What are the initials and finals of Putonghua?

1, classification of initials Traditional phonology analyzes a syllable into two parts: sound and rhyme, and each syllable must have a tone. The beginning of a syllable, used to indicate the first letter. Initial consonants generally act as consonants, and most of the airflow will not vibrate the vocal cords when pronouncing, so the sound is not loud. Mandarin * * * has 2 1 consonants.

2. According to the traditional Chinese phonology analysis, the part behind the initial of a syllable is called rhyme, and the letters used to express rhyme are called vowels. Such as: p? 0? Of the three syllables of 9t not nghu, u, ong and ua are vowels. A vowel can be a vowel or a combination of 2-3 vowels. Some vowels consist of vowels and consonants. A vowel is indispensable to vowels, so it sounds loud and can form its own syllables independently, that is, zero initial syllables. Mandarin has 39 vowels.

To understand initials, we must know their pronunciation parts and methods.

(1) Pronunciation position

When pronouncing consonants, the airflow in the oral cavity is hindered by various pronunciation organs, and it is necessary to hinder the airflow to pronounce. Phonetics refers to the part where the vocal organs are blocked when consonants are pronounced, which is called "pronunciation part". The initial consonant * * * has seven different pronunciation parts in Mandarin pronunciation:

1. Billie sound: When pronouncing, the lips constitute obstacles, such as: b, p, m;

Lip-tooth sound: the lower lip and upper incisors constitute obstacles when pronouncing, such as F;

3 Pronunciation with the tip of the tongue: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue and the back of the upper teeth form obstacles, such as Z, C and S;

4. Upper middle tone on the tip of the tongue: when pronouncing, the tip of the tongue and the upper gum constitute obstacles, such as: D, T, N, L;

⑤ Pronunciation after the tip of the tongue: when pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is upturned, which hinders the front end of the hard palate (the back end of the gum), such as; zh、ch、sh、r；

⑥ Tongue sound: When pronouncing, the front of the tongue and the front of the hard palate constitute obstacles, such as J, Q and X;

⑦ Tongue root sound: When pronouncing, the tongue root and soft palate form obstacles, such as G, K and H;

(2) Pronunciation method

They are the same pronunciation part, but the timbres of several initials are different, because the airflow forms obstacles in the mouth in different ways. Phonetics calls the method of forming obstacles and removing obstacles in the pronunciation organs when consonants are pronounced "pronunciation method" 2 1 initial * * * has five different pronunciation methods:

(1) When voiced with a stop, the vocal organs are completely blocked, blocking the airflow, and then suddenly open, and the airflow rushes through obstacles and breaks into sounds, such as B, P, D, T, G and K.

(2) When making fricative pronunciation, the pronunciation organs are close to each other, and a narrow gap is formed in the middle, so that the airflow rubs from the middle into sounds, such as F, H, X, S, sh and R. ..

(3) When making a fricative sound, the vocal organs are completely blocked, blocking the airflow, and then open to form a narrow gap, so that the airflow rubs into sounds from the middle, such as J, Q, Z, C, zh and ch.

④ In nasal pronunciation, the oral passage is completely blocked, the soft palate droops, and air flows out of the nasal cavity after vibrating the vocal cords, such as mn.

⑤ When making a lateral sound, the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming an obstacle, and then the two sides of the tip of the tongue are sunken. After vibration, the air flows out from the gap between the two sides and makes a sound, such as L.

With the same pronunciation position and method, some initials have different timbres, which is because the pronunciation method is different from the strength of airflow and the vibration of vocal cords.

① aspirated sound and non-aspirated sound

There is a difference between the intensity of exhaled airflow when making a stop sound and a fricative sound. Exhaled sounds with strong airflow are called "aspirated sounds", such as: P, T, K, Q, ch, C; Voices with weak exhaled airflow are called "non-aspirated sounds", such as B, D, G, J, zh and Z.

② voiced sound and voiced sound

Most consonants do not vibrate or vibrate the vocal cords when they are pronounced, which is called "unvoiced sound", while a few consonants vibrate the vocal cords when they are pronounced, which is called "voiced sound". Only M, N, L and R of 265,438+0 consonants are voiced, while other unvoiced consonants ng are voiced and the other 65,438+07 consonants are unvoiced.

2. According to the traditional Chinese phonology analysis, the part behind the initial of a syllable is called rhyme, and the letters used to express rhyme are called vowels. Such as: p? 0? Of the three syllables of 9t not nghu, u, ong and ua are vowels. A vowel can be a vowel or a combination of 2-3 vowels. Some vowels consist of vowels and consonants. A vowel is indispensable for vowels, so it sounds loud and can form its own syllables, that is, zero initial syllables. Mandarin has 39 vowels.

(1) Monovowel (Monovowel)

A vowel with only one vowel factor acting independently is called a vowel. Mandarin * * * has 10 monosyllabic words: ι, o, e, Φ, i, u, u, -i[? ], I [? ], er. According to their pronunciation characteristics, they can be divided into three categories:

① Tongue vowels ι, O, E, φ, I, U, ü

The center of the tongue is low, the mouth is wide, and the lip shape is natural, such as: ah, developed F ā dá; ;

O the tongue is half-high, the mouth is half-closed, and the lip shape is round, such as: Oh, it is worn out; ;

E the tongue is half-high, the mouth is half-closed, and the lip shape is not round, such as: goose, qualified hégé；; ;

The front part of the tongue is low, the mouth is half-open, and the lip shape is not round, such as Jiéyè；;

I the tongue is high in front, the mouth is closed, and the lip shape is not round, such as: clothes y and faint y and x;

U the tongue is high, the mouth is closed, and the lip shape is round, such as: black w ū; Read Du Fu's poems;

ü The tongue position is high in front, the mouth is closed, and the lip shape is round, such as: Yu Ju L ǐ J ū;

② The vowel on the tip of the tongue is -i[? ], I [? ]

This vowel is pronounced by controlling the airflow through the movement of the tip of the tongue.

-I [? ] The tip of the tongue is not round, which is also called the vowel before the tip of the tongue, such as: selfish √ s √;

-I [? ] The tip of the tongue is not round, which is also called the vowel behind the tip of the tongue, for example, it means zh ǐ sh:

③ Vowel Vowel (special vowel)

Er tongue position, the lips are not round, and the e sound is pronounced first (the tongue is in the middle, slightly lower than the e sound). At the same time, the tip of the tongue is rolled up, close to the hard palate, and immediately put it down. R is a sign of rolling tongue, not a consonant R.

② Compound vowels (compound vowels)

A vowel composed of two or three vowels and phonemes is called a compound vowel. One of the combined vowel phonemes is the main vowel, and the pronunciation is the loudest. Mandarin pronunciation * * * has 13 vowels.

① Pronunciation vowels ι i, ei, ι o, ou.

② Vowel I, that is, u, uo, üe, is pronounced after vowel.

③ Middle vowel iɑo iou uɑi uei.

(3) Nasal vowels

A vowel consisting of one or two vowels followed by a nasal consonant is called a nasal vowel. Mandarin * * * has 16 nasal vowels. Mandarin pronunciation * * * has 16 nasal vowels.

There are two nasal vowels * * *, one is n in the middle of the tip of the tongue, and the other is ng at the root of the tongue. To pronounce nasal sounds accurately, we must first master the pronunciation parts of these two nasal sounds. N When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the upper gum, and at the same time, the soft palate droops to block the airflow, so that the airflow forms a * * * sound in the nasal cavity and exhales; When ng is pronounced, the root of the tongue is lifted (the tip of the tongue is drooping), and the soft palate is drooping to block the airflow, so that the airflow forms a * * * sound in the nasal cavity and then exhales.

① nasal vowels on the tip of the tongue in uenü n (nasal vowels before nasal vowels) n I n u n en.

② nasal vowels at the root of tongue (after nasal vowels) ng ng u ng eng ng ONG ONG.

Three tones

1, the nature and function of tone

Chinese is a tonal language. In addition to initials and finals, a syllable must also have a tone running through the whole syllable. Tone refers to the change of syllable pronunciation and is an important part of syllable. Tone has the function of distinguishing the meaning of words, and syllables composed of the same initial and vowel have different tones and meanings. For example:

I want to say is

Realized the epic of current affairs and actually died.

The above five words (10 syllable) have the same phonology, but their meanings are completely different due to different tones.

The rise and fall of pitch is mainly determined by pitch. Vocal cords can be tightened or relaxed when pronouncing, with low pitch and relaxed vocal cords; When the pitch is high, the vocal cords tighten, and the pitch changes, so different tones cannot be made. This pitch is relative. There is also an absolute pitch. For example, for different people, men's voices are lower than women's, and old people's voices are lower than children's. As far as the same person is concerned, his voice is high when he is excited and low when he is depressed. This pitch has no effect on the difference in meaning. The same word "science" sounds "scientific" when men say it in a low-key way and women say it in a high-key way. Although the frequency measured by precision instruments, that is, the absolute pitch number, varies greatly, the meaning is exactly the same.

2. Category adjustment and value adjustment

Various dialects of Chinese have tones, and the tone types of different dialects are not exactly the same. The types of tones are called "tone categories". According to the survey, there are five tones in Shanghai dialect, seven tones in Suzhou dialect and four tones in Mandarin. The tone names of different dialects are the same, and the actual pronunciation can be different. The actual pronunciation of a tone category, that is, the rise and fall of sound, is called "tonal value" A dialect has several different tone values, so there are several tone categories, and the number of tone categories is merged by tone values.

3. The four tones of Mandarin and their tone values.

Tone categories and tone values of Putonghua;

Level Gao Pingtiao, the adjustment value is 55, such as: spring chūntiān n n.

The upper voice is 35, such as the industrious Qí ná o.

The pitch is 2 14, such as: beautiful m ě ih m o.

Turn down the sound completely, and the tuning value is 5 1, for example, social shèhuì.

4. The evolution of ancient and modern tones

The tones of modern Chinese evolved from the flat, rising, falling and entering tones in the Middle Ages. In the process of evolution, some tones are merged, some tones are differentiated, and the tone values of some words have changed. Therefore, both of them have inherited the ancient four tones, and the tone categories of each dialect are more obvious than the ancient four tones, and the entering tones have disappeared, and there have been many changes in the upper tones. The evolution law of the ancient four tones and the four tones of Putonghua can be summarized in three sentences: divide the yin and yang equally, turn the turbidity upward, and enter the tone. That is, according to the voiced consonants, the ancient flat consonants can be divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping, the ancient voiced consonants are pronounced as Yin Ping in modern times, and the ancient voiced consonants are pronounced as Yang Ping in modern times. The ancient voiced initial has become a disyllabic consonant in modern Chinese, while the voiced initial and voiced initial are still pronounced. The rule of the transition from the ancient entering tone to the modern Chinese flat, rising and falling tone is that the full voiced initial becomes a rising tone, the sub-voiced initial becomes a falling tone, and the evolution rule of the voiced initial is not obvious.

Four-syllable structure

1, syllable structure and characteristics of Putonghua

Syllables are the basic structural units of pronunciation.

Chinese syllables have three parts: initials, finals and tones. If analyzed, vowels can be divided into three parts: rhyme head, rhyme belly and rhyme ending. As can be seen from the table below, the syllable structure of Putonghua has the following characteristics:

Chinese syllables must have sounds and rhymes. Some syllables may or may not rhyme. There cannot be initials, finals and finals, nor can there be one or two.

② No consonants. Consonants can appear at the beginning or end of syllables, and the consonants appearing at the end of syllables are limited to n and nɡ, and there are no syllables with two consonants connected.

③ Vowels are the main syllables. There are always vowels in a syllable, and there can be as many as three vowel symbols, which must appear continuously and serve as the beginning, abdomen and end respectively. If a syllable has only one phoneme, this phoneme is a vowel except for a few.

④ A syllable can consist of four phonemes at most.

syllable

The first letter of a Chinese syllable

Monovowel or compound vowel (of Chinese syllables)

pay attention to

Head vowel

Basic vowels in Chinese compound vowels

The ending vowel in the last sound.

hole

d

o

u

falling tone

come

l

ɑ

I

rising tune/tone

Blood (Xu)

x

ü

ê

rising tune/tone

a surname

h

ɑ

o

falling tone

ghost

g

u

e

I

rising tune/tone

Inverse (fn)

f

ɑ

n

rising tune/tone

Table (bi m 40)

b

I

ɑ

o

rising tune/tone

Quasi (zhǔn)

zh

u

e

n

rising tune/tone

Get (d)

d

e

rising tune/tone

Jump (p)

p

u

High-pitched and peaceful tone

Same as (soup)

t

o

Nigeria

rising tune/tone

Sliding (huá)

h

u

ɑ

rising tune/tone

And (yú)

ü

rising tune/tone

Sound (y and n)

I

n

High-pitched and peaceful tone

From the syllables analyzed in the table, it can be seen that one syllable is essential for the rhyme belly in tones and vowels, and the other parts are not necessarily complete. Only I, U and U vowels end, and I, O and u3 vowels end. Iu, ui and un are only used as writing forms, and the omitted E is still used as a rhyme (iu takes O as a rhyme). ? 0? The symbols of "5" and "8" are still written according to the original vowel phonemes, and the symbols cannot be omitted to avoid confusion with "U" and "E". The writing of y and w used in I, u and ü zero initial syllables will not be regarded as phonemes.

2. The rules of syllable structure in Mandarin.

Syllables are composed of initials, finals and tones, but they are not arbitrarily combined, and not all tones can cooperate after phonological combination. Their mutual cooperation is related to the evolution law of speech and the internal structure law of speech.

2 The coordination rules of initials and finals have the following characteristics:

Brief table of Putonghua phonetic coordination

Can you match vowels?

The first letter of a Chinese syllable

Open your mouth and shout loudly

A syllable (vowel) ending in I or the last one beginning with I.

Section)

A syllable category (vowel) ending in u or ending in u.

Chinese]

b、p、m

+

+

Only fight with you

lips and teeth—be closely related and mutually dependent

f

+

Only fight with you

Pronunciation in standard Chinese]

d、t

+

+

+

n、l

+

lingual

j、q、x

+

+

Pronunciation in standard Chinese]

g、k、h

+

+

Pronunciation in standard Chinese]

zh，ch，sh，r

+

+

Pronunciation in standard Chinese]

z、c、s

+

+

Zero initial letter

+

+

+

+

2. The coordination rules of tones, vowels and tones;

① The tones of P, T, K, Q, ch, and C of the affricate in Mandarin are mostly rising tones.

(2) The unvoiced and fricative sounds B, D, G, zh, J and Z in Mandarin are spelled with nasal vowels, and there are basically no words with horizontal tones; When you spell with nasal vowels without nasal sounds, you can have the word Yangping, which is derived from the ancient entering tone.

(3) There are few voiced initials M, N, L and R in Mandarin, only some common words in spoken language.

Pentatonic tone sandhi

In language flow, syllables are linked together, and the change caused by the interaction between tones is called tone sandhi.

1, tone sandhi

When reading alone or at the end of a word, the tone of the upper syllable remains unchanged. In the following cases, it becomes an ascending or semi-ascending tone.

① Shangsheng+Shangsheng (2 14) is just like Shangsheng (34)+ Shangsheng. That is to say, when two syllables are connected, the former should be like a rising tone, while the latter tone remains unchanged.

② Upper sound+non-upper sound (2 1)+ non-upper sound. That is to say, before the non-rising tone, it becomes a semi-rising tone and the tone sandhi becomes 2 1. The tone sandhi is the same until the non-rising tone is changed to light tone.

Step 2 tone sandhi

The two disyllables are linked together. The first one is not a stressed syllable, so it is changed to semi (53). Such as: belief, change, doing things, etc.

3. Tone sandhi of "one, no"

① The word "one, no" is used singly or at the end of the word, and the word "one" is in the ordinal number with the same tone. Read the original tune: "one" read the flat tone, "no" pronunciation.

(2) Before making a sound, everything becomes positive.

(3) Before unvoiced, "one" becomes unvoiced, and "none" is still pronounced unvoiced.

(4) "Yi, Bu" is embedded in the same verb, or becomes soft when used with positive and negative verbs.