Quanzhou Folk Kilns

Quanzhou folk kiln blue and white porcelain, including Dehua, Anxi, Yongchun kiln production of blue and white porcelain, especially Dehua kiln is the most characteristic. From the field archaeological data analysis, Quanzhou folk kiln blue and white porcelain burned in the Ming Dynasty, the spread of its production technology has a trend from Anxi to Yongchun, Dehua spread, and by virtue of the natural advantages of Quanzhou and the surrounding ports, become the "maritime silk road" bulk commodities, exported to all over the world. Among them, the unique Dehua folk kiln blue and white porcelain fired by Dehua using unique traditional crafts and ceramic raw materials is famous all over the world.

Quanzhou kiln ceramics production has a long history, in the Neolithic period to the Qin and Han dynasties have been a large number of printed ceramics, Jinjiang Xikou Mountain has also been found in the Southern Dynasties kiln site. Tang Dynasty. With the opening of overseas trade routes, Quanzhou ceramics industry suddenly emerged. Song and Yuan dynasties, due to the prosperity of the port of Quanzhou, the maritime silk (porcelain) road began to take shape, Chinese and foreign cultural interaction is increasingly frequent, Quanzhou ceramics industry is a boom, Quanzhou kiln celadon, blue and white porcelain, sauce glaze porcelain, black glaze porcelain a large number of export, and undertake overseas orders, specializing in the production of export porcelain.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the introduction of blue and white underglaze painting technology, Quanzhou folk kilns blue and white rose to prominence, the product is of excellent quality, and became the best-selling products of the maritime silk (porcelain) road, a large number of sales to Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.

1. Anxi blue and white porcelain

Anxi resides in the northwest of Quanzhou, 58 kilometers from Quanzhou, in the upper reaches of the Jinjiang River Xixi, down the stream can be directly to the port of Quanzhou; Southwest through the Jiulong River tributary, converging into the port of Zhangzhou, the water, land transportation is convenient, is the ancient ceramics of southern Fujian ceramics trade commodities, one of the important production base. Anxi ancient ceramics production kiln sites amounted to more than 160, including 36 kiln sites in the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, 126 in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, porcelain types of celadon, blue and white porcelain, brother glazed porcelain, blue and white porcelain, etc., a wide range of products.

The early Ming Dynasty was the period of Anxi blue and white porcelain, Anxi Kui Dou town of grass north kiln and Wei Xi deep dibble kiln is a typical representative of this period. The two kilns from the Song and Yuan period of celadon development to the early Ming dynasty underglaze painted blue and white, in the kiln site collected specimens found that decorated with underglaze painted blue and white rows of dots, curly grass pattern, a single character pattern (one, ten, rice, Fu, Luk, Luk, Longevity, Yuan, Yu, etc. characters), flame pattern and other objects retained Song and Yuan styles, that is, the objects open mouth, shallow abdomen, short footrim, foot exposed, foot breast convex, the most notable feature is the footrim cutter slanting inward in a The most notable feature is the footrim slanting inward in the shape of an "inverted trapezoid". To the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Anxi blue and white porcelain has entered a flourishing stage, blue and white decorations in addition to the new banana leaf pattern, lotus leaf pattern, chrysanthemum petal pattern and single word paragraph, and added a variety of landscape figures, birds and flowers, runic spells and poetic texts, and the shape of the vessel also has a new change. Jiajing five years (1526) the chronicle of the tomb archaeological excavations unearthed porcelain in the Anxi blue and white porcelain.

The kiln sites producing blue and white porcelain in Anxi during the Ming and Qing dynasties were mainly distributed in 40 administrative villages in 11 townships, including Chenggang, Kuaidou, Penglai, Shangqing, Jingu, Changkeng, Lantian, Longmen, Daping and Longjuan. Kiln sites in the Ming Dynasty were mainly distributed in the area around the county, represented by the Caobei kiln in Kui Dou village, the deep dibbling kiln in Mei Xi village and the Shangshan kiln in Han Yuan village. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the kilns were mainly distributed in Longjuan area, which is on the border with Hua'an County in Zhangzhou, represented by Nei Kiln in Zhuta Village and Zhuangzao Kiln in Zhuangzao Village. The late Ming Dynasty was mainly distributed in the remote Changkeng area, represented by the Yuemei kiln in Yuemei Village. The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of Anxi blue and white porcelain, and the kiln sites found were traced all over the county, with the Shuangxi kiln in Han Yuan Village, the Xiawei Shui kiln in Zaoping Village, the Hulunlun kiln in Yinkeng Village, the Pipa Lun kiln in Keyang Village, and the Gongzaiwei kiln in Ke Ming Village as the representatives at early times, and the Pipa Lun kiln in Keyang Village, the Gongzaiwei kiln in Ke Ming Village, the Shuangxi kiln in Han Yuan Village, the Yunjiyuan kiln in Yunjiyuan Village, and the Fudi kiln in Fudi Village as the representatives at the middle times, with the Shuangxi kiln in Han Yuan Village, the Shuangxi kiln in Yinkeng Village, the Yunjiyuan kiln in Yunjiyuan Village and the Fudi kiln in Fudi Village as the representatives in late times. The late period is represented by the Shuangxi kiln in Han Yuan village and the Hulunlun kiln in Yinkeng village.

The main types of Anxi blue and white porcelain include bowls, plates, cups, saucers, vases, stoves, lamps, pots, jars, spoons, etc. The tires are white or gray or gray, and the glazes are slightly greenish or greenish-white in white. The blue and white decorations are rich, and the main decorative motifs include pine, bamboo, plum, petunia, chrysanthemum, grass and leaves, curly grass, lion, deer, entwined peonies, double happiness entwined flowers, bats, pomegranates, "Fu", "Luck", "Longevity", as well as single lines and single sentences. "Fu", "Luk", "Shou", as well as single lines and whole poems. The blue-and-white hall names and business names are "Xie Sheng," "Ruan Yu," "Shang Yu," "Quan Yu," "Ruiyu" and "Hoyuan".

Anxi blue and white porcelain since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty ZiYin experienced a continuous development, improve the process, ware from a single development to a variety of underglaze blue and white decorations from a single graphic, text development to the pattern of colorful landscape figures, etc., decorative techniques from hand-painted to improve the efficiency of production of printing blue and white.

2. Yongchun celadon

Yongchun in the northeast of Quanzhou, the north and porcelain capital of Dehua junction, south and Nan'an adjacent to the west and Anxi neighboring, east and Xianyou intersection. Convenient land and water transportation, south into the Jinjiang River directly to Quanzhou. Good natural resources for the prosperity of Yongchun porcelain industry provides the necessary material conditions.

Yongchun blue and white porcelain was burned in the early Ming Dynasty, is in the Tang, Song, Yuan celadon, blue and white porcelain on the basis of the development of the kiln is mostly distributed in the border with the Dehua jiefu, Sukeng, Huyang and other towns, its products, such as shape, decoration and other aspects of the Dehua blue and white porcelain firing has a certain role in promoting. Huyang bowl Yun kiln and bowl kiln pit is the representative kiln site of Yongchun blue and white porcelain production in the Ming Dynasty. Huyang bowl Yun kiln is in the yuan dynasty glazed porcelain on the basis of blue and white porcelain firing, from the kiln collection of blue and white porcelain specimens, retaining the obvious yuan dynasty production process characteristics. Bowl Yun kiln firing blue and white porcelain earlier than the bowl kiln pit.

Bowl Yun kiln blue and white porcelain ware mainly bowl, bowl open mouth, shallow abdomen, rim foot, tire gray, hard texture. Glaze white, sometimes green. The bottom of the foot is papillate and unglazed. The exterior is painted in underglaze blue, with dotted lines, scrolling grasses and leaves, twining branches, and folding branches of flowers and fruits. On the inside of the foot, under the glaze, there is a double circle, in which the characters "Fu", "Lu", "Shou", "Hua" and "San" are written in cursive script, and "Fuk", "Luk", "Shou", "Flower" and "Sang" are written in cursive script. "Three," "Big," "Three," "Heaven," "Jade," "Fir," "Sugi," and "Sugi. "fir", "well", "benevolence", "east", etc., or painted with small straw or some small grass-like patterns. Bowl kiln pit kiln blue and white wares are also mainly bowls, as well as cups, saucers, jars and so on. Bowl: open mouth, shallow abdomen, rim, tire gray and white quality; white glaze, inside and outside of the rim exposed tire, the bottom of the foot has papillae, under the glaze blue and white decoration with scrolling grass pattern, dotted pattern, leaf pattern, etc..

Yongchun blue and white porcelain in the Qing dynasty is mainly distributed in jiefu, sukeng, dongping, huyang 4 townships. The kiln sites are Chenlan kiln, Heiba kiln, outer kiln, long ridge kiln, Fengliuling Lingtou kiln, crossing the road creek kiln, Baige kiln, Nanshe Ling foot kiln in Jiefu, Sukeng's ceramic kiln dibble kiln, kiln after the mountain kiln, the holy personality kiln, Dongping's stone cane mountain kiln, Huyang's bowl kiln, such as kiln Lun. The types of blue and white porcelain include bowls, plates, cups, saucers, basins, spoons, vases, jars, and stoves, with bowls and plates being the most common. The tire is white or grayish-white, firm, and covered with white glaze, which is glistening. The color of the blue and white is strong and elegant. The main motifs include scrolling grass pattern, cloud and dragon pattern, folding branch flower and fruit pattern, marionette pattern, flying phoenix pattern, peony pattern, circle pattern, twining branch flower pattern, twining branch butterfly pattern, twining branch "happy" character pattern, "longevity" character pattern, Buddha's hand pattern, poems, landscape figures, and so on, as well as the highly arbitrary Small grass, small animals, small flowers, small drops of water, small flames and other small decorative motifs. The blue and white marks are mainly Yuan Yueji, Cheng, Ji, Yong, Baozhen, double, open source, Hezhen, Chenghua year system and other hall names, business names and auspicious bottom.

3. Dehua Qinghua capital

Dehua in the north of Quanzhou, more than 120 kilometers from Quanzhou. East and Putian City, Xianyou, Fuzhou City, Yongtai County adjacent to the north and Sanming City, Youxi County border, west and Sanming City, Dada County border, south and Yongchun County connected. In the past, the waterway went east through Dazhang River into Minjiang River to Fuzhou, and the landway went south over the mountains to Yongchun and then reached Quanzhou in two days by waterway transportation, with convenient transportation. With the unique advantages of natural resources, Dehua since the Tang Dynasty to build kilns firing porcelain wells, ceramic kilns through the generations of production technology continues to develop, innovation. Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Dehua ceramics with its excellent quality and exquisite craftsmanship in the world of porcelain to win fame.

Dehua blue and white porcelain was first burned in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Jiajing 38 (1559) Chen Su Xuan tomb unearthed epitaphs have been used underglaze blue and white color pigment to write the inscription.

Dehua blue and white porcelain firing can be divided into the initial period, flourishing period, heyday and decline. Initial period from the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty Shunzhi period, this period is in the trial firing stage, the main kilns are distributed in the near Yongchun Xunzhong, Sanban Town and the border with Youxi County Gekeng Town, kiln site in Xunzhong Dongtou kiln, Longxun Qu Dougong kiln, Gekeng under the Cangwei kiln, Shifang kiln, Shuangxikou kiln and Sutian kiln on behalf of the kiln. It flourished in the early Qing Dynasty, from the Kangxi to the Qianlong period. During this period, the imperial court imposed a ban on the sea, the residents moved inward, talent, capital inward flow, promoting the development of Dehua ceramics industry. Check the folk genealogy found that the city and the surrounding townships almost every family is engaged in the porcelain industry, busy farming, farming and leisure business porcelain, but also farming and porcelain. The heyday of the late Qing dynasty, from the Jiaqing to the Daoguang period. This period is dominated by blue and white porcelain, kilns throughout most of the county's countryside, production, quality, decorative motifs rich in subject matter. Decline for the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period, this period of blue and white color faded significantly, the composition of poor sense of hierarchy, the shape of the object is crude, began to appear printed blue and white and other color glaze porcelain species. Kilns are mainly distributed in the eastern region, the representative kiln sites are Xunzhong's former Ou kiln, Chalin dibble kiln, Dongtou kiln, Lingduo kiln, Sanban's Shangliao kiln and so on.