Pass (i.e., the Riplek Pass) at the tri-junction of China, India, and Nepal in the south, with a total length of about 450 kilometers.

The middle section of the border is crossed by the Himalayas, and there are 19 roads leading out of the pass.

Among them, Shibuchi, Mana (Choni), Nitti, Kunlipinri, Dharma, Ripurek (Qiangla) and other 6 passes, for the India-China trade agreement open passes, for the two countries to trade with the business travelers.

With regard to the Central Sector, like the Eastern and Western Sectors, there is no treaty or agreement between China *** and India *** and it has never been demarcated.

However, the two sides have formed a traditional customary line by following the historical range of administration.

It starts from the terminus of the western section and runs southwards along the watershed of the river Pari with the Juwa canal on one side and the other tributaries of the Spiti on the other, passing through the highlands of 6226 on this watershed to meet the Spiti a few kilometers west of the confluence of the Juwa canal with the Spiti, and then along the Spiti to the point of confluence of that river with the Pari.

Just before the confluence of the Pari River and the Spiti River, the border passes through the highlands of 6791 and travels south along the Mouth Ridge, southward at the Shibqi Pass Ridge, through the highlands of 5642, the Tabron Pass and the Gumulang Pass.

The border crosses the Koshaganga River west of Onsha and passes further east through the Mana Pass.

From the Mana Pass to the Kamet Pass, after passing through the Kamet Mountains, the border follows the mountain ranges.

In the districts of Ujjay, Khyangza and Laputi, the border follows a line of rolling hills south of the three districts, passing through Mazola south of the Nitti Pass, through the south side of the Ujjala canal to Ujjala southwest of the Kunlipinri Pass.

From Uzala, the boundary follows a watershed alignment of tributaries of the Elephant Spring River and the Mapchu River on one side, and the Dhuliganga and Kali Rivers on the other, through the Dharma Pass to a point near the Riplek Pass where the triple junction of China, India, and Nepal ends.

This traditional customary line has long been respected and recognized by the people of both countries throughout history.

Border people on both sides of the traditional customary line have been living in harmony for generations, resulting in traditional and friendly exchanges between each other in trade, religion, visiting relatives and friends, etc.

The traditional customary line has been recognized by the people of both countries for a long time.

For many years, the *** of the Ali region exchanged local specialties for food, [Indian] Ka Gipta: The Secret History of the Chinese Border China Tibetan Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 62 in India and Nepal.

Cloth, tea and other daily necessities, and the Indian border areas along the border are in great need of raw materials such as salt and wool produced by the Ali border people.

This kind of barter trade between the border people has a long history.

In order to develop the economy of the border area, China and India *** "on China *** place and India *** between the Agreement on Commerce and Transportation" in the provisions of the Ali region of the Pulaan, Jiang Ye Magalgo, Jiang Ye Makakala, Nabula, Ranmu Ru, Poling Sangdol, Dong Bujia, Shanggeji, Kadak, Zaxigang and other 10 places opened as a market, and open the Shibqi and other 6 passes, also provides that along the new Kashangbu (New Kashangbu), the Indian border areas and the Indian border people produce raw materials such as salt, wool and wool. It also stipulated that the customary road along the valley of the Shinka Zangbo (Shiquan River) to Zaxigang would still be traveled according to the previous custom.

After independence, India inherited the mantle of British imperialism and gradually encroached upon Chinese territory.

In the middle section, encroached on China's Juwa, Qujak area, the area west of the Shibuchi Pass, Sang, Onsha, Polin Sando area, Uge, Ranchong, Laputi (that is, Xiangzha, Laputi) area, **** about 2,000 square kilometers of territory.

Among them, in addition to Sang, Onsha earlier for the British invasion, the rest of the area is in 1954, China and India for the first time put forward the five principles of peace *** place and on the Chinese *** place and between India and the signing of the Agreement on Commerce and Transportation, India, invaded or invaded by India.

These four so-called disputed areas due to different perceptions are on the Chinese side of the traditional customary line as per the specific alignment of the traditional customary line.

In particular, it should be noted that Poring Sando, which has been invaded by India, is one of the 10 trading markets that China *** agreed to open in the *** Ali region under Article 2(2) of the 1954 India-China Agreement.

It, along with the other nine markets, was opened at the request of the Indian *** representative, the Indian Ambassador, Mr. Kevin Lai, at the first meeting of the negotiations.

However, Poring Sando was usurped by India soon after the 1954 agreement was signed.

India's invasion of Chinese territory in the middle section of the Indo-China border escalated gradually with its desire for territorial expansion.

Before the founding of New China, the Indian army in the central sector generally did not have troops on the border.

After the Chinese people *** stationed in Ali in 1950, India strengthened its military control along the border line, such as building additional roads and airports, stationing military and police officers, and setting up border checkpoints.

Subsequently, the Indian Army took over the entire defense of the central and western sections, deployed more regular troops in the border areas, expanded the local armed forces, and strengthened the combat readiness.

By the end of 1959, it was divided into two defense zones, 33 positions, and increased its strength to more than 5,600 troops in the border areas along the central section of China***.

In the Punjab and Himachal areas were defended by the regular Army with 10 points and a strength of more than 4,000 troops.

In the Uttar Pradesh region, the 9th Battalion of the Armed Police, with a strength of more than 1,000 men, has 23 military positions.

For a long time, the Indian authorities, by virtue of their superior military strength, have gradually occupied the above four areas by means of pre-emptive force.

In Jowar and Qujar areas: Jowar and Qujar areas are in China north of the traditional customary line.

In 1954, the official map of India labeled the area as demarcated, and the area was included in India, creating a dispute.

The Jowar and Qujar region was established as early as the mid-17th century by the Fifth *** Lama as a territory under the jurisdiction of Lupa Zakang of Zazigang.

The Jokpa Zakang of Zhaxigang continued to administer and collect taxes in this area until 1958, when it was forced to discontinue due to the occupation of this area by India.

On June 2, 1958, the Indian army entered Jowar and Qujar and built houses and barricades in Qujar and encroached upon the district from then on.

In the area west of Shibuchi Pass: Shibuchi is a village in Zada County, China.

5 kilometers westward from Shibqi to Shibqi Pass, the pass road is wide, passing business travelers take this road, the strength of one of the important gateway to the Ali region.

The traditional customary line of the Shibuchi Pass is in its pass to the west of the live not Sang River.

"Live not Sang" for the "clean" meaning, that is, Indians come to the Chinese territory to drink three *** not Sang River water, you can eat beef; China *** go to the Indian territory to drink three water can eat horse meat.

Live not Sang River and the pass between the pasture water and grass, traditionally belongs to the Chinese Shibuqi village of grazing land.

From 1954 onwards, Indian maps changed this section of the border to pass through the Shibuchi Pass and marked it as demarcated, creating a disputed area.

In July 1954, the Indians attempted to shift the traditional customary boundary line 6.5 kilometers eastward towards the Vibhushan River by inscribing "Hindustan- ***" on the top of Mount Lajungma.

In 1955, the TNI constantly patrolled the top of Lajungma Hill to prevent villagers of Shibuchi in China from crossing the hill to collect firewood and cut grass.

In 1956, the Chinese border authorities set up a border check post at Shipchi and the Indian troops patrolling at Lajungma were then withdrawn to the west of the Livelihood Bhushan River.

In March 1957, the Indians built two houses at Quibin Dujia, about 4 to 5 kilometers east of the Chinese river, and constructed two bunkers along the hillside road leading to Nanga.

In May of the same year, the Indian army brazenly raised the Indian flag at the top of Mount Lajungma, openly declaring: China and India to the top of Mount Lajungma as the national boundary.

The Indian army withdrew in November of that year after several serious *** by the Chinese border authorities.

In April, 1958, the Indian army once again encroached on the top of Lajungma Hill and built six barracks there.

They also sent troops into Trubin Dhokha and occupied the area from then on.

In the Sang, Onsha and Poring Sando areas: The Sang, Onsha and Poring Sando areas are southwest of the Sangjura Pass, east of Gonggong Samba, where the Koshaganga River and its tributaries pass through.

Sang, onion Sha are located in the north and south banks of the Aza Ganga River, 25 kilometers apart; Polin Sando is located in the southwest of Toling, located in the Three Forks intersection, is one of the 1954 Sino-Indian trade agreement opened one of the markets.

The traditional customary line of this section of the border is located at Gongsambu (Bridge), which crosses the Koshaganga River to the west of Onsha, and then eastward through the Mana Pass, and is about 100 kilometers long.

It was included in the Indian map in 1954, creating a disputed area.

Sang, Onsha and Poling Sando all fall under the jurisdiction of *** Zada County, and their inhabitants are all Tibetans who have traditionally paid differential taxes to the former Zabulan Dzong *** in China.

In March 1919, the British authorized the Indian true Japanese state to send members of the Yue Gong Gong Sangba invasion of Chinese territory, in the Sangjula Pass and onion Sha private stone pile, onion Sha near the establishment of a monument with the true Japanese text, the creation of the national border markers.

In June 1920 (Tibetan calendar May 7 or 8), British India, the true day on the state and sent members to the Sang, onion Sa illegal measurement of land, build roads and houses.

In 1926 and 1932, the original *** local *** with the then British and Indian colonial *** had held negotiations on the border, the British imperialists attempted to push the border to the Sangjula Pass, *** local *** insisted on Gonggong Sangba as the border, the negotiations were inconclusive.

After the liberation of Ali by the people ***, India began its invasion of the region by force.

In 1950, on the eve of the People's *** stationed in Ali, the Indian army stationed one company in Bauhar to the west of Gonggong Samba.

In May 1952, the Indians invaded Onosa and patrolled to Sang.

At that time, the original Zabulan Dzongsang Zongben had personally traveled to Onion-Sa to negotiate with the Indians, but to no avail.

In 1955, the Indians encroached on Poring Samdo.

In the areas of Wuje, Rangchung, and Laboudi: Wuje, Rangchung, and Laboudi are under the jurisdiction of the Chinese Dhaba Dzong (which has now been withdrawn to Zada County).

Ujjain is located in the canyon about 60 kilometers due south east of Dabazong, is a natural summer pasture; Ranchong is located in the Ujjain due west north; Labudi region, that is, Xiangzha, Jubizhong, Labudi and other places of the general term.

This section of the border, the traditional customary line starts from the Kamet Mountains southeastward along the watershed on the north bank of the unnamed river to Kabasha, and southeastward through the passes of Mazola, Gumara, ***ar and so on to Udzala, is about 65 kilometers long.

From 1954 onwards, the area was disputed by Indian maps by including it in the Indian map.

In June 1954, India sent armed men across the Gumara Pass to encroach upon Ujjay.

In this regard, on July 18 and August 13, the Chinese Embassy in India submitted memoranda to the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on two occasions, requesting it to *** express its attitude and order the immediate withdrawal of its troops.

On August 27, the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs gave a verbal note to the Chinese Ambassador to India, claiming that Ujjain is Indian territory and denying the fact that Indian troops had invaded Ujjain.

Later, due to the severe winter weather and difficulty in supplying materials, the Indian armed men were forced to withdraw back to the Indian territory on September 19th.

In 1955, the Chinese border guards were stationed at Ujjain.

In June of the same year, the Indian army reinvaded Ujjain across the Gumara Pass, creating a tense state of confrontation between the two sides within Chinese territory.

The invading Indian troops then withdrew to the Indian territory on September 15 from the Mazola Mountains due to the heavy snowfall in Gumara.

In 1956, India and China reached an agreement on the Ujjain issue on the non-stationing of each other's troops.

As per the agreement, the Chinese border guards withdrew from Ujjain area and did not enter thereafter.

However, the Indian side sent troops to invade Ujjain in June of the same year.

From then on, the Ujjay issue became a flashpoint in the Sino-Border issue.

In 1958, China and India negotiated the Ujjay issue without any result.

By September 13, 1959, there were as many as 18 documents exchanged between the two countries *** only on the Ujjay issue.

In 1955, the Indian army had crossed the border to Shantza and Lalbudi for mapping.

In July 1956, the Indians invaded Shantza and Labhudi and later gradually encroached upon the district.

After 1955, the Indian *** began to build a rural road from Onosa to the Decline Pass, constructed houses, and then gradually encroached on the Ranchong area.

From the above, it can be seen that India *** in the 1950s, when the Chinese border guards were not yet stable and did not have full control over the border, invaded the middle part of the Sino-Indian border to set up troops, occupy the territory, and gradually encroach on the territory of China, in order to create a fait accompli in their own favor in the border territorial disputes.

China *** prudently handled the border dispute in the interest of Sino-Indian friendship.

When the first armed confrontation occurred in 1955 at Ujjain, a Chinese territory, China *** took the initiative to suggest that the territorial dispute should be resolved through negotiation and ordered the Chinese border guards to withdraw from Ujjain as per the agreement.

With regard to the Indian encroachment on the Chinese territories of Juwa, Qujar, Shibuchi Pass, Sang, Onsha, Poling Sando, Xiangzha, and Labdee, the Chinese Border Defense Forces, following the instructions of their superiors, did not disarm them by force or force their armed men to withdraw.

The Chinese border guards have always persuaded the Indian armed men who have invaded the defense area of the Chinese border posts to give up their transgressions, and disarmed them only when they refused to do so; the border guards have not used force in the first place, except in the case of an armed attack.

It is because of these measures taken by China that escalation and armed conflict have been prevented to the maximum extent possible.

The Indian authorities carried out intelligence espionage on the Ali region in every possible way along with the military invasion.

In 1954, the Indian agent Bai Sangsheng, in the name of business, to collect the Chinese Ali garrison ***, equipment, incense number, training and supply and other military intelligence, and deep into the Pulan County to take pictures and draw the military situation map, was immediately captured by the Chinese and expelled from the country.

(C) Indian invasion of three disputed areas in the western section of the Sino-Indian border The traditional customary line of the western section of the border is divided into two parts, namely, the Xinjiang section and the *** Ali section.

The traditional customary line in Xinjiang and Ladakh (Xinjiang section) is all along the Karakoram Range.

That is: from the Karakoram Pass, eastward along the watershed between a tributary of the Yarkand River and the Shyok River, and then southeastward along the mountain range, crossing the Chipchap River and passing through the 6845 and 6598 heights; and from the 6598 heights, southward along the mountain range, crossing the Garhwang River, passing through the 6556 heights, and then along the watershed between the Khonglang Chambo River and its tributary the Changlong River, and crossing the Changlong River. It then travels southeast along the mountain range to reach the Khong Ka Pass.

*** The traditional customary line of *** and Ladakh (the *** Ali section) starts from the Khong Khar pass, turns south-west to follow the mountain ranges, crosses the confluence of the Qiangchenmo River and the Shillong Gbarma River, then rises to the mountain ranges, passes through the Tamat Mountains, follows the Qiangchenmo Mountains, passes the 6107 heights, follows the mountain ranges to the Ainie Pass, and then from the Ainie Pass southwards follows the mountain ranges through the 6127 heights, and then travels southwards to the northern shore of the Bangong Lake, which is reached by passing through the north bank of the Bangong Lake. After crossing the Pangong Lake, it reaches the southern shore of that lake; then it goes southeast to the Lungju Mountains, crosses the Sangezangpu River (Indus), follows the watershed southeast of the Koyuli Lungpa River and south of the Khanli River southward to the Snoow Mountains, and then passes through the Pari River up to the junction of the *** Ali region, the Punjab of India, and Ladakh.

The entire western section of the border has never been formally demarcated, but the area on the Chinese side of the traditional customary line has traditionally been under Chinese jurisdiction.

After India's independence, the map was revised in 1954 to include the Khongkha Pass, Tirongtan, Qitai Daban, Dahongliutan, Agra Pass, Selling Contested Nama (Nyagazu), Banguanglao, and Parigas in China, with a total area of about 33,000 square kilometers, thus creating the three disputed areas of Aksai Chin, Banguanglao, and Parigas.

In order to expand its territory, India *** dispatched its military and police to make frequent incursions into the western section of China in the 1950s, gradually nibbling away at large swathes of China's territory, which developed until the early 1960s when it set up more than 40 invasion bases deep inside China.

In the region of Barigas: The region of Barigas is located on the Chinese side of the traditional customary line, and includes four places, Kigunaru River, Umulong, Discus Muchok (Dianjiao), and Golok, with an area of about 1900 square kilometers.

The Barigas region has traditionally belonged to China, Chinese herders since ancient times in the traditional customary line on the Chinese side of the west bank of the Drapchi River pasture, hot springs ditch grazing, the Indian Sipiti people to this place of pastoralists need to pay grass money.

In the area of the "Sacred Mountain" in the Barigas, there is still the land of the Chinese monastery of Zaxigang, which is cultivated by Dinjiao Bailong, and has never been interrupted.

*** After the peaceful liberation, the Chinese border guards patrolled along the traditional customary line; a border checkpoint was set up at Dinjiao in 1954, and was later withdrawn to the Jasigang area.

In May 1955, Indian troops occupied the garrison of Bharigas.

On October 4, the Chinese Border Working Group arrived in Barrigas.

Indian troops withdrew that year.

In 1956, the Indian army set up a card on the west bank of the Chop River south of Barigas, and the Chinese border guard detachment in Barigask across the Chop River face-to-face, the two sides are about 650 meters away; during the month of June, the Indian card military personnel in disguise in Yuezhaximur intruded into the activities of China's border detachment site, was expelled from the country.

In the same year, the Indian army built 7 barracks at the southern foot of Kawo Laje (Dengjiao Laje).

The above invading Indian troops were withdrawn in the same year.

In mid-October 1957, the Indians set up a permanent card at Barigas and began their year-round invasion of Barigas.

The Indians made 14 incursions into the Parigas area from 1956 to August 1960, forcibly occupying about 450 square kilometers of Chinese territory.

They built separate barricades on the Chinese territory, spying on the military and destroying the production of the Chinese border people, and did whatever they wanted.

They also attempted to gradually bring the entire Barigas region of China under their control using Barigas as their base.

In the Banguang Lake region: Banguang Lake region, including Qiangchenmo, Qiangbamma, Ruiyi, Spangul 4 places, an area of about 3950 square kilometers.

The Pangong Lake region has traditionally been under the jurisdiction of China.

The *** of Doma, Wujiang, and Jejiao places in Ritu County, Ali, have always lived and labored here.

*** After the peaceful liberation, the Chinese Border Defense Force entered the area in the early 1950s to fight bandits and take surveys.

In 1959, China *** set up civil checkpoints in Nyagzu, Kurnak Fort and Spangul.

Chinese border guards regularly patrol along the traditional customary line.

On July 28, 1959, a 16-member Chinese Ali Border Investigation Group was working at Chichojian Mountain near Pulchuna in the Bangong Lake area when the trans-border Indian troops immediately ambushed the group with two people at the foot of the northern mountain and five people approached the group.

As a result, seven Indians were captured except one who fled in a hurry and six were captured.

The leader was Lt. Queni Lal, platoon commander and instructor.

After the capture of six people, India *** wrote to the Chinese Embassy in India on July 30, requesting China to release the six detained Indian reconnaissance personnel and claiming that the Bangong Lake area was Indian territory.

On August 6, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs replied to the Indian Embassy that China *** out of friendly considerations, has instructed the border guards to deport the armed Indian personnel who illegally intruded into China's territory, together with their weapons and other equipment, in the shortest possible time at the same place.

On August 18, the Chinese border authorities deported the six Indian prisoners along with their weapons and equipment.

The Indian army not only crossed the border illegally in the Bangong Lake area in 1959 and 1960, but also kept on stirring up trouble in China.

On September 23, 1959, when China's 101st survey team was surveying near Mordor, the Indian army drove a light armored vehicle, followed by more than 10 infantrymen with live ammunition, aggressively crossed the Mordor boundary stone and invaded Chinese territory for about 500 meters in a bid to capture the Chinese surveyors and mappers.

In order to avoid armed conflict, the Chinese surveyors withdrew voluntarily under the cover of the border detachment.

On October 9, 1960, eight Indian troops in two jeeps crossed the border 400 meters from the Mordor Pass to observe the Chinese Banguang Loka site, and when they returned, they fired provocative shots.

In the Aksai Chin region: The Aksai Chin region is the largest disputed area in the western and central sections of the Sino-Indian border, covering an area of about 27,000 square kilometers.

Aksai Chin region, although most of the desert, sparsely populated, but it is connected to *** Ali in the south, north of Xinjiang, west of Indian-controlled Kashmir, the terrain is high, for the road between the new Tibet, the geographic location is very dangerous.

Because of this, the British imperialists of yesteryear have been coveting Aksai Chin, and developed a variety of attempts to annex the region's program.

In 1954, the new official map of India pulled back the boundary from Afghanistan to the Karakoram Pass to roughly follow the main vein of the Karakoram Mountains, thus abandoning the claims of Johnson and Alda and others to move forward in this section.

But to the east of the Karakoram Pass, the boundary line on the new map turned north again, roughly back to the Johnson-Alda line, to include Aksai Chin in India, and thus create a dispute.

In 1956, China began construction of the New Tibet Highway, which passes through Aksai Chin, which has been Chinese territory since ancient times.

The Indian authorities were "surprised" by this news and were eager to send Indian troops deep into Chinese territory for illegal activities such as reconnaissance, surveying, marking and so on.

On September 9, 1958, seven Indians were captured near Ajijangan by Chinese troops on duty on the New Tibet Highway.

From the interrogation, it was known that 8 Indians were still active in Kyzylkan.

These 8 Indians were also captured by the Chinese Border Patrol Unit at Palangkabo on 12th.

It was proved from the interrogation and seized materials that the Indians' crossing of the border was a planned reconnaissance activity directly organized by their highest military authorities, whose task was to correct the map drawn by the British in 1918 and to collect extensive military information on the topography, roads, rivers and meteorology of the said area.

To find and create a basis for their expansion in the Aksai Chin region of China, they set up many new signs wherever they went and also smashed a Chinese astronomical point.

On October 22, 1958, the Chinese border authorities deported all the Indian captured personnel and weapons and equipment through the Khonka Pass.

On October 18, 1958, India *** submitted a memorandum to China *** formally claiming the territory of Aksai Chin from China.

India *** claimed that the Aksai Chin region through which the New Tibet Highway passes "has been a part of the Ladakh region of India for centuries" and falsely claimed that "the Chinese *** are building a highway through undisputed Indian territory without first obtaining the permission of the Indian ***, or even informing the Indian ***. Indian territory to construct a highway, which is surprising and regrettable." The memorandum also asked whether China had received information about the disappearance of an Indian patrol.

On November 3, 1958, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs forwarded a memorandum to the Indian Embassy in China in this regard.

The Indian Embassy replied to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs on November 8, again acknowledging that a 15-member Indian unit had been on "normal patrol" in the area in question and that its "whereabouts are unknown since the end of August".

But still claimed that "whether this area is in Indian or Chinese territory is a matter of dispute".

In its reply, China pointed out that the Indian militants had illegally crossed the border into Chinese territory and were detained.

However, in the spirit of Sino-Indian friendship, the Indian militants were deported.

The incursion is incompatible with the five principles of peace*** and the Indian side should ensure that similar incidents do not occur in the future.

After this démarche, the Sino-Indian conflict over the issue of Aksai Chin's belonging has finally come out into the open.

In its reply, India *** said that whether the area is in India or in China is "a matter of dispute".

This was the only time India *** acknowledged the existence of a dispute, but a few weeks later, India *** reversed this position.

In December 1958, in a letter to Premier Zhou Enlai, Nehru once again falsely claimed that India owned the territory of the Aksai Chin region *** and said that "these large tracts of Indian land (which Chinese maps show as belonging to China) can only belong to India, and there can be no doubt about it and there is no dispute about them. " India has not only encroached upon Chinese territory in the central and western parts of the Indo-China border, but has also continuously violated Chinese airspace.

According to incomplete statistics, from August 1957 to December 1960 alone, the number of Indian and military aircraft of unknown nationality that intruded into China's Saitura Border Zone amounted to 29; the number of aircraft that intruded into China's Ali area from 1958 to 1960 *** amounted to 84, of which the vast majority were military aircraft.

The attempts were to reconnoiter the Chinese border defense military situation, ***, to give the invading Indian troops air drop airlift, and to carry out reconnaissance, aerial surveys, and aerial photography of targets such as the New Tibet Highway, Aksai Chin, and so on.