Seeking the current political system in France?

The influence of French political system on Miss Li Mei. Bonne lecture. 1958 10 10 On October 4th, the constitution formulated by Charles de Gaulle's government came into effect. Article 24 of the Constitution stipulates: "Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate." This system embodies the most distinctive feature of the actual operation of the Constitution: bicameral system. The Constitution of the National Assembly (Paris Bourbon Palace) stipulates in detail that all 577 deputies of the National Assembly are directly elected by citizens. Citizens have the right to be elected as members of parliament as long as they reach the age of 2 1, and have the right to vote when they reach the age of 18. The constituencies represented by members of Congress include the subdivisions of big cities, overseas provinces and overseas territories. Each province or region is divided into small constituencies according to its population. Election method for members of the National Assembly: There are two rounds of elections. The first round of elections was held on Sunday, and the candidate who obtained an absolute majority of votes was elected. If no candidate obtains an absolute majority, a second round of elections will be held next Sunday, and the candidate with the most votes will be elected. The term of office is five years. The main functions and powers of the French National Assembly can be summarized into two aspects: one is to exercise legislative power together with the Senate, and the other is to exercise supervisory power over the government. According to the constitution, except for the special procedures stipulated in the constitution, "all laws must be passed by the parliament", that is, the government puts forward the responsibility guarantee for a draft law and passes a draft law by referendum; "All draft laws or legal proposals must be examined by both houses of Parliament in order to adopt the same text". According to the constitution, "the prime minister and members of parliament have the right to initiate legislation"; Traditionally, bills introduced by the government are called "legal projects", while bills introduced by members are called "legal proposals". According to the normal legislative procedure, a draft law or legal proposal is first considered by the parliamentary Committee, and then submitted to the two houses for consideration and adoption until the texts adopted by the National Assembly and the Senate are completely consistent; If no agreement can be reached after deliberation by the two houses separately and by a committee composed of the same number of members of the two houses, the government may ask the National Assembly to make a final decision. After the law is finally passed by Parliament, it must be promulgated by President People's Republic of China (PRC) and published in the Official Gazette. The National Assembly exercises its supervisory function over the government through various forms. The first is the inquiry mechanism to the government; Questions can be divided into oral and written forms. Secondly, members of Congress can learn about the government's policy trends through various "statements" of the government. Supervision and inspection are carried out through the Standing Committee of the National Assembly; The Standing Committee has the right to listen to the opinions of anyone it deems necessary, and set up advisory committees in the offices of members of the House of Representatives and special working committees or evaluation and supervision committees of the National Assembly; The National Assembly may also set up a commission of inquiry. In addition, according to Article 20 of the Constitution, the government appointed by the President must be "accountable to the Parliament"; In fact, the government is only politically accountable to the National Assembly, because in the two houses of parliament, only the National Assembly can be accountable to the government, that is, it can move an impeachment motion to impeach the government. The current constitution of the Senate (Luxembourg Palace in Paris) clearly stipulates that 32/kloc-0 members of the Senate "should represent all components of the Republic." The Senate is not directly elected, but consists of an electoral college composed of representatives elected by the provinces. The electoral college consists of the mayor, deputies to the National Assembly, provincial councillors (provincial councils) and local councillors (local councils). Municipal representatives are also appointed as members of the electoral college, and their number depends on the population of each community. Senators serve a nine-year term and are re-elected every three years. The Senate cannot be dissolved. This system makes the Senate permanent and above political struggle. The Senate ensures the representation of local units in the Republic of China. Senators, like members of the National Assembly, have the right to initiate legislation (but when the two houses fail to reach an agreement on the legal text, the National Assembly elected by universal suffrage can vote on the legal text at the request of the government). The Senate and the National Assembly have the same power to supervise the government's work, but it has no right to impeach the government through a motion of no confidence, and President People's Republic of China (PRC) has no right to dissolve the Senate. Senators enjoy the same treatment as members of the National Assembly in terms of remuneration and basic working conditions. The election of the new president should be held at least 20 days and at most 35 days before the expiration of the current president's term, and it should be held on Sunday. The new president was elected with an absolute majority of valid votes. If no one obtains an absolute majority in the first round of voting, the second round of voting will be held on the second Sunday after voting. The second round of voting is only held between the two candidates who got the most votes in the first round. This is the so-called "majority second-round voting system". The French president has extensive appointment power. For example, according to the Constitution, "President People's Republic of China (PRC) appoints the Prime Minister. The president dismissed the prime minister according to his resignation request. " "President People's Republic of China (PRC) appoints and dismisses other members of the government according to the proposal of the Prime Minister." "The President of the Republic appoints the civil and military personnel of the country." Among the senior French state administrative officials, those who must be appointed by the President include: judges of the State Administrative Court, chairmen of the Legion of Honor, ambassadors and special envoys, judges of the State Audit Court, governors, representatives of overseas territorial governments, generals and heads of central administrative agencies. The president's influence on government work is mainly reflected in: "President People's Republic of China (PRC) presides over the ministerial meeting." The Council of Ministers meets once a week (usually on Wednesday morning), and its main function is to provide suggestions to the President, comment on domestic and international issues debated in Parliament, and agree with the government's prior decision. According to the Constitution, the president represents the country externally, is a symbol of national sovereignty and has a series of diplomatic powers. Militarily, the president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and presides over the Supreme National Defense Council and the National Defense Commission. In addition, the Constitution gives the President the power to promulgate laws and guarantees the independence of the judiciary. Laws passed by Parliament must be submitted to the President, who will promulgate them within 15 days. The President presides over the Supreme Judicial Council and appoints its members. Because the socialist Soviet Union deviated from the socialist track in the late 1980s due to external and internal reasons, the Soviet Union disintegrated. At present, the Russian Federation adjusts its political life according to the principle of separation of powers. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is a democratic federal country with a system of * * *, which implements the principle of separation of powers and a presidential system. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * First of all, President. The President is the head of state and safeguards the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of the people and citizens. The president performs his duties in accordance with the Constitution and laws. Appointed with the consent of the State Duma. Second, parliament. The Parliament of the Russian Federation consists of the Federal Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). It is an independent part of the state power organs of the Russian Federation, and it is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The main power of the parliament of the Russian Federation is to pass the federal constitution and laws. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all draft laws must be submitted to the State Duma. Federal laws are passed by the State Duma. The Federal Council deliberated and approved the laws passed by the State Duma. Have supervision over the president, the government and the judiciary. The Federal Council (the upper house of parliament) can recall the President of the Russian Federation, and the State Duma (the lower house of parliament) can file charges of recalling the President of the Russian Federation and make decisions on the trust of the Russian Federation government. Third, the Constitutional Court. The Russian Constitutional Court is an institution used by the court system to restrict the president and parliament and balance the relationship between the executive, legislative and judicial powers. It has the power to examine whether the administrative orders issued by the head of government and the laws promulgated by the parliament are constitutional, that is, whether they are constitutional, and to declare unconstitutional administrative orders and laws invalid.

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