How to read kanji in Japanese?

Japanese language, to put it bluntly, it is passed from China, Chinese characters is more so, when it comes to the reading of Chinese characters, divided into sound reading and training reading. Sound reading and Chinese reading is not too far, but do not understand the Japanese people still do not understand, training reading class is difficult, in general is the Japanese, did not have any too high education, but also can not read out, in Japan, to see the person wrote the article, we know how high his level, kanji with a lot of people, it must be a high level of people.

Give you a small article, it should work.

How to memorize Japanese words?

People who study Japanese often find it difficult to memorize words. It is true that Japanese words are difficult to memorize because it is hard to find patterns. In the case of Indo-European languages, words can be broken down into stems and affixes by the lexical analysis method, and then organized so that they are easier to remember. Japanese words are not made up of stems and affixes in this way, and lexical analysis is not useful. Japanese words come from a variety of sources and are formed in a complex way. There are Japanese words, Chinese words, mixed words, and derived words; this is a discussion of their origins. In terms of pronunciation, there are tone reading, training reading, and mixed tone and training reading; the same tone reading can be divided into hanyin, wuyin, tangyin, and so on. Therefore, the situation of Japanese words is complicated and difficult to read and memorize. Learners to memorize the words for the pain, is genetic.

To completely solve the problem of memorizing Japanese, the only effective way is to master the sound reading of Japanese words. There is a pattern to the pronunciation of sound and training, and it is the key to memorizing words to grasp the outline and make it clear. As long as you have a good grasp of pronunciation and training, it is not difficult to memorize words. However, because the situation of sound reading and training reading is extremely complex, it is impossible to figure out the actual situation without deeper investigation, so learners feel at a loss. The same Chinese character is read phonetically in this word and trained in that word; moreover, there are several ways of reading both phonetically and trained, which makes it even more difficult for people to grasp.

In order to memorize Japanese words smoothly, you must first find out what is the sound reading and training reading. This question has arisen in the Japanese language ever since the relationship between the Chinese language and the Japanese language took place; it is a very old question. Before Chinese characters entered Japan, there was no writing in Japan. After the entry of Chinese characters and Chinese language into Japan, Japanese people not only used Chinese characters for Japanese phonetics, but also absorbed a lot of Chinese words. As a result, the complexity of Japanese words has arisen due to the problems of pronunciation, training, mixed pronunciation, and many other issues. Therefore, the key to memorizing Japanese words is to clarify the pronunciation and training. The following is a brief discussion of what is meant by pronunciation and training, and the problems associated with them, so that we can discuss how to solve the problems of memorizing words.

Training: Training is the reading of kanji (Chinese words) in Japanese. When a kanji is introduced into Japan, Japanese people read it in Japanese according to the original meaning of the kanji. For example, the kanji "川" means "river", but the Japanese word for "river" is "カワ", so it is read as The Japanese word for "river" is "カワ", so the kanji "川" is read as "カワ". This is how the Chinese character "川" is read. In short, to read a kanji as it is written and to read it with the corresponding Japanese word is called "hoken" (训读). To practice reading is to write the kanji and pronounce the sounds in Japanese. For example, "人" is pronounced "ヒト", "山" is pronounced "ヤマ", and so on. This can also be said to be a similar translation, but some are exact translations, while others do not necessarily match exactly.

Sound reading: When Chinese characters were introduced into Japan, Japanese people read them according to their original sounds, that is, sound reading. Due to the different time of the introduction of Chinese characters into Japan, there are differences between ancient Chinese sounds, Wu sounds, Tang sounds and so on. In short, the pronunciation of Japanese kanji comes from the ancient Chinese pronunciation, so although it is often inconsistent with the modern Chinese pronunciation, there is still a relationship. For example, the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese character "山" is "サン", and the pronunciation of "愛" is "アイ", etc. This shows that the phonetic pronunciation of Japanese characters is all the same. It can be seen that the sound reading of Japanese kanji are all derived from the ancient Chinese phonetics, and since the Chinese phonetics and the modern Chinese phonetics are not exactly the same, but are still closely related, the sound reading of Japanese kanji is also related to the modern Chinese phonetics.

In addition to phonetic reading and training, there is also mixed reading, in which some kanji are pronounced phonetically and some are trained within a word, resulting in a mixture of pronunciation and training. The reason for this phenomenon does not lie in the reading of the kanji, but is mainly due to the word formation in Japanese.

Based on the above brief description, it is obvious that Japanese words present the root cause of the complex phenomenon, but also shows that to solve the difficulty of remembering Japanese words, it is necessary to grasp the root cause of the sound and training. Otherwise, if we keep on scratching and scratching and keep circling around the branches, we will not be able to find a way out in the end.

We have listed all the kanji for sound and training from the "あ" line to the "わ" line of the 50-note chart. Although there are many or even fewer phonetic and instructional kanji in each row, some have more phonetic kanji and fewer instructional kanji, some have fewer phonetic kanji and more instructional kanji, and some have more or less equal numbers of both. There are many different situations, but regardless of the situation, one thing is certain: the pronunciation of Japanese kanji - both phonetic and instructional - is stable, fixed, and generally unchanged. As mentioned earlier, the pronunciation of kanji is stable, and when words are formed, the pronunciation of the words is also stable. For example, the kanji "生", which is pronounced "せい", is used to form the words "学生", "先生 "student", "Mr.", "life", "biology", etc., the character for "生" in all of them is pronounced as "せい ". This is true for pronunciation as well as for training. For example, the character for "hand" is pronounced as "て", so it forms a large number of words such as "手痛い", "手利き "手痛い", "手利き", "手提", "手塩"......, and so on, the character for "hand" is pronounced as "て". is pronounced as "て".

This is the key to memorizing Japanese words. This is because whether a kanji is pronounced phonetically or in training, its sound is quite stable when it forms a word, and this is the trick we have found, the key we have found. In Western languages, such as the Indo-European languages, words can be divided into roots (stems) and affixes (suffixes) according to the lexical-meaning analysis method; by doing so, we can form an organization, find out the rules, and get the main points of word formation, so as to memorize the words. Japanese is completely different from the Indo-European languages, and its structure is different, so the lexical analysis method cannot be used. Moreover, there are Japanese words (words inherent in Japanese), Chinese words (words derived from Chinese), foreign words (mainly words derived from Western languages), and others. For Chinese words, there are tone readings, training readings, and mixed readings of tone and training. There are Wu Yin, Han Yin, Tang Yin, Song Yin, Modern Han Yin, and customary sounds formed by phoneticizing Japanese on the basis of Han Yin, and so on. Therefore, the pronunciation of Japanese words is really a thousand different ways, making people confused and uncertain. Therefore, people who study Japanese find it very difficult to memorize words, and are eager to get an easy way to remember words.

It is true that the situation of Japanese words is extremely complicated, and it is totally impossible to use the lexical analysis method of the western language; we can only find another way to obtain another effective, simple and feasible method of memorizing words. Based on the characteristics of the Japanese language, the origin and composition of Japanese words, we have found the phonological mnemonic method, which has solved this problem. No matter how complicated the origin of Japanese words is and how various the conditions of word formation are, we can form a rule and get a system by grasping the two of sound and training as the outline.

In order to clarify the phonetic and training method of vocabulary, this book (The Mystery of Japanese Vocabulary) lists the phonetic and training readings of Japanese kanji, and the phonetic and training readings of kanji from the "あ" line to the "わ" line, and lists an example word for each of the phonetic and training readings of kanji. The list of examples of each kanji and kanji is also provided. It is clear from this list that: (1) the phonetic and training readings of Japanese kanji are fairly stable. (2) In general (as a rule), the general pattern of phonetic or training readings is that Japanese words are trained and Chinese words are read phonetically. The above two are general rules that summarize the general situation of Japanese words. First, let's talk about the feature that the pronunciation and training are quite stable. That is to say, the phonetic reading and training reading of Chinese words are quite stable. For example, the kanji "生" is pronounced as "せい", and among the words formed by the kanji "生", the kanji "生" is pronounced as "せい", and the kanji "生" is always pronounced as "生". In all the words formed by the character "生", the character "生" is pronounced "せい". The character "生" is pronounced as "いき", so in the pronunciation words formed by the character "生", the character "生" is pronounced as "いき". "This is the situation in terms of training and reading. This is the situation of the training reading. It can be seen that no matter whether the Chinese characters are read phonetically or trained, the pronunciation of their sounds (phonetics or training) is quite stable (fixed) rather than changing from time to time. For example:

The kanji "生" is pronounced as "せい", and in many of the words it forms, the character "生" is pronounced as "せい:

Life (せいかつ), production (せいさん), biology (せいぶつがくくくがくせい), student (がくせい), Mr. (せんせい)......, and so on.

The kanji "生" is pronounced "いき" and in many of the words it forms, the character "生" is pronounced "いき

Shengqi Ma (いきうま), Shengqi Zi Yin (いきじびき), Shengqi Shame (いきはじ), Shengqi Biele (いきわかれ) ......, etc.

This is a very good example of the use of the word "いき" in the Chinese character "生".

It is clear from this that Japanese words composed of kanji are based on kanji. There are two ways of reading kanji, phonetic reading and training reading; phonetic reading kanji constitutes phonetic words, and training reading kanji constitutes training words. There is a clear difference between the two. The phonetic reading of Chinese characters is based on the original pronunciation of the Chinese characters in Chinese, and after entering Japan, they are read out by Japan in accordance with the original pronunciation of the Chinese characters by the inverse tangent method, which is inevitably affected by Japanese phonetics, that is to say, the original pronunciation of the Chinese characters is phonetized into Japanese phonetics, and the pronunciation of the Chinese characters so read out is the phonetic reading of the Japanese characters. The pronunciation of a Chinese character has nothing to do with the original pronunciation of the character in Chinese, but rather, after a Chinese character enters Japan, Japanese people correspond to it with the corresponding Japanese word according to the meaning of the character, which can be said to be the translation of the character into Japanese. For example, the Chinese characters for "oil" and "fat" are both read as "あぶら" in Japanese. If you write the Chinese character "油" or "脂", and read it as "あぶら" in Japanese, you are not translating and reading it. From this, we can see that the pronunciation of Japanese kanji is based on the original sound of the kanji (the original sound in Chinese) and influenced by Japanese phonetics, so they are more or less similar to the Chinese sound to a certain extent. Of course, since the Japanese accepted Chinese characters in ancient times on the basis of ancient Chinese phonetics, and since modern Chinese has become quite different from ancient Chinese, we cannot compare the phonetics of modern Chinese (especially Mandarin) with the phonetics of Japanese kanji. Even so, there are some similarities between the pronunciation of Japanese kanji and that of modern Chinese. As for the training reading of kanji, it comes from the meaning of the kanji, which can be said to be the Japanese interpretation of the kanji, or the Japanese translation of the kanji, so it has nothing to do with the Chinese phonetics at all.

The stability of the pronunciation of Japanese kanji is very favorable for our people to learn Japanese, because it is the same as the stability of the pronunciation of Chinese kanji. In the Chinese language, the character "生" is pronounced as sheng, and in the words formed by the character "生", the character "生" is pronounced as sheng.

The second feature is that, in general, the word "生" is the same as the word "训词". Generally speaking, and language words are read with training, and Chinese words are read with sound. This can be said to be a general rule. Japanese words are original Japanese words, i.e. inherent Japanese words, that is to say, they existed in Japanese before Chinese came to Japan. For example, the character for "mountain" is read as "やま", which means that before the Chinese character for "mountain" was introduced into Japanese, the Japanese called the mountain "やま". やま". It is a rule in Japanese that words are pronounced in the same way as they are pronounced in Japanese. For example, the word "言" is pronounced as "いい", which comes from the meaning of "to say", and the words "言い合い" and "言い合い" are used. and words such as "言い合い", "言い挂かり", "言い値", "言い伝え", "言い渡し " and so on. These are not Chinese words, not from the Chinese language, but Japanese words, that is to say, these words are inherent in the Japanese language, not from the Chinese language, and they are all training words.

From this it is clear that Japanese words are divided into two main groups, one is Chinese words, which come from the Chinese language, and the other is Japanese words, which are original and inherent in the Japanese language, not derived from the Chinese language. A Chinese character has a phonetic reading and a training reading. The phonetic reading is based on the original sound of the Chinese language, while the training reading is the translation of the meaning of the Chinese character into Japanese. This is the basis and foundation of our phonetic transcription method.

This is how we find the pattern and the trick to memorize Japanese words.

Please note that when we learn to memorize Japanese words, we should not memorize one word at a time, but rather use the kanji as the basis for the sound and training of the kanji. It's a good way to do this, and it's perfectly possible to take one to ten, ten to a hundred, and a hundred to a thousand. Using Chinese characters as an outline, it forms a system and constitutes an amine network. One Chinese character is enough to bring up a thousand words. Remembering the phonetic reading and training reading of Chinese characters, generally speaking, the vast majority of words follow this pattern, with a few exceptions. Sometimes there may be more than one reading, but there is always one reading that is primary, i.e., the majority of words made up of that kanji are read according to that sound, while the other reading or readings are secondary, and only a few words are read according to this primary reading. When we learn Japanese to memorize words, we first need to remember the primary reading of the kanji in order to remember the majority of those words. Then we memorize one or more other secondary readings to remember those few words. The training readings are generally not like the phonetic readings, where there are rarely several training readings for a single kanji, but mostly one training reading for each kanji.

Of course, it should also be noted that Japanese words are heterogeneous, with the majority conforming to the rule, and the exceptions being in the minority. Using our phonetic method, it is possible to solve the problem of memorizing the majority of Japanese words, and as for those words that are exceptions, it is not difficult to memorize them as long as one pays attention to them while memorizing the majority of words. Any rule is a generalization of the majority, allowing for the exceptions. This is true not only of language, but of everything else.

The sound and training method of memorizing words is based on the sound and training of Japanese kanji, and follows the composition and development of Japanese words, and is therefore scientific and realistic. It is not only effective, but also simple, organized and systematic. By using the phonetic system as a framework, it is natural to use one kanji to bring up (run through) all the words it forms. This reasoning is very obvious, reasonable and practical. Moreover, it is more suitable for us Chinese to learn Japanese words. Because we Chinese learn Chinese characters one by one, we memorize the sound of the character, and when we see the character in any situation, in any word, we read the sound of the character. When we learn the character "飛", when we meet "飞机", "飞行员", "宇宙船 "etc, we will read the sound of the character whenever we see it in any word. Whenever you meet a word that has the word "fly" in it, you will recognize the word "fly". Therefore, it is more suitable for Chinese people to learn Japanese to memorize words by using the method of phonetic transcription. In short, remembering Japanese words with the sound and training of Chinese characters as the outline is the most simple and effective method.

The introduction of Chinese words into the Japanese language is called "Ziyin language", and the creation of new words is called "Wojisai Chinese"; both of them are written in Chinese characters and kana. In addition to these, the Japanese created new characters based on the kanji (characters that did not exist in the kanji) and called them "waza" or "kokuji". As a result, Japanese words became even more complicated on top of being complicated; it was hard to organize, hard to distinguish the system, and really hard to remember. In such a complex and confusing situation, only by grasping the general outline of sound and training, can we simplify the complexity, and by using the outline as a guide, the problem of memorizing words can be solved.

In order to memorize words, it is very necessary to master the pronunciation of sound and training, as mentioned above. The relationship between pronunciation and Japanese words can also be seen in the creation of Chinese characters by the Japanese. It means "face" and "image".

働く（ハタラク）：由 "人 "和 "動 "二字组成。 It means "cold wind".

Nagi: consists of the words "wind" and "stop". It means "the wind stops".

Tōge (峠): Composed of the words "mountain" and "up" and "down". It means "mountain top" and "mountain range".

Equal (ハナシ): consists of the characters "口" and "新", meaning "story". It means "story".

Sakaki (サカキ): consists of the words "木" and "神". It means "temple tree".

Base (オロシ): composed of the words "下" and "风". It means "mountain wind".

毟る (ムシル): consists of the characters for "less" and "hair". It means "to pull out hair".

Hata (ハタ)：Composed of the characters for "fire" and "field". It means "dry field".

Hata (ハタ): composed of the characters for "white" and "field". It means "dry field".

Tsuji (ツジ): consists of the characters "十" and "和" and "辶", meaning "crossroads". It means "crossroads".

Shitsuke (シツケ)：Composed of the characters "身" and "美", meaning "education". It means "education".

Cod (タラ): consists of the characters for "fish" and "snow". It means "slate fish.

In addition to the above, there are others, such as 椙 (スギ), 樫 (カシ), koji (コウジ), 柾 (マサ), 襷 (タスキ), なまず (ナマズ), ぶり (ブリ), まロ (マロ) and so on. These are all characters that were created by the Japanese after the introduction of Chinese characters into Japan, and are called kokuji (Japanese characters), which are based on the kanji method. Most of these characters were created according to the "hui yi" method in the six books of kanji. For example, the characters "働" (働) was created by combining the characters "人" and "動" (動), which means "work" (劳动). The characters "口" and "新" were combined to form "噺" (噺) which means "fresh words" and then "story" (噺) which means "story" (噺). to mean "fresh words", which in turn means "story". (A small portion of the original text has been omitted here - because my Japanese input method can't write some of the Japanese kanji.)

As can be noted, sound and training are important factors in Japanese words, and thus the key to memorizing them. It is only by looking at sounds and training that you can find the composition of Japanese words. It is only by finding the composition of words that we can analyze and generalize them to find a pattern, and then form a system according to this pattern. In this way, the situation of Japanese words and then complex and chaotic, but also can be well organized, into the track, a thousand for a hundred, a hundred for ten, and finally in the chaos to find clear clues, since they can be categorized, it is not difficult to remember the word.