How to distinguish Lang Hong from Red Sacrifice?

The difference in appearance between Lang Hong and Red Sacrifice.

1, Lang Hong glazed glass has strong luster and is clear and transparent; The red sacrifice glaze is thick and moist, rich and opaque.

2. The fluidity of Lang Hong glaze is large, so the white carcass is exposed under the mouth edge, which is a typical feature of Lang Hong. Moreover, there is a layer of dark brown glaze at the bottom, which is called "hanging glaze", but the glaze color is generally not enough, so Lang Hong porcelain has a unique style of "talking without flowing"; Sacrificing red basically means that the color is not blurted out, the glaze color is not drooping (even if the glaze color on the feet is slightly thin and regular, it is obviously different from Lang Hong), and there is a striking and authentic "lamp grass edge" at the mouth and feet.

3. The glaze in Lang Hong is bright red and gorgeous. Due to the high fluidity, the glaze color changes lively and smart all over the body, and the glaze color is as thick as bovine blood, while the red glaze will appear bright red like chicken blood when it is slightly thinner, and it is often red or dark brown near the feet because of the thick glaze. The color of red glaze is uniform and rarely changes. Relatively speaking, the typical red glaze used for Yong Xuan's sacrifice is bright red, and the "rush grass edge" at the mouth or bottom is wide, ranging from 3 to 5 mm. Most of the red glazes in Qing Dynasty are thick and dark, and the "rush grass edge" at the mouth or bottom is narrow, about 1-2 mm.

4. With a magnifying glass, it can be seen that the bubbles in Lang Hong's glaze are distributed between the two, which is not too dense. However, the foam is big, and it can be seen with the naked eye.

5. The glaze in Lang Hong has a large pattern, but there is no pattern in the red sacrifice.

6. The glazed surface of Lang Hong is bright, with occasional orange peel on the glazed surface; Most red offerings have orange glaze. The orange peel lines in the Ming Dynasty were bigger than those in the Qing Dynasty, and the orange peel wrinkles in the Qing Dynasty were bigger than those in Yongzheng.

7. Lang Hong's feet and utensils are beige or light green, commonly known as "rice soup glaze" and "apple green glaze", and there are also a few red glaze bottoms with natural colors; But there is no such feature inside or outside the red ritual vessel.

In addition, the vessels of Lang Hong glaze are mainly bottles and statues, and red glaze for sacrifice is common in pots, bowls, dishes, washing bowls and bottles (plum bottles and jade pot spring bottles). This difference in blood vessel types can not be ignored in screening.

/94 CAD 1c 8 a 786 c 9 17 145 a 22 f 0 c 23d 70 cf 3 AC 75799？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 However, after Xuande, the production of big red glaze gradually declined. During Hongzhi and Zhengde years, most of them were unsuccessful products except a few with slightly better glaze color. In the late Jiajing period, the red offerings were trapped in the situation of "the glaze color was not moist and the color was gloomy" for a long time, and the firing technology of copper red glaze, which was once prominent in the early Ming Dynasty, was basically lost. During the Wanli period, although the imperial court urged the big red ware many times, there was still no hope for the big red glaze to rise. In desperation, Chen Younian, the governor of Jiangxi Province who acted as the agent of Jingdezhen Kiln, had to ask the court for permission to replace it with alum red on the grounds that "the red porcelain dish never burns 10%" in August of the 14th year of Wanli. Fan Hong is a kind of low-temperature red glaze sintered in an oxidizing atmosphere, which is also called iron red because it uses iron oxide as colorant. Iron red glaze is slightly black, like the skin of red dates. Although its appearance is not as pure and bright as high-temperature copper-red glaze, it is more stable and easier to master than copper-red glaze. But it needs secondary firing, and the color is far less bright and luxurious than copper red glaze.

/a2cc 7 CD 98d 100 1e 9 128d 64 c 6b 30 e 7 bec 55 e 7974 1？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 It was 100 years later in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, when Lang Tingji, the governor of Jiangxi who was in charge of Jingdezhen imperial kiln affairs, imitated Xuande burning in the Ming Dynasty.

The emergence of Lang Yaohong.

Porcelain is the art of earth and fire, and some rare varieties are often not "counted" when they first arrive, but are created by coincidence of various conditions and some accidental factors, so the "Langyao Red Glaze" was born.

Many experts believe that the difficulty in firing Lang Hong glaze lies in the magical reversal of many uncertain factors in the kiln. So in the Kangxi Dynasty 300 years ago, people's calculation of offering red (ruby red) was mistaken for Lang Hong. "From the aspects of coordination, technology and shooting. It is speculated that this kind of colored glaze was unconsciously created at that time, and it is probably a gem glaze that sacrificed red in the Ming Dynasty. Due to the coordination of glaze color, improper control of glaze thickness and firing temperature, another kind of Langyao red glaze with great fluidity, big cracks and the most vivid color tone was formed. Because of its unique style, it does not hesitate to produce a large number of works, many of which are excellent, so it has won more people's love. " As you sow, you reap. "This is the origin of Langyao red glaze. In other words, Lang Hong is a rare variety of copper-red glaze.

/d 788d 43 f 8794 a 4c 2 fc 7a 97 e 205 f 4 1 BD 5 AC 6 e 3999？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 Feng Xianming's Atlas of Ancient Ceramics (Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1998 edition) also explicitly talked about Lang Yaohong. Lang Tingji was named after his surname, also known as Lang Hong, because he successfully imitated burning when he was in charge of Jingdezhen kiln affairs in Kangxi period.

Lang Tingji's Lang Hong glaze is a milestone in the production of colored glazed porcelain. In the late Kangxi period, a number of new varieties of red glaze, such as Lang Yaohong, Cowpea Red, Carmine Red and Coral Red, were born, which made colored glazed porcelain beautiful. For a time, Lang Yaohong, Cowpea Red, Sacrifice Red, Carmine Red, Coral Red, Sacrifice Blue, Sky Blue, Sprinkle Blue, Kong Quelan, Guapi Green, Bean Green, Pink Blue, Imitation White Glaze, Wujin Glaze and other colored glazes competed to create a colorful new world of colored glazes. In the history of China ceramics, Lang Hong glaze is the only glaze named after craftsmen or pottery officials.

The characteristics of Lang Hong

Langhong is a bright crimson glaze, which is fired in reducing flame at a high temperature of about 1300℃. Its appearance characteristics are very obvious, and the following characteristics can be clearly seen from the physical objects: First, the glaze layer is clear and bright, and there is fogging in some places. Second, the glaze is bright red, like the initial coagulation of cow blood, and there is a strong glass luster on the glaze. Because of the great fluidity of glaze, the glaze juice at the mouth edge is flowing downwards, which makes the glaze color in the thin part of the bottle mouth lighter and exposes the tire color (an irregular light blue to light red exposure), which is called "blurting out". There is a week of hanging glaze near the bottom of the container, which is thick and dark brown, so Lang Yaohong is also called "Lang Buliu". Thirdly, there are criss-crossing patterns on the glaze of the green body, which are long in the longitudinal direction and short in the transverse direction. The pattern is slender and close to the carcass, so there is no obvious crack on the glaze surface, indicating that the pattern is in the glaze. Fourth, the bubbles in the glaze are extremely small and sparse, and there are small white spots visible to the naked eye in the glaze juice, and some small white spots are dragging the vertical filiform long tail. 5. The white glaze applied in the foot is bright blue, and the thick glaze at the inner corner is blue-green, commonly known as "apple blue background" or "light apple blue glaze". Sixth, the white glaze in the vessel is firm, but the color is different from the usual transparent glaze of Kangxi, but it is fried beige with colorless fine lines like cicadas, which is called "rice soup glaze".

/6c 224 f 4a 20 a 44623 e 2 a3 D5 ab 9322720 e 0 df 3d 78 a？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 This piece of Kangxi Lang Yaohong Guanyin was awarded from Shanghai Donghua Auction House 1989. Because there was no competition at that time, 50 yuan's acquisition was only equivalent to the porcelain shop at that time. Since 18, I have never encountered a similar red object or an object that can be called ""because of its three characteristics: blurting, hanging feet, lingering, apple green and rice soup glaze. The body of this 24.2-cm-high copper red glaze bottle is connected in sections, and there are transverse tire contact marks on the upper part of the inner abdomen. The platform on the second floor is full, the foot end is flattened and the edges and corners are slightly rounded. This is the most common foot style of Lang Hongqi, which is intended to block the copper red glaze with great fluidity here and form a "hanging foot". The inner and outer walls of the circle foot are slightly flint red. This object has obvious characteristics of Kangxi porcelain in terms of shape, technology and glaze color. And its scarlet glaze is like freshly solidified cow blood, which is also the innate characteristic of Lang Hongqi.

However, this kind of cheap Lang Hong porcelain is still somewhat regrettable. The "rush grass edge" at its mouth has long since disappeared, revealing the fetal bone. What is the reason? On the surface, "Lang Yaohong's mouth and feet also have the kind of' light grass edge' similar to the red glaze of Xuande in Ming Dynasty; But Xuande is a naturally formed white mouth, and Kangxi is a thick layer of powdery white glaze or pasty white glaze. " This is one of the main differences between Lang Hong and Red Sacrifice. Moreover, Lang Yaohong's "white glaze at the mouth of utensils, due to loose enamel, often causes glaze leakage and blistering at the mouth, and it is easy to hide dirt in cracked bubbles, thus forming patches of spots at the mouth of utensils". Therefore, few people can keep the original appearance of this layer of "Dengcaobian" in Lang Hong, Kangxi. However, due to the harsh preservation environment, most of the "rush edge" in Lang Hong has been unsightly, while others have been polished off. In view of this, the shape and appearance of "Dengcaobian" naturally become the basis for distinguishing Lang Hong from Red Sacrifice, which is an important detail that can not be ignored in identification.

General situation of red sacrifice

Red Sacrifice, also known as Ji Hong, was burned in Jingdezhen kiln in the Yuan Dynasty, using copper as colorant. High temperature red glaze fired at 65438 0280℃ in reducing atmosphere. It is a popular red glaze variety in Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods. In order to distinguish it from the red glaze in the Yong and Xuan Dynasties in Ming Dynasty and Lang Yaohong in Kangxi Dynasty, later generations used to call it "Red Sacrifice" or "Ji Hong".

The production of purple sand has always been valued by the imperial court. Yongle red glaze vessels are mostly plates or bowls, and dragons are often imprinted under the glaze on the inner wall of the vessel, while moire or floral patterns are engraved on the inner bottom of the vessel. Most glazes are gorgeous and even, and the glaze juice is dignified. A few glazes are impure, accompanied by black spots or bloodshot lines.

/4 afbfbedab 64034 FDD 94 b 2 CFA 4 c 3793 10b 55 1d 99？ X-BCE-process = image/resize, m _ lfit, w _ 450, h _ 600, limit _ 1/quality, q _ 85 The bronze red glaze in Xuande period is deep red and bright, beautiful as ruby, so it is called "ruby red" and is the representative of Xuande red glaze. Xuande red glaze has two kinds of inner glazes: red glaze and white glaze, and some inner walls are engraved with Yunlong patterns under the white glaze. Because of the thick enamel, most patterns are not clear enough. Yongle and Xuande red glazes have a circle of white mouths at the mouth edge and bottom, which are naturally formed at high temperature, commonly known as "Dengcaokou" or "Dengcaobian". In other words, the cause of "edging" is that the red glaze becomes thinner due to flowing during firing, and the glaze juice at the junction of the mouth and the fetal glaze is inherently thin, and copper molecules are easily volatilized and oxidized at high temperature, thus forming a width of about 2? 5 mm white edge.

During the Kangxi period, the red glaze was generally rich in red, and some glazes were lighter in color. If it is pink, as bright as a peach blossom, the glaze is smooth. Some sacrificial red glazes have tiny orange peel wrinkles.

The red sacrifice in Yongzheng period was more mature than that in Kangxi period, and the glaze color was different, mostly uniform. Glazes can be divided into calm and fine orange peel wrinkles, and orange peel wrinkles are more common.

During the Qianlong period, the quality of the red sacrifice was further stabilized, and the orange peel lines on the glaze were corrugated and small wrinkles, and the glaze color was mostly uniform. At that time, the output must have increased sharply, because dry dragon porcelain was more common in official kilns handed down from generation to generation, and the people who entered the auction market were also the most.

In addition, in addition to imperial kiln products, Qianlong's folk kiln red porcelain has also begun to see more. It shows that the folk kiln has also mastered the production of red glaze. During the Qianlong period, there were many "experts" who were proficient in "making red", and the glaze and enamel of some red offerings were comparable to those of official kilns. As for the finished product rate, it is estimated that neither the official kiln nor the "official ancient households" belonging to the folk kiln will be high. Due to technical limitations, until the 1950s, the rate of offering red offerings was still extremely low. Pan Zai 1985, Jingdezhen Ceramic Research Institute, published the article "On the Development of Precious Glass", and reviewed the technical cooperation between China and Germany (formerly East Germany) in Jingdezhen from 1954 to 1955. He said: "In a year's time, the quality of various colored glazes has steadily improved a lot. For example, the first-class rate of Red Sacrifice increased from 0.5% to 25%, and the first-class rate of other varieties increased to varying degrees, especially the finished products of Bean Green, Azure Blue and Hong Jun increased from 5%? 10% has been increased to more than 80%, creating new varieties of colored glaze such as blue kiln change and imitation of Song army. " From the first-class product rate of 0.5% in the middle of the 20th century, that is, 1 piece in every 200 pieces is first-class, it can be inferred that the first-class product rate of1piece in the 8th century (that is, official kiln products) is probably not too high, but should be one in every 100 pieces.

Burning Lang Hong porcelain is definitely more difficult than offering red sacrifices, as evidenced by Kangxi's folk proverb "Burn Lang Hong if you want to be poor". This may also be related to the fact that not signing on Lang Hong porcelain is the last resort. Otherwise, it would be a curse to the emperor to throw one thing after another out of the kiln! Before the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), all kinds of Ming dynasty consignments could be put on porcelain at will, but it was not allowed to write the year number of the current dynasty. This is probably a secret.