Seek the great literary figures of various countries

Foreign Literature

I. Ancient Greek Literature:

1. Ancient Greek "Homeric Poetry": "The Elysian Chronicles" and "Odysseus"

2. Tragic Poets:

Aeschylus: "Prometheus Bound"

Sophocles: "King Oedipus"

Euripides: "Medea"

3. Oedipus the King"

Euripides: "Medea"

3. Comedic poet Aristophanes: "The Arcanists"

4. Aesop and "Aesop's Language": the fox and the grapes, the peasant and the serpent

Two: Ancient Indian Literature:

1. "Vedas" Poetry collection: several thousand poems, both myths and legends, and works depicting real life.

2. Epic poems: "Mahabharata", "Ramayana"

3. Ancient Japanese literature:

1. The oldest collection of waka (Japanese songs) of the Yamato nation: the "Manyoshu" (Collection of the Ten Thousand Leaves), which contains more than forty-five thousand songs, most of which are short lyrical songs. Japan's poet saint, Kakimoto Maro, who specialized in writing long lyrical songs, had his works collected in it as well. (Equivalent to the Tang Dynasty)

2. Representatives of the Object Literature of the World Civilization: The Tale of Genji

4. Treasures of Arabic Literature: The Thousand and One Nights

5. Literature of the European Renaissance:

(1) Italian Literature

1. Three Masters of the Painting World:

Da Vinci -- the eternal smile of the "Mona Lisa"

Michelangelo -- the statue "David" human dignity and strength

Raphael -- Mother on Earth "Madonna"

2. Three masters of literature:

Dante - long poem "Divine Comedy"

Petrarch - lyrical collection of poems "Song Book"

Boccaccio - short story collection The Decameron

(ii) French Literature

Raboulet - long story The Giant

(iii) Spanish Literature

Cervantes -Long story "Don Quixote"

Vega, the father of Spanish theater -Historical drama "The Village of Sheep Springs"

(IV) English Literature

1. Chaucer, the father of English poetry-. -Canterbury Tales, a collection of poetic tales

2. Spenser, the "Poet's Poet" - the long poem "The Fairy Queen" (which is about meter and technique)

3. Shakespeare:

< p> Comedy - "The Merchant of Venice", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "All's Well That Ends Well", etc.

Early Tragedy - "Romeo and Juliet"

The Four Tragedies- - "Hamlet," "Othello," "Macbeth," and "King Lear"

Legendary plays - "The Tempest," "Cymbeline," and "The Winter's Tale."

5. Milton - "On the King and the Milton - "On the Powers of the King and of the Officials", saying that "the power of the king is vested in the people"; the epic poems Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, as well as the poetic drama Samson the Rex

6. French Classical Literature

(1) The Three Masters of French Classical Drama

1. Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poclain) - "The Hypocrite", "Scrooge", "The Ridiculous Woman"

2. Gonaye - "Cid"

3. -Ondemarg, Phaedra

Note: The characteristics of classicism - upholding the right of kings, advocating rationality, and imitating the ancients. The "Three Uniforms" - a play can only have one plot; the plot can only take place in the same place; and the time cannot exceed one day and one night.

(2) Master of Fables La Fontaine - twelve volumes of fables, *** more than 240.

Seventh, eighteenth-century France, the "Bright Century" and the Enlightenment:

1. Montesquieu - epistolary novel "Letters from the Persians"

2. -Voltaire - leader and mentor of the French Enlightenment, philosophical novel The Honest Man

3. Diderot - novel The Nun, Rameau's Nephew

4. Rousseau - novel The New Eloise, Emile. Rousseau - novels "Nouvelle Eloise", "Emile"; autobiography "Confessions"

(The above four belong to the "Encyclopedists", they **** the same "Encyclopedia")

5, Beaumarchais - plays "The Barber of Séjaré", "The Marriage of Figaro" (Napoleon said, "The Marriage of Figaro"). (Napoleon said that the French Revolution began on the day of the public performance of The Marriage of Figaro.)

VIII. 18th Century English Literature

1. Defoe, "the father of modern journalism" - Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders

2. Swift, the novelist --Gulliver's Travels (i.e., "Travels in Lilliput"

3. Novelist Fielding - Tom Jones, Amelia

4, Richardson - the first modern English novel "Pamela"

Note: The three founders of the modern English novel: Defoe, Fielding, Richardson.

Ninth, eighteenth century German "raging" literary movement:

1, Goethe - epistolary novel "The Trouble with Young Werther"; poetic drama "Faust"

2, Schiller Heine belongs to the nineteenth century Romantic literature)

Ten, the British Romantic poets:

1, Lake poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Saussure

2, Byron -- long poem "Travels of Childe Harold"; poetic novel "Don Juan"

3, Shelley Shelley -- "the flower of lyric poetry" poetry drama "Prometheus liberated"; poetry drama "Chinchilla"; lyric poem "Ode to the West Wind"

4, Keats -- "Endymion", "Isabella", "The Nightingale". Isabella," "Ode to a Nightingale," "Mourning," "The Heart"

XI, the British novel

1, Scott -- historical novels "Weaver Example," "The Puritans," "Ivanhoe"

2, the female writers Austen -- Long story "Pride and Prejudice" "Emma" (how to marry a young lady without property is a major issue discussed in Austen's novels)

XII, French novels

1, worship Napoleon Stendhal - "Red and Black", "Red and White" (aka "Lucien Louvain"), "The Abbey of Bamas

2. Mrs. Stendhal - the manifesto of French Romanticism, "On Literature"

3. The master of Romanticism, Victor Hugo - the breakthrough of the "Trinity". The play "Eunanes"; the long novel "Notre Dame de Paris"; the long masterpiece "Les Misérables"; the masterpiece of the novel "93 Years"; the long novel "Laborers of the Sea" and "The Laughing Man"

4. Realism's master Balzac's "The Human Comedy"

5. "The High Old Man," "Eugène Grande" "Colonel Generation Chartreuse, Disillusionment", "Uncle Bunce", "The Peasant", "The Tale of a Donkey's Skin", "Auntie Bé", "The Woman Who Stirred Up the Water" ......

5. Alexandre Dumas (born in the same year as Hugo) - the play Napoleon Bonaparte; the novel The Three Musketeers ("The Three Musketeers" or The Three Musketeers (The Three Musketeers or The Tale of the Chivalry); the full-length masterpiece The Count of Monte Cristo

6. Alexandre Dumas, Dumas's son - The Lady of the Camellias

7. Mérimée - the middle-grade novel Garmen, which we are familiar with. The Matador's Song" is in the opera adapted from "Garmen"; "Golomba", "The Bronze Goddess"

8. Literary talent George Sand - a long masterpiece "The Millers of Fort Angel"

9. Long novel "Confessions of a Century Child"

10, "the originator of the modern novel" Flaubert - "Madame Bovary", "Emotional Education"

11, the literary experiments of Zola - Mysterious Island"; the novel "From the Earth to the Moon", "Around the Moon", "Around the World in Eighty Days", "Journey to the Center of the Earth", "Machine Island", "Begum's Five Hundred Million Francs" ...... (***66)

13, Maupassant - "The Goat's Ball", "The The Barbarian Auntie", "The Necklace", "My Uncle Yule", "A Life", "Pretty Friends", "Our Hearts", "Hot Springs" ......***more than three hundred

14, Duder (contemporaneous with Maupassant) - "The Last Lesson", "The Siege of Berlin" < /p>

15, 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature winner francis - long story "The Crimes of Sylvester Bonnard", middle grade novel "The Crankebill Affair", contains four long "contemporary history". "It is characterized by a noble style, deep human sympathy, elegance and a truly Gallic temperament."

16, France's first Nobel Prize in Literature winner, twenty years younger than francis Roman Roland - music fiction masterpiece "John Christopher" (the main character Christopher based on Beethoven), 1915, for which the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature gold. Fiction masterpiece "Mother and Child". Romain Rolland said, "What I call a hero is not a man who is great by thought and might, but a man who is great by heart!"

17, refused to accept the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature Sartre - long novels "Nausea", "The Road to Freedom", the play "The Fly", "The Interval", "The Respectable Whore", philosophical works "Being and Nothingness", "Critique of Discursive Reason". He refused to accept the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature on the grounds that he had always declined honors from official sources.

Thirteen, Queen Victoria's era (beginning in the 1830s) of Britain:

1. Dickens - long novel David Copperfield, for the humorous comic strips to accompany the story "Pickwick's Outlaws", the satirical novel "Dong Bei father and son", a long story "Hard Times", the historical A Tale of Two Cities", the novel "A Long Way Gone" (i.e. "Tears of Lone Star Blood")

2. Thackeray - the long novel "Vanity Fair", the historical novel "Henry Esmond", the autobiographical novel "Pendennis"

3. The female writer Charlotte Bronte - the long story "Jane Eyre", the story of "The Lonely Heart", and the story of "The Lonely Heart"

4. -Jane Eyre" (the writer was a contemporary of Thackeray, whom she admired so much that the second edition of Jane Eyre was titled "Dedicated to Thackeray")

4. Charlotte Bronte's sister, Emily Bronte. -Wuthering Heights

5. Anne Bront?, sister of Charlotte Bront? and Emily Bront? - the novel The Tenant of Wild Heights, an account of the family of three sisters.

6, female writer Mrs. Gaskell - "Charlotte Bront? biography," "South and North," "Ruth"

7, Hardy - long novel "Return to the Country," "Tess of the D'Urbervilles," "The Mayor of Casterbridge," "Jude the Unknown

8. 1932 Nobel Prize winner for Literature, realist novelist Galswasui - The End of Days, The Forsythe Family trilogy (The Properties, Riding the Tiger, Rent), The Modern Comedy trilogy (The White Ape, The Silver Spoon, The Swan Song)

9, Woman writer Voynich - "The Gadfly"

10. Aestheticist Oscar Wilde, who advocated "art for art's sake" - masterpiece of fairy tale "The Happy Prince", novel "The Picture of Grey"

11. The Picture of Grey"

11, 1925 Nobel Prize winner George Bernard Shaw - plays "Unpleasant Plays" and "Pleasant Plays", masterpiece "Major Barbara", famous plays "The Other Island of the Cockneys", "The House of the Broken Hearted" and "The Apple Cart"

12, Maugham -- play "Mrs. Frederick," full-length novel "The Chains of Life," "The Moon and Sixpence"

13, Stevenson -- legendary novels "Treasure Island," "Kidnapped," "Katrina," collection of short stories "The New Tenebrae," the Dr. Incarnate

14, science fiction writer Wells - "The Time Machine," "Star Wars," "The War in the Air," "The Face of Things to Come," "The Island of Dr. Moreau," "The Invisible Man," and "The First Men in the Moon."

15, detective story writer Conan Doyle - -A Study in the Scarlet Letter, The Four Signatures, A Scandal in Bohemia, The Colorful Band, The Redhead Society, The Hound of the Baskervilles ...... (Sherlock Holmes)

16, stream-of-consciousness novelist Joyce - A classic of modernist work, Ulysses (a parody of Odyssey)

17, the great modernist poet Eliot (Note: In nineteenth-century English literature, there were two Eliots, Eliot G was a woman writer, author of novels such as The Mill on the Floss, Manannan the Weaver and Middlemarch) Eliot T. S. was a male writer - -Famous long poem "The Waste Land", which has been pushed as an epochal landmark of modernist poetry.In 1948, the poem "Four Quartets" earned the poet the Nobel Prize for Literature.

(The progenitors of modernist literature: Joyce, Eliot, Proust in France, Kafka in Austria)

XIV, Russian Literature

1, the father of Russian literature, the great poet Pushkin (1799 - 1837) - fairy tale "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Goldfish", political satire "Ode to Freedom", "The Countryside", "Fairy Tales", "To Chadaev", a long novel in verse "Evgeny Onegin", a long poem "Tzigane", a historical drama "Boris Godunov", a short story "Stagemaster", "The Village Girl", "The Storm", "Shooting", and a long novel "The Captain's Daughter" (Goncharova, the first beauty of Moscow, Nicholas I, and Danster, the French aristocratic rascal)

< p>2, Krylov, a writer of fables, composed more than two hundred fables, such as "The Peasant and the Great River", "Miscellaneous Sheep"

3, Gogol - a collection of novels, "Dikanka Near Country Evening Tales", "Milgrad", "Petersburg Tales" (including "The Diary of a Madman", "Neva Street", etc.), the best-known short story "The Coat ", satirical comedy "Chinchilla", long story "Dead Souls"

4, the poet Lermontov - famous "Death of a Poet", lyrical poems "Aria", "The Poet", "The First of January", long poems "The Child Monk", "The Devil", a long story "Contemporary Heroes"

5, Turgenev -- long poem "Barasha", famous collection of novels "Hunter's Notes", long novel "Rotting", "Noble House", "The Night Before", "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke", "Virgin Land"

6, Goncharov -- "Oblomov", "Ordinary Tales The Cliff," "Battleship Barada" (Taiping Revolution)

7, Herzen - long story "Whose Crime", memoirs "Past and Consequential Thoughts"

8, Dostoevsky - long story "The Poor Man", "The Doppelganger", the most famous long story "Crime and Punishment", the documentary literature "Handbook of the Dead House", the tragic history of the little man "Insulted and Damaged", the famous long story "The Idiot", the novel that led to the author's marriage "The Gambler", the long story "The Devil", "Juvenile", "The Brothers Karamachov"

9, playwright Y. Ostrovsky- -The Great Thunderstorm

10, the great writer Lev Tolstoy - early novel "Cossacks", "the greatest novel ever written" "War and Peace", the famous long story "Anna Karenina "The Resurrection" (Chekhov said: "Tolstoy is not a man, he is the god Jupiter")

11. "Pushkin in prose" (Tolstoy's words) Chekhov- -The Death of a Small Civil Servant, The Chameleon, Vanka, Affliction, The Steppe, The Sixth Ward, the satirical novel The Man in the Suit, the play Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard

12. Suilafimovic - the long novel The Iron Stream

13, Gorky, the father of proletarian literature - autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth", "My University", the long story "Mother", "The Business of the Aldamonov Family", the play "The Bottom"

14. Tolstoy Jr. (A. Tolstoy) - -long novel "The Course of Suffering" trilogy: "The Two Sisters", "1918", "Gloomy Morning", historical novel "Peter the Great"

15, the poet Mayakovsky - "March to the Left", the long poem "Lenin", "Good! The poet Mayakovsky - "March to the Left", the long poem "Lenin", "Good!", created a new poetic form "Staircase"

16. The most famous Soviet writer Sholokhov - "Still Don", "Reclaimed Virgin Land", "The Encounter of a Man"

17. -- "Destruction," "Young Konrad"

18, N. Ostrovsky -- "How Iron is Made," "Born of the Storm"

XV. Literature of other European countries:

1, Polish poet Mickiewicz - long narrative poem "Mr. Tadusch", long poem "Gracina"

2. 1905 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Polish literary figure Hsienkiewicz - long novel "Where are you going", trilogy "The Fire and Sword", "The Torrent", "Mr. W?odiejowski", historical novel "Knights of the Crusade"

3. Hungarian poet Pedro Pietro - a long narrative poem "Sledgehammer in the Countryside", "John the Brave", "The Apostle", "Freedom, Love"

4. Bulgarian patriotic writer Vazov --The long poem "Under the Yoke"

5. The Czech writer Hasek - the masterpiece of fiction "The Good Soldier Shuaik"

6. The Czech writer Voychik - the long Report under the gallows" (translated into 86 languages)

7. Austrian novelist Zweig - novel masterpiece "Twenty-four hours in a woman's life", the novel "Chess Story"

8. Austrian novelist Kafka - novel masterpiece "The Metamorphosis", the novel "Chess Story"

9. - masterpiece "The Metamorphosis", the long novel "The Trial", "The Castle", "America", short stories "The Sentence", "The Country Doctor", "Report to the Academy of Sciences"

9, German writer Hoffmann - novel "Jar of Gold", the collection of novels "The Brothers Serapion"

10, German theater master Brecht - "Caucasian Gray Appendix Tale", "The Legend of Lao Tzu's Exit to Write Tao Te Ching" (he was familiar with Chinese culture)

11, German Grimm's Fairy Tales (the elder brother is called Jakob Grimm, the younger brother is called Wilhelm Grimm) - -***216 stories, "Cinderella", "Snow White", "Little Red Riding Hood" (Granny Wolf), "Blue Lantern" ......

12, the world's fairy tale king of the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen - "The Flaming Box" the The Princess on the Pea", "The Emperor's New Clothes", "Princess of Mermaids", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "Thumbelina", "The Nightingale", "The Ugly Duckling", "Little Klaus and Big Klaus", "The Little Girl Who Sells Matches"

13, the father of the modern theater theater masters of Norwegian writer Henrik Ibsen - "Warrior's Grave", "Pillar of Society", "A Doll's House A Doll's House", "Ghosts" and "Enemy of the People", which created a new style of "social problem theater".

Foreign Literature (4)

Sixteen, American Literature

1, "the little woman who caused a great war" (Abraham Lincoln's words) Mrs. Stowe - the earliest American realist novels, exposing the savagery of slavery, "Uncle Tom's Cabin", the ugly "Uncle Tom's Cabin". Uncle Tom's Cabin

2. Romantic writer Hawthorne - long masterpiece "The Scarlet Letter", "The Jade Statue", "The House with the Seven Pointed Pavilions", and a collection of short stories, "Tales Told Again", "The Moss of the Ancient House"

3. "Developing fear into fear, and the strange into the strange. Edgar Allan Poe - horror novels: the famous short story "The Fall of the House of Usher", "The Black Cat", "The Masquerade of the Red Death", the mystery novel "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", "The Stolen Letters", "The Golden Beetle"

4, Whitman -- only collection of poetry, Leaves of Grass, ***383 poems.

5, Melville - "encyclopedia of whaling," Moby Dick

6, Mark Twain - full-length novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Fairy tale novel "The Prince and the Poor Child", "Connecticut Americans at King Arthur's Court", satirical novel "Million Pounds", "The Man Who Defeated Hedley's Castle", "Running for Governor"

7, Dreiser - long novel "Sister Carrie", "Jenny's Girl", "Genius", "Desire Trilogy" "The Financier", "The Giant", "The Abstainer", the sensational "America's greatest novel" "American Tragedy"

8, O. Henry - "The Sacrifice of Love", "The Gift of the Magi", "The Last Vine Leaf", "The Policeman and the The Last Leaf of the Vine," "The Policeman and the Hymn," etc., his more than three hundred short stories, most of which are collected in the "Four Million," "Heart of the West," "City Voices," "The Kindly Liar" and other collections.

9, 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Faulkner - "Sanctuary", "Light in August", "Sharon, Sharon", "Hustle and Madness" - "Yoknapatawpha lineage of novels "

10, Jack London style rough, full of power, "tough guy literature" - "Odyssey of the North", "Love of Life", "Sea Wolf", "Iron Heel", "Martin Eden"

11, 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Ernest Hemingway created a simple style of writing - the long novel "The Sun Also Rises", the First World War as the theme of the "Farewell, arms", reflecting the Spanish Civil War, "For Whom the Bell Tolls", after the Second World War, the world famous "The Old Man and the Sea"

12, the Nobel Prize-winning female author Sai Jinzhu, whose novels are mostly set in China - the award-winning novel "The Earth", and she also translated "The Water Margin" into English.

13. Woman writer Margaret Mitchell - Gone with the Wind, set in the American Civil War

14. Black literature, Harry - Roots

XVII. Latin American Literature

1. The American State The oldest book on the continent - Popol U.

2. Inca literature - Oyantay

3. Mexican woman writer Cruz -long free-form poem "First Dreams"

4. Mexican dramatist Alarcón - "Doubtful Truths"

5. Mexican novelist Cosaldi - the first full-length novel in Latin America, the Mangy Parrot"

6. Argentine novelist Echeverría - novel "Slaughterhouse", long poem "Female Prisoners"

7. Cuban poet and national hero José Martí - historical drama "Abdallah", a collection of poems "Ismarillo The Poetry of Purity, The Poetry of Freedom

8. Signature work of the maturity of modernist poetry, Nicaraguan poet Luvín Darío - collection of poems "The Blue"

9. Venezuelan novelist Légoz - full-length novella Donna Barbara"

10. A masterpiece reflecting Indian resistance to white oppression - Bolivian writer Agdas's novel The Race of Bronze

11. 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature winner, Chilean poetess Mistral - "Solitude," "The Thorned Tree," "The Grape Press"

12. 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Neruda, Chilean ****an veteran poet - "The Book of Rambling Songs"

13. Nobel Prize in Literature winner Guatemalan writer Asturias, Guatemalan writer - "Mr. President"

14. Marquez, Colombian "magical realist" writer, winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature - "One Hundred Years of Solitude"

15. -One Hundred Years of Solitude

15, Brazilian writer Guimar?es - a long novel "Izola"

18, African literature:

1, the Arab literary world of the "Saint of Poetry ", the Egyptian poet Ahmed Shawky - poetic drama "Queen Cleopatra"

2, Egyptian great writer Taha Hussein - autobiographical novels "Days", "The Song of the Partridge", "Mountain Rouzo The Dream of San Ruzo

3. Egyptian literary figure Taufig Hakim: autobiographical novel The Return of the Soul, philosophical drama The Man in the Cave

4. Senegalese poet Sangre (elected President in 1960): Prayer for Peace, Women in Black

5. Madagascar's poet Rabemananyara - long poems "An offering", "Seven-stringed Harp", poetry collection "Liturgy of the millennium", "Ramba", play "Gods of Madagascar", "Feast of the Gods"

6. One of the most talented novelists in Africa, Nigerian novelist Achebe - four full-length works, "Disintegration", "Unrest", "The People's Arrow", "The People's Servant", "The People's Servant", "The People's Servant", "The People's Servant". God's Arrow," "The People's Servant"

7. Africa's most celebrated dramatist and Africa's only Nobel Laureate in Literature, Nigerian author Wole Soyinka - early dramatic works "The Dwellers of the Marsh," "The Ordeal of the Cleric of Jurassic," and the famous absurdist play "The Lunatic and the Specialist," "The Great Road. "This prize is not given to me personally, it is awarded to the literature I represent. And I am part of a whole literary tradition in Africa."

Nineteen: Asian Literature

1: A long narrative poem of Vietnamese classical literature, "The Biography of Kim Un Chiao" (based on a Chinese Ming Dynasty novel of the same name), by Nguyen Yau, called Su Nhu, Thanh Xuan, from Ha Tinh province, Vietnam.

2. The classical masterpiece Chunxiang biography (earlier than the Chinese Peking opera Yutangchun)

3. The first Nobel Prize winner for literature in the Orient, the great Indian literary figure Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his short story Mahamudra, his long novel Gora, his award-winning collection of poems Gitanjali, his collection of poetry The Crescent Moon Collection A Collection of Birds, A Collection of Gardeners.

4, the Indian writer Premchand - long masterpiece "Godan" (and Lao She "Camel Xiangzi" almost at the same time)

5, Myanmar "poet" modern poet Taktsin Kodu Mai --The "Note to the Lord of the Ocean", "Note to the Peacock", "Note to the Monkey", "Note to the Dog"

6. The pioneer of modern Japanese literature, Futabatei Shifumi: "Floating Clouds", the novel "Shadow of the Face", and "Ordinary"

7. -long story "I am a cat", "Sanshiro", "After it", "The Gate", short and medium-sized novels "Brotherhood", "Past the Equinox", "Pedestrian", "Heart", "Michikusa" and so on

8, Natsume Soseki's student Akutagawa Ryu no Akutsuki - "Romance", "Nose", "The Picture of Hell"

< p>9, 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature winner, the Japanese writer Kawabata Yasunari - "The Dancer of Izu", the award-winning works "Snow Country", "Chihayafuru", "Kudo" three.

10. Japanese ****anist and staunch revolutionary fighter Kobayashi Takiuji - a masterpiece of fiction, "The Crab Worker's Ship"

11. Japanese writer Inoue Yasushi - thirty-two volumes of Yasushi Inoue's novels, based on the history of cultural exchanges between China and Japan, "Yasushi Inoue", a novel based on the history of cultural exchanges between China and Japan.