Traditional population

Key points of reference books: 1, (1) Natural population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

(2) The reason for the obvious acceleration of population growth after the industrial revolution: the development of productive forces, especially the fastest growth in the past century.

(3) At present, the population growth in developed countries is slow, and Russia, Germany, Japan and other countries have also experienced population decline. After World War II, the population of developing countries increased rapidly due to political independence, national economic development and medical and health progress, which led to a decline in population mortality. After 1970s, many developing countries took measures to control population, and the world population growth slowed down.

(4) The patterns of population growth in different stages range from primitive (high and low) to traditional (high and low) and then to modern (low and low). At present, the developed regions represented by Europe and North America have entered the modern type, most developing countries belong to the traditional type, and the world population growth model is in the transitional stage from the traditional type to the modern type. But our country has entered the modern type. (Refer to P6 textbook drawing 1.6)

2.( 1) International population migration:1Before the 9th century, the general characteristics of migration were mainly groups and a large number of immigrants; The new characteristics after World War II are that the population flows from developing countries to developed countries, the number of settled immigrants decreases, and the short-term floating population increases.

(2) China's population migration: From the founding of New China to the mid-1980s, domestic population migration was mainly planned and organized. The main direction is from the east to the northwest, northeast and inland.

After the mid-1980s, population mobility was mainly people's spontaneous migration in pursuit of a better life. The main direction is to transfer from poor areas to developed areas, and there has been a "migrant worker tide".

(3) The ancient population migration was mainly caused by war, natural disasters and other factors.

3. The factors affecting the environmental population capacity are resources, the level of scientific and technological development, and the level of life and cultural consumption of the population. (They are directly proportional to the environmental population capacity, directly proportional to it and inversely proportional to it. )

The environmental population capacity is the maximum, and the reasonable population capacity is the reasonable value.

4, the influence of population migration on immigration and emigration [understanding and memory]

For places where the population moves out, the good effect is to reduce the population density and relieve the pressure of the population on the environment.

Negative effects include the loss of talents and labor.

For the place where people move in: the good influence is the inflow of talents, providing cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development.

The bad effects include the increase of population density and the increasing pressure of population on the environment.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization

1, (1) Chengdu and Hefei cluster in China, Lanzhou and Luoyang cluster in strips, and Chongqing cluster.

(2) The general functional areas in a city include residential areas, commercial areas and industrial areas.

(3) The most widely used functional area is residential area, which generally accounts for 40% ~ 60% of urban space.

Most senior residential areas are built on the periphery of the city, where the environment is beautiful and there are supporting public facilities.

(4) Business districts are mostly distributed in the city center, on both sides of traffic trunk lines or at street corners, mainly in the form of points or lines. Some big cities and megacities have also formed a central business district, which is both a business activity center and a service center.

(5) There are a lot of transportation requirements in industrial production, so we should seek areas close to convenient transportation.

(6) The forms of urban regional structure are concentric circle mode, sector mode and multi-core mode.

(7) In the competitive market environment, the utilization of every inch of land by that kind of activity mainly depends on the rent level that various activities are willing to pay, and the factors that affect the rent mainly include the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. (Refer to Figure 2.8 of P23 textbook)

2. The development of a city to a certain scale or level is closely related to its geographical location.

Cities at different levels provide different services: for example, small cities provide fewer types, lower levels and smaller scope of services.

The higher the level, the fewer the cities and the farther the distance. (Refer to Figure 2 of textbook P28.13)

3.( 1) Due to the unbalanced development of productive forces, the pull and thrust of urbanization development are generated.

An important indicator to measure the level of urbanization is the proportion of urban population.

As a global phenomenon, urbanization mainly occurred after the industrial revolution.

(2) The curve of urbanization level with time in each country is slightly flat "S" shape (see P33 Figure 2.20).

Primary stage (below 25% ~ 30%): low level of urbanization and slow development.

Acceleration stage: rapid urbanization, serious urban environmental problems, suburban urbanization.

Later period (more than 60% ~ 70%): the level of urbanization is high, the proportion of urban population grows slowly, and some areas still have the phenomenon of anti-urbanization.

Most developed countries have entered the late mature stage, while most developing countries are in the early and middle stages.

Reasonable urbanization can improve the environment, and too fast urbanization will reduce the quality of urban environment and even cause environmental pollution.

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

The essence of agricultural location selection in 1 and (1) is the rational use of agricultural land. Except the Mediterranean climate zone, the distribution of rice production in monsoon region shows the influence of climate on agricultural location. The three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou, Taihe County, Jiangxi Province illustrates the influence of topography and soil on agriculture. Since the reform and opening up, the changes of "paddy field-sugarcane field-fish pond-flowers" in China's coastal areas have reflected the influence of markets and policies on agricultural location.

(2) The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and making rational use of agricultural land.

(3) Australia's mixed agriculture: it is distributed in the southeast and southwest of the country, and the southeast is called Murray-Darling Basin. This country is the main supplier of wheat market in the world, the main producer of livestock products in the world, and the largest producer and exporter of wool in the world.

2.( 1) monsoon paddy field agriculture: Rice is the main crop, which belongs to labor-intensive agriculture, mainly distributed in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Location conditions: the monsoon region has the same rain and heat, flat terrain, abundant labor force, less arable land per capita, large grain demand and high rice yield per unit area. Features: Small agricultural scale, high output, low commodity rate, low level of mechanization and technology, and many water conservancy projects. (Refer to Figure 3 of textbook P47 3. 10/0)

(2) Commodity grain agriculture: it is a market-oriented agricultural regional type. Crops are mainly wheat and corn. Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Ukraine and other countries, these countries are generally family-run. This kind of agriculture is also found in the northeast and northwest, and farms are generally state-owned

The United States is the largest commodity grain producer in the world, mainly distributed in the Central Plains. (Refer to Figure 3 of textbook P50.14)

Location conditions: superior natural conditions (flat and open terrain, fertile soil, mild climate and abundant precipitation); Convenient transportation; Broad market; The land is vast and sparsely populated; High degree of mechanization; Advanced agricultural science and technology.

Features: large production scale; High level of mechanization and science and technology; The commodity rate is high.

3.( 1) Pastoral animal husbandry: it is a market-oriented agricultural regional type. Mainly distributed in the arid and semi-arid climate areas of the United States, Argentina (mainly raising cattle) and Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (mainly raising sheep). It has the characteristics of large production scale and high degree of specialization.

The pasture of Argentine pampas grassland is used for animal husbandry. (Refer to the textbook p 5 1 Figure 3. 15)

Location conditions: mild climate and lush vegetation; The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low; Near the harbor.

Other efforts include: improving transportation, planting feed, opening up water sources, dividing rotational grazing areas and cultivating improved cattle.

(2) Dairy industry: with the development of the city, the regional type of commercialized and intensive agriculture oriented to the urban market. The production target is mainly dairy cows, and the products are mainly milk and its products. Dairy farmers should be located in the Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other places.

Features: high degree of mechanization, high commodity rate, distributed around big cities.

The formation factors of dairy industry in western Europe are as follows: ① Natural factors: having a vast plain and a cool temperate maritime climate is conducive to the growth of juicy pastures. ② Socio-economic factors: Europeans take dairy products as their staple food, and the demand is large.