What artistic schools have emerged from classicism to post-impressionism?

Neo-classicism: (English: Neoclassicism), an art movement that rose in Rome in the 0/8th century and quickly spread to Europe and America. Neoclassicism, on the one hand, stems from the reaction to baroque and rococo art, on the other hand, it hopes to revive the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassical artists deliberately imitate ancient art in style and theme, and know what they are imitating. Neoclassicism is represented by bas-relief in sculpture art, so it is completely different from baroque deep carving.

Classical art under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman art appeared in France as early as17th century. Before the French Revolution and its political and social reform, there was a pure artistic revolution, which was the neoclassical art movement. French art in this period is neither the reappearance of ancient Greek and Roman art nor the repetition of French classicism in17th century. Adapting to the needs of bourgeois revolution is a trend of art. The so-called neoclassicism is relative to the classicism of17th century. At the same time, because this neoclassical art movement is closely related to the French Revolution, some people call it "revolutionary classicism".

The characteristics of neoclassical art are as follows: choosing severe major themes (major events in ancient history and reality) and emphasizing rational rather than perceptual expression in artistic form; Emphasize the integrity of composition; In modeling, attention is paid to sketch and outline, to sculpture figures, but not to color. French neoclassical art, from Vian, David to Angel, achieved the best and reached its peak.

romanticism

/kloc-the birth of romanticism in the 0/9th century was a revolution of neoclassicism and academic art at that time. Romanticism is based on the pursuit of freedom, equality, fraternity and individual liberation. Pursue the beauty of fantasy, pay attention to the exchange of feelings, and like the expression of passionate temperament. Romantic art opposes stillness with dynamics and excessive objectivity with strong subjectivity. Romanticism describes unique characters, exotic feelings, life tragedies and abnormal events, and often looks for creative themes from some literary works.

This painting school got rid of the fetters of academic school and classicism at that time, and paid attention to the artist's own imagination and creativity. His creative themes are taken from real life, medieval legends and literary masterpieces (such as the works of Shakespeare, Dante, Goethe and Byron), which is progressive to some extent. Representative works include * Gillick's "Medusa's Raft" and * Delacroix's "People's Free Leadership". The color of the picture is warm, the brushwork is bold and unrestrained, and it is full of movement.

Romantic painting school takes affirming and praising people's spiritual values and striving for individual liberation and human rights as its ideological principles. Advocate individuality, feature description and emotional expression in painting. Rich composition changes, strong color contrast and smooth brushwork make the picture have strong emotional color and exciting artistic charm.

Realism: The word "realism" first appeared in the comments on the works of French painter Courbet in 1950s. Courbet did not conform to the custom, but painted according to the face of real life, which was derided as a "realistic" work by the official Paris critics at that time. In protest, Courbet simply raised the banner of realism. Since then, realism has been widely used as a creative method.

The basic feature of realism is to reproduce life according to the inherent style of real life; Through the shaping of typical images, some essential laws of social life are revealed. Realistic works focus on depicting accurate pictures of objective real life and describing things that already exist in life or may exist according to the logic of life, rather than replacing objective things with the likes and dislikes and wishes of writers. Therefore, generally speaking, realistic works have three characteristics:

One is the authenticity of the details. It is to have real details and reflect social life with historical and concrete life pictures. Realistic works infect people with the authenticity and concreteness of images, so they can make readers feel immersive.

The second is the typicality of image. Is through typicality. It screens, refines and summarizes real life materials through typical methods, thus profoundly revealing some essential characteristics of life. It can be said that typicality is the soul of realism and a sign different from naturalism. The phenomenon of life is complex and diverse. Recording life truthfully is just a photographer's skill. Realism requires writers to choose meaningful people and things from colorful real life and create a typical environment through personalized and universal artistic processing. As Engels said, it is necessary to "truly reproduce the typical characters in the typical environment".

The third is the objectivity of description. That is, a writer should naturally reflect the writer's ideological tendency and feelings of love and hate from the scenes and plots of his works through an objective and concrete description of real life, rather than through the writer himself or the mouth of the characters. Chekhov once told his brother that writing a novel must be done: don't be long-winded, but adopt a "thorough and objective attitude."

As a creative method, realism has a long history and is constantly developing. In Europe, from the Iliad in Homer's epic in ancient Greece to the Renaissance, Enlightenment and critical realism in19th century, it is the history of the emergence, development and maturity of European realistic literature. Critical realism is a towering monument in the history of realism, but it also has obvious class and historical limitations. Therefore, after gaining political power, the proletariat put forward a more advanced creative method combining socialist realism and revolutionary realism with revolutionary romanticism.

Expressionism: Expressionism is an anti-traditional modernist school, which has different forms of expression in painting, literature, music, movies and other art forms. Its characteristics are as follows: 1. Ideologically dissatisfied with the current social situation, demanding reform and "revolution". 2. In his creation, he is not satisfied with imitating objective things, but demands to show the inner essence of things; It is required to break through the description of human behavior and environment and reveal human soul; It is required to show eternal quality, not just to describe temporary and accidental phenomena. 3. In the specific expression, it emphasizes subjective imagination, exaggeration and abstraction of the virtual deformed world, and the role of illusion in painting imagination.

Impressionism:

Impressionism appeared in France as a school of painting. 1on March 25th, 874, a group of young French painters, such as C. Monet, P.-A. Renoir, C. pissarro, A. Sisley, E. Degas, P. Cezanne and B. Mo Lisuo, held an exhibition of works by unknown painters, sculptors and printmakers in Paris. Inmonet exhibited a painting called.

From the artistic point of view, impressionist painters opposed the classical academic school that occupied the orthodox position at that time, and opposed the romantic painting that was increasingly stuck in the stereotype and affectation. But under the impetus of the realistic painting styles of C. Koro, barbizon school and Courbet, it absorbed the nutrition of paintings from Holland, Britain, Spain, Japan, China and other countries, and was inspired by modern science, especially optics, thinking that all colors are produced by light, so it was based on the red spectrum. Because light is changing rapidly, they think that only by grasping the flash of light can we uncover the mystery of nature. Therefore, in painting, we pay attention to the study and expression of external light, advocate going outdoors and painting under the sun according to the observation of the eyes and the direct feeling of the scene, so as to show the subtle changes of the color of the object under the light. As a result, impressionist painting changed the black of traditional painting into bright blue and purple in the treatment of shadows. Impressionist painters are divided into two types because of their different personal interests: emphasizing light and color, emphasizing modeling and sketching. The former is represented by Monet and Renoir, the latter is represented by Degas, and pissarro is in between.

Because of the pursuit of external light and color, impressionist painters mainly take trivial things around them and direct experiences as their themes, and describe more people and natural scenery in reality. In composition, more fragments or scenes of objective images are intercepted to deal with the picture, which breaks the boundary between sketching and creation.

Neo-impressionism: Also known as pointillism, while impressionism painting is in the ascendant, a new faction, namely neo-impressionism, has gradually emerged in this group. Its representative painters are Seurat and Sinek, who worship theory and value it more than feelings.

According to Chevreux's color theory, Seurat and Sinek tried to make use of the configuration of primary color points to make the picture produce a visual mixed color effect, and to make use of these accurately distributed color points to form the artistic image of the picture objectively, rationally and calmly. Because they used this scientific and rigorous color and brushwork to replace the impressionist's perceptual color and vivid and unique brushwork, people also called it "scientific impressionism" to distinguish it from "romanticism" represented by Monet. The name of "neo-impressionism" is that in the book Impressionism in 1886, Ferrifunaon "is convinced that impressionism has been replaced by Seurat's new style", so people call this doctrine represented by Seurat "neo-impressionism".

The similarity between Neo-Impressionism and Impressionism lies in that they both like to turn plots into themes, describe the life familiar to contemporary people, and pay attention to scenery and light and color effects of pictures. However, there are obvious differences between the two: Impressionist painters emphasized the optical mixing of colors and did not oppose the use of mixed colors, while neo-impressionism emphasized that colors should not be adjusted on the palette, and that all kinds of simple colors should be juxtaposed on the screen through tiny strokes, so as to achieve natural harmony through the viewer's visual function, giving people a feeling of indifference and stillness. If impressionism expresses subjective and objective things, then new impressionism is a purely objective object, which restricts the emotional communication of painters and will inevitably lead to extreme changes-the birth of post-impressionism.