What are the world-famous arts in China?

1. Treasures of Chinese and foreign famous paintings

China's painting has a long history. Most ancient paintings are painted on walls or screens. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, portraits of the founding fathers were painted on palaces in recognition of their contributions in laying the foundation for the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC). These palace paintings have long since disappeared today. However, from a large number of Han Dynasty stone reliefs, brick reliefs and tomb murals in Han and Tang Dynasties, we can also see the mural style at that time. They showed the social life at that time from many aspects; It not only describes the life of the landlord class, such as pleasure and corruption, but also shows the working people's production activities such as fishing and hunting, salt making, iron making, mulberry picking, and various wonderful acrobatic performances such as pole vault and pill jumping.

Historical stories, myths and legends, etc. It is also the favorite theme of ancient painters. Gu Kaizhi, a famous painter in Jin Dynasty, has many works that express historical stories or literary works. For example, "Ode to Luoshen" is based on "Ode to Luoshen" written by Cao Zhi, a poet in the Three Kingdoms period, and depicts the scene where the poet and Luoshen meet in Luoshui with rich artistic imagination. His paintings, such as a pen for silkworms to spin silk, are easy at first glance, carefully pondered and conform to the law of painting everywhere. He attaches great importance to depicting the dynamic expressions of characters, saying that "vivid portrayal is in the eyes".

Lo River Map

China's paintings flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Wu Daozi in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was honored as a "painting saint" by later generations. He painted more than 300 murals and a large number of scroll paintings in his life. Good at painting figures and landscapes, and flying brushwork. His painting style has a great influence on later generations. Li was a versatile painter in Song Dynasty, and figure painting was his best. He is also famous for drawing horses. His works include Free Week, Five Horses and Wei Yan Mu Fang. Among the existing figure paintings, the most brilliant masterpiece is The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty. This painting depicts the bustling scene of Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. The center of the picture is Hongqiao outside the city, with traffic on the bridge deck, shoulder to shoulder, and the hub; Under the bridge, a huge oil tanker is getting off the mast and crossing the bridge. People are shouting and busy. There are various shops, hotels and government offices in the picture, and hundreds of people are busy and bustling. The author's meticulous observation of life, superb picture structure arrangement skills and serious creative attitude are all worth learning. The patriotic painter Boyi Shu Qi Cai Wei Tu in the Southern Song Dynasty reached a new height in characterization.

Along the River During the Qingming Festival

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, landscape painting rose, and in the Tang Dynasty, Li Sixun and Li Zhaodao created "golden landscapes". Because of the use of mineral pigments such as azurite and turquoise, as well as the outline of clay gold, this painting has produced brilliant results. Wang Wei, a painter, advocates ink and wash landscapes and is full of poetry. He is known as "painting in poetry and poetry in painting". During the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, a large number of outstanding landscape painters emerged, such as Guan Tong, Dong Yuan, Fan Kuan and Guo. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Ximeng, a young painter at the age of 18, created a long green scroll "A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains", which is a masterpiece with a myriad of weather. With meticulous and rigorous pen and ink and magnificent colors, it praised the great rivers and mountains of the motherland that were being ravaged by the gold slave owners and nobles with infinite affection. Paintings by Southern Song painters Ma Yuan and Xia Gui depict picturesque scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. After the Yuan Dynasty, freehand brushwork with ink and wash prevailed, and many painters had high literary accomplishment. They emphasize the expression of inner feelings, and integrate poetry, books and paintings in the picture. But then some people just imitated their predecessors, and their works became more and more divorced from life. Shi Tao, a painter in the Qing Dynasty, put forward the idea of "making a manuscript for all the strange peaks", which opposed tradition and advocated creation, and injected new vitality into the development of landscape painting.

Flower-and-bird painting is another important kind of traditional painting in China, which gives people beautiful enjoyment by expressing the lively vitality of flowers, birds and animals in nature. Ancient flower and bird painters attached great importance to observing life. For example, Yi Yuanji, a painter in the Song Dynasty, often went to the mountains for a long time to observe the true ecology of birds and beasts in nature, so the animals he wrote were very vivid. Painters of past dynasties have left a large number of flower-and-bird paintings, whether fine meticulous painting or splash-ink freehand painting, which are full of commercial atmosphere and can stimulate people's association with life. For example, Qi Baishi painted jumping frogs, floating fish and shrimp, and even all kinds of insects, birds and animals. The vivid expression and unrestrained enthusiasm conveyed by the author through strong colors can not but arouse people's feelings of vigorous progress and love for life!

2. Artistic Miracle-China's Calligraphy

China has a long history of calligraphy. With the development of society, the trend of calligraphy is from complexity to simplicity, but the artistic skills of calligraphy are varied. After thousands of years of practice and creation, it has become a rich treasure and excellent tradition of calligraphy art.

From ancient times to the present, there are Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Dazhuan, Xiaozhuan, Lishu, regular script, running script and cursive script. This is written on animal bones. The structure, length and size are slightly uncertain, and the brushwork is square and fat. The amount of money is small. Extremely intricate, and the style is magnificent or vigorous, the spirit is bright and clear, and the ancient interest is full. Another system is formed from the origin of calligraphy.

After the Han and Wei Dynasties, China's calligraphy really became an art, and many famous calligraphers appeared. After years of hard study and practice, they have made many innovations in writing form, expression method, pen and ink, etc., and can combine brushwork with calligraphers' own inner feelings, so that this art has reached a high level.

Preface of the Orchid Pavilion

Wang Xizhi, known as the "Book Sage" in the Jin Dynasty, began to learn calligraphy at the age of seven, sometimes practicing calligraphy on clothes with his fingers, and sometimes practicing calligraphy under the moon. After years of hard study and practice, his calligraphy art has reached a high level. His calligraphy is as beautiful as a spring cloud, like a bent iron, and his beautiful appearance is integrated with his inner strength. The famous Preface to Lanting Collection is his ink. Regrettably, it has been lost for a long time, and now it is a replica. There are 20 Chinese characters in the 324-word Preface to Lanting, but these 20 Chinese characters are not the same, whether it is structural reform or brushwork reform. Calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty were well-organized, smart, clumsy, simple and powerful; Liu Gongquan is handsome and elegant, bright and moving; The rest, such as Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Sui Liang and other calligraphers, created their own creations in the world. Zhang Xu's and Huai Su's cursive scripts are striking and graceful, like Youlong's, with continuous movements and bold and enthusiastic brushwork. Later in the Song Dynasty, there were Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Most of them are good at cursing, or gentle and charming, or plump and ups and downs, or handsome and vigorous, with diverse styles and high attainments. There was a man named Zhao Meng and Zhao Ti in the Yuan Dynasty. There was Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty. From the Qing Dynasty to modern times, there were many outstanding people.

3. Treasure House of Oriental Art-Four Grottoes in China

Around the 4th century, with the rise of Buddhism, Buddhist art flourished in China. Hundreds of caves, large and small, all over the north and south, have preserved countless exquisite ancient paintings and sculptures for us, which are precious treasures of oriental art.

The largest cave group in China is Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in Gansu Province. From the second year of Qin Jianyuan (AD 366) to the Qing Dynasty, more than 480 caves were built on the 3-mile-long rock wall of Mingsha Mountain for more than 500 years. Each cave has painted statues and murals with the theme of Buddhist stories. Speaking of Dunhuang murals, not only the painting skills are high, but also the number is amazing. If the murals of Dunhuang Grottoes are connected side by side, they can be arranged into a large gallery more than 50 miles long. These murals mainly come from the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty has a broad style of painting, which mainly focuses on the life story of Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, and the story of "the Buddha was born". A large number of popular themes in the Tang Dynasty are all kinds of scenes depicting the imaginary "paradise" of Buddhism, which are called "the change of pure land". Dunhuang Grottoes have also preserved more than 2,000 colored plastic Buddha statues, the largest of which is 33 meters high. In addition, at the end of 19, a large number of valuable ancient scrolls, documents and scrolls were found in a closed stone chamber in Dunhuang Grottoes. This discovery shocked the whole world.

Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui County, Gansu Province is another large grottoes. Since the 4th century AD, more than 200 caves have been built on this mountain in the past dynasties, all of which were dug on cliffs and connected by layers of plank roads. The painted Buddha statues of the Northern Dynasties in Maijishan Grottoes are handsome and free-spirited, with high artistic level. There are more than 7,000 ancient sculptures, some murals and exquisite stone carvings.

Datong City, Shanxi Province was once the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei people, and the magnificent Yungang Grottoes were excavated in the second half of the 5th century. There are 53 main caves, including grand and solemn giant open-air buddhas, countless small buddhas, bodhisattvas, musicians and flying stars. There are also Buddhist story maps, which can be said to be "comic books" carved on stones. The ceiling and pillars are also carved with magical animals and exquisite patterns. Entering a cave is like being in a mythical world.

At the end of the 5th century, the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, Henan Province, and built a huge cave group-Longmen Grottoes on the Longmen of Yishui River. Later generations successively dug more than 2,000 caves and shrines on the hard bluestone mountain wall of Longmen Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain on the other side, and carved nearly 65,438+10,000 Buddha statues. The most outstanding representative work of Longmen Grottoes is a group of open-air stone carvings of Fengxian Temple in Tang Dynasty. It consists of 13-meter-high Rushena Buddha, pairs of disciples, bodhisattvas, heavenly kings, mighty men and patrons. Lushena looked down at the worshippers with gentle and kind eyes. Other statues have different expressions and temperament. Longmen Grottoes also preserved more than 3,000 inscriptions, which are the treasures of China's calligraphy art.

4. China ancient music.

China's music culture has a long history. A large number of ancient music legends recorded and preserved in the literature, although there are some additional ingredients for later generations, still make us know the traces of ancient music life. Archaeological instruments can fully explain the highly developed degree of music culture at that time. In recent years, dozens of bone whistles have been unearthed from Hemudu cultural site in Zhejiang Province. They are made of animal limbs and bones, and they are the distant ancestors of flute and flute instruments in later generations, about 7000 years ago. Later, a stone chime unearthed at the Dongxiafeng site in Xia County, Shanxi Province, hung and struck, making a crisp and pleasant sound, about 6000 years ago. Tao Sunyu is a musical instrument with one to three sound holes, which has been found in the site of Banpo in Xi, Shaanxi, Jingcun in Wanquan County, Shaanxi and Huoshaogou in Yumen, Gansu. By playing and measuring their sounds, we can get a glimpse of the germination and development of scales and modes in China in the past four or five thousand years.

With the decline and turmoil of the country, great changes have taken place in the style and appearance of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty. Both Du Mu's and Li Shangyin's poems have high artistic achievements, but they are both quite sentimental. Some of these indulgent poems show spiritual emptiness. This tendency became more serious in the late Tang Dynasty. The poetic style with poor content and gorgeous form almost pervades the whole poetic world. However, the poems of Pi Rixiu, Du Xunhe and Lu Guimeng can reflect the profound social contradictions in the late Tang Dynasty with realistic criticism.

There is also an ancient musical instrument that people are familiar with-chimes. According to Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Shan Hai Jing and other books, this kind of clock is made by hanging or drum stretching. Of course, this statement cannot be verified, but it shows that it has a very long history. At present, the earliest chime was unearthed in Pudu Village, Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province in 1954. It is a product of the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is already a melody instrument with a certain scale. In recent years, bells from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period have been unearthed in Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Shandong, Hebei and other places, and the number has gradually increased, consisting of 9 pieces, 1 1 piece, 13 piece and 14 piece. Some pitches are quite accurate and can form a complete pentatonic scale, hexatonic scale or heptatonic scale.

We take 1957 chimes unearthed from Chu Tomb of Warring States in Xinyang, Henan Province and 1978 chimes unearthed from Zeng Houyi Tomb in Sui County, Hubei Province as examples. There are *** 13 chimes unearthed from Chu Tomb, and each chime is engraved with exquisite patterns. The largest clock is engraved with 12. According to its shape and inscription, archaeologists infer that it was cast in the late Spring and Autumn Period or the early Warring States Period. This set of chimes is well preserved, not only without cracks, but also without rust that has been eroded for many years. The bell body shone with a slightly black copper luster. The largest weighs 4.36 kg and is 30.2 cm high. The smallest weight is 0.398 kg, and the height is 12.93 cm. They are placed on the clock table in turn according to the size, and the clock table is 80.7 cm high. Ancient musicians sat on the floor or knelt on the ground and knocked at the door. Today, we can use it to measure centimeters. Ancient musicians sat on the floor or knelt on the ground and knocked at the door. Today, we can use it to play a complete six-tone folk song or accompany a song and dance.

The chimes unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province are even more amazing: there are 64 pieces of bells, which are hung on the clock frame of lacquer copper wood structure in three layers, and the pillars on each layer are bronze sword warriors. Their shape and weight are the smallest in the upper layer, followed by the middle layer and the largest in the lower layer. The smallest piece weighs 2.4 kilograms and is 20.2 centimeters high; The largest piece weighs 203.6 kg and is 153.4 cm high. Their total weight exceeds 2500 kilograms. Clock stands are usually11.83m; Up to 2.73 meters. Great God, the scene is quite spectacular! This tomb was buried in 434 BC, more than 2,400 years ago. When unearthed, there were playing tools on the clock stand: six T-shaped mallets and two painted long sticks. Its excavation has attracted attention at home and abroad, and it is considered as a major discovery in the history of world music.

A set of clocks

This set of chimes has good musical performance and beautiful timbre. The main part of the melody is the middle clock, which has 12 semitones and can rotate in the palace. The total range spans more than 5 octaves. Its scale structure is the same as the 7-tone scale in C major widely used in modern countries. During the exhibition at the Chinese History Museum in Beijing, six young men and women played at the same time, and they could play music from all over the world. Such as Japanese cherry blossoms, China's modern music "On the Prairie", the adaptation of ancient tunes "Beyond" and "Chu Shang". When playing, the bells and bells in the middle and upper floors are melodious and loud, and the bells in the lower floors are deep and grand. The ringing of the bell constitutes beautiful music, which reverberates in people's ears and is exciting. When foreign friends appreciate this precious cultural relic, they exclaim, "Only in China can they enjoy the music played by ancient musical instruments 2,000 years ago, which is a miracle in the history of world music."

At the same time, stone chimes and bamboo instruments such as sheng, pool, flute, ten-stringed piano, harp and sword drum were unearthed, which were beautifully made. The chimes and chimes are engraved with inscriptions, which are valuable materials for us to study ancient music and melody. The excavation of musical instruments in the tomb of Zeng Houyi shows us an underground music treasure house! It reflects the brilliant achievements of China's music theory and practice in the Warring States Period.

5. Exquisite handicrafts

People often use beautiful words such as exquisiteness, ingenuity, perfection and uniqueness to describe China's arts and crafts. Yes, China's arts and crafts have a long and glorious historical tradition and have long been known as "the country of arts and crafts". In the long historical process, our ancestors used and transformed natural gifts, whether they were stones, dirt, bone teeth, bamboo, metal, glass and so on. They can use local materials to create handicrafts that meet people's material and cultural needs.

Musvudine

By the Shang Dynasty, our people had mastered the metal technology-bronze smelting, alloy, modeling and casting, and so on, so the world-famous bronze art appeared. Archaeologists have provided us with tens of thousands of bronze artworks. When we visit museums and stand in front of these bronze artworks, there is often a dignified and majestic momentum that infects us. Simple and beautiful shape, detailed multi-level embossed cast flower decoration, as if there is an attraction, people linger. This is the great creation of handicraft slaves, the crystallization of their blood, sweat and life. The arts and crafts of China feudal society is one of the important contents of the splendid culture in ancient China. People's clothing, food, shelter, transportation and use have all become places where arts and crafts can be used. The achievements are manifold: the transition from pottery to porcelain has been completed; Popularization of traditional bronze craft; The wide application of emerging ironmaking technology; Development of fine gold and silver products; High-tech achievements of lacquer art; The overall flowering of sculpture technology; International reputation of silk weaving technology; Wait a minute. Just a few examples:

In this cross-flow era, a great singer, Xin Qiji, rose in the Southern Song Dynasty. He not only talks about jade carving technology: It is said that there was an experienced jade connoisseur named Bian He more than 2,700 years ago. One day, he found a stone in a deep mountain canyon. He concluded that this is a rare jade stone, and if it can be cut open, it can be made into a rare jade carving handicraft. So he gave this rough jade to Li Guowang. Don't you know that Li Guowang listened to the opinions of mediocrity and said that this is just an ordinary stone? In this way, Bian He's contribution was not accepted. But according to the laws and regulations at that time, he broke his left foot and his right foot successively for the crime of deceiving the monarch. This unfortunate and unfair experience made Bian He extremely sad. What makes him sad is not that he broke his foot, but that no one knows this rough jade. Later, King Wen ascended the throne, and he ordered the jade workers to make great efforts to cut rough jade. Ah, the inner layer of the stone is really a rare treasure. King Wen made a beautiful jade carving handicraft with this treasure jade-fishing boat, named "He Shibi". This is the story of "He Shibi is priceless" in the history of arts and crafts in China. On Silk Weaving Technology: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road. Through this passage, China silk weaving technology spread from the east to the west, until the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. The ancient Romans along the Mediterranean Sea loved the silk products of the "Cerise (Silk) Country" in the East. They used a priceless gold to exchange silk embroidery with the East (China) through Persian merchants. Why are silk fabrics of the Han Dynasty so attractive? According to the physical materials unearthed in Xinjiang along the ancient Silk Road, especially the silk embroidery works unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province, it is not difficult to see that the silk of the Han Dynasty is not only soft, shiny and moist, but also easy to wear and pays attention to artistic effects. Many works have dense patterns and bright colors. Although it has been buried underground for two thousand years, it is still a beautiful and moving dress today.

In addition, Li Qingzhao, a poetess, left us many famous works. Her life is divided into early and late stages. Before crossing the river, she wrote many works with sentimental feelings. After crossing the river, her style changed greatly and she wrote many sad words, which not only reflected her personal misfortune, but also profoundly reflected the misfortune of the times.

About Ceramic Craft: The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the period with the highest technical achievements in the history of ceramic art in China, especially colored glasses and paintings, which were not only varied, but also superb in skills. For example, celadon can burn the texture and color sense of "jade as ice", and it can also burn the porcelain color after rain. In the late/kloc-6th century, in a legendary opera by French writer dufour, there was a shepherd named Sheraton. He wore a beautiful blue dress, which left an unforgettable impression on people. Just then, celadon from Longquan, China, Zhejiang was introduced to France for the first time, which made people fondle it. The clear and moist green glaze and Hiladon's blue clothes also fascinate the French who love beauty. Therefore, people will associate these two beautiful things and humorously use the name "Sheraton" to call and praise the Longquan porcelain color in China.

fine china

The handicrafts created by our people are rich and colorful, beautiful and generous, and they are treasures in the history of human material culture.