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Because the composition of scholars is very complicated, their social status can not be the same. Therefore, the social status of scholars can only be investigated from different levels. (1) The relationship between scholar and rank During the Spring and Autumn Period, scholar was basically the first level in the rank system. By the Warring States period, the hierarchy had undergone major changes. On the basis of the old hierarchy, the Qin Dynasty formulated twenty ranks, which made the hierarchy more complicated and thorough. The situation of the six countries in Shandong is not clear, but in general, it is also developing in the direction of complexity and carefulness. Another feature of the hierarchy in the Warring States period was that people were included in it, and people's titles appeared. In the hierarchical system of the Warring States, scholars are not all hierarchical concepts, but they are all related to hierarchy. In the decrees of the imperial court, except for the male scholar and the 20th Qin Gong, there is no explicit stipulation that the scholar is regarded as a rank in Shandong. But in many writings at that time, scholars were often regarded as a specific level. The order of Shu Ren-scholar-doctor-vassal-Sangong-Tian Zi described in many articles of Mozi can be regarded as both an administrative system and a hierarchical system. When discussing etiquette and customs such as marriage, funeral, dress and diet, more works regard scholars as a specific rank between doctors and Shu Ren. Mencius burying his mother is different from burying his father. His mother's funeral used three pots and his father's funeral used five pots. The reason is that "the former is a scholar and the latter is a doctor". This example shows that there is a clear line between doctors and doctors. In social life habits, people also regard scholars as a specific class. Xunzi Wang Zhi: "Agriculture, scholars, industry and commerce." "Mencius Li Lou": "Killing a scholar without guilt, the doctor can go; Killing people is not guilty and can be moved. " In addition, in the works of various philosophers, there are also records of reclassification among scholars. "Mozi Sacrifice and Burial" contains: "The Cao burial." The so-called "staff sergeant" and corporal are obviously different. In Xunzi Zheng Lun, scholars are divided into Yuan scholars and ordinary scholars. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars were graded; I'm afraid the records of grades in the Warring States period are only historical relics. Judging from the historical development of the Warring States period, scholars are in a period of transition from rank to social stratum. Grade is stipulated by the government expressly or customary law. Social stratum is different from hierarchy, which is formed by many factors, the most important of which is the way of social activities. However, in a hierarchical society, the stratum cannot but be influenced and restricted by the hierarchical system. Therefore, in habit, people still regard scholars as a higher rank than the people, which is a phenomenon in the transition period. (2) Scholar-bureaucrat "Scholar-bureaucrat" was a new concept in the Warring States period. Before that, doctors ranked behind doctors. "Doctor" is still used to indicate the rank sequence in the ancient books of the Warring States period. "Xunzi Book of Rites" said: "Doctoral scholars have their own traditions." "Lu's Spring and Autumn Farming" contains: "Therefore, the son of heaven personally led his ministers to cultivate the land of the son of heaven, and all doctors and scholars achieved something." On the surface, scholar-officials and scholar-officials are just reversed, which actually reflects a major change: scholar-officials emphasize hierarchy; Scholar-bureaucrat refers to the stratum, which is characterized by a mixture of intellectuals and bureaucrats. In short, no matter before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a doctor refers to a person with a certain official position and title, and his social status is higher than that of a scholar. Why are scholars often crowned before doctors since the Warring States Period? This is the result of the rise of bureaucracy and the talent of scholars. Some people who came from a scholar rose to the top with their own talents, and a group of well-dressed figures appeared. On the other hand, doctors in the Warring States period are different from those in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors were mostly enfeoffed by clansmen and hereditary. Doctors in the Warring States period are evolving into a position and title in the bureaucratic system. Most doctors are no longer enfeoffed by clans, nor are they generally hereditary. Most of them are driven by scholars. "Scholar-bureaucrat" is the conceptual reflection of the above situation. From the perspective of the times, this concept became popular only after the mid-Warring States period. From the connotation point of view, scholar-officials mainly include the following two aspects: first, they refer to officials and people with positions. "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji" says: "Sitting and talking about Tao is called a maharaja. What you do is called a scholar-bureaucrat. " In modern terms, a scholar-bureaucrat is a functional official. "Three Editions of Mozi" criticized that "the scholar-officials were tired of listening and ruled". This refers to all officials. "The Warring States Policy Qin Ce II" contains: "Congratulations to the philosophers." The scholar-officials here refer to the ministers and kings of the Chu court. "Xunzi Wang Ba" says: "Farmers divide the fields and plough, Jia divides the goods and sells them, and all the workers divide their duties and persuade them, and the literati listen to them." Scholar-officials here refer to all the people on the job. "Jundao" also said: "Judge by virtue, appoint people on merit, and make people do their own things." The upper sage made it three, the lower sage made it a vassal, and the lower sage made it a scholar-bureaucrat. So obviously. "Scholar-officials refer to officials below the governor. Civil servants are called literati, and military officers are also called literati. " Xun's Zi Yi Bing Shu says: "Drums will die, officials will die, and scholars will die." "Poetry": "So (Wei) the marquis of Wu set up a temple, which was divided into three columns for literati. "As for which layer of officials are called literati, there is no express provision. Judging from some materials, they are generally middle and upper-level bureaucrats. " "Xunzi Gentleman" said: "The holy king is on the throne, the literati do not commit adultery, the officials do not slack off, and the common people do not commit adultery. "Here, scholar-officials are placed above officials." Jundao lists the scholar-officials before "officials and teachers". The teacher of one official is the head of a hundred officials. The article "Powerful Country" said: "Great things have been achieved, and the monarch enjoys their achievements, and the officials benefit from titles, officials benefit from ranks, and Shu Ren benefits from wealth. "The Theory of Truth says:" A noble and respectable man, Gong Luhou, won the situation. He is the son of heaven in the upper class and a scholar-bureaucrat in the lower class. "All the above materials show that the position of scholar-officials in the bureaucracy is relatively high. Because the scholar-officials are relatively senior officials, the fields they enjoy are different from those in cities. " "Xunzi Honor and Disgrace" said: "If you are determined to practice, you will be ruled by the officials, and you will be promoted to the rank, and you will be able to keep your job. This is why the scholar-officials chose Yi Tian. "According to the Book of Rites, the number of fields and towns occupied by literati is different, that is," those who have five times the land "and" those who have three times the land ". Some scholars seem to have private soldiers. " "The Warring States Policy Qi Ce V": "Armed soldiers, officials with equipment, private officials, and literati's seclusion ..." Secondly, it refers to literati with certain social status. After the fall of Meng Qi county, disciples left in succession. These disciples were called "scholars" in Historical Records and Biography of Meng Changjun, and they were called "scholar-officials" when describing the same event in Warring States Policy and Qi Ce Si. Han Feizi said: "Today's scholar-officials are not ashamed of mud ugliness. "It means that the scholar-officials are immoral officials. Here, a scholar-bureaucrat and an official have two meanings, and a scholar-bureaucrat refers to a literate person. It can be seen that a scholar-bureaucrat can refer to an on-the-job bureaucrat, an off-the-job intellectual, or both. Since then, scholar-officials have formed a special group in the history of China. They are the product of the combination of intellectuals and bureaucrats, and they are the adhesive between them. ③ Scholar and scholar Shu Ren. " "Qi Yu of Guoyu" records that Guan Zhong governs Qi and implements the separation of scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce. There were four kinds of people when Gu Liangzhuan was written: "There were four kinds of people in ancient times: scholars, businessmen, farmers and workers. "But in a word, there is a difference between scholars and people, belonging to different levels. There are many examples of the division between scholars and civilians in the annals of the Warring States. For example, Xun Dao said, "People should be close to them, and scholars should trust them. Guan Duifu said, "Those who are good at governing the country ... their scholars are brave and cheap, and their Shu Ren loves agriculture and hates eating, so they make full use of their wealth." Here, scholars and Shu Ren are divided into two factions. The former refers to brave soldiers; The latter takes cultivation as their profession. However, in the Warring States period, "scholar" and "scholar Shu Ren" became two popular concepts. In some old notes, scholar and scholar Shu Ren are often divided into scholar and people, scholar and Shu Ren. This division is not unreasonable, but from a large number of records, scholars and scholars Shu Ren has become a fixed phrase. There are some people in society who are both scholars and people. "Mencius Li Lou" said: "The son of heaven is ruthless and does not protect the four seas; The princes are heartless and do not protect the country; Doctor Qing is ruthless and does not protect the ancestral temple; "Shu Ren is heartless. He can't protect himself." "Guan Zi Da Kuang" says: "If you have a doctor who doesn't remonstrate, but Shu Ren is kind and the doctor doesn't enter, so you can be punished. "As can be seen from these records, Shu Ren has been regarded as the same level. The main reason for scholars is farming. " "Lu's Classic of Filial Piety in the Spring and Autumn Period" says: "If a scholar is filial, he ploughs and uses troops. "Han Feizi and Qin met for the first time and recorded the battle of Zhao Changping. Qin' learned that the scholar was under Changping'." Mozi's Dictionary said: "Soldiers are not tired, and scholars are not tired, which is enough to be dissatisfied." In this paper, the literati and the people are actually a finger, and both of them are engaged in agricultural wars. Scholars are the majority of the residents in this country, so Xunzi Shi Zhi concluded: "People in this country live in it ... If the country loses its government, scholars will leave. The popularity of the concepts of scholar and scholar Shu Ren reflects the blending of scholar and people. In the social changes, a considerable number of literati have fallen to the same status as the people, that is, the so-called "people in clothes" and "ordinary people". (4) the relationship between a gentleman and knowledge and morality; Scholars are lower-class scholars, who are as confused or almost the same as the people. There is an intermediate level between the upper class and the lower class. These scholars are not as good as officials and not for the people. They take learning and advocating morality as their responsibility. Confucianism has discussed this issue the most. Lutz asked Confucius, "Why do you become a scholar? "Confucius said," I am serious and happy, and I can be described as a scholar. "Friends are eager and brothers are happy." Confucius also said: "A scholar cannot but spread his wisdom, and he has a long way to go." "It is not enough to regard a scholar as a scholar." Zhang Zishuo: "When a scholar sees danger and death, he knows what it means. It is enough to sacrifice respect and mourn. " The basic provisions of these discourses on scholars can be summarized as follows: first, scholars take learning and moral cultivation as their own responsibility; Second, have lofty aspirations and ambitions; Third, to be an official is the future, and being an official means being loyal to your duties. Mencius' requirements for scholars are roughly the same as those of Confucius. The prince asked Mencius, "What can I do for you?" Mencius said, "Shangzhi." Then he said, "I am poor and disloyal, and I can't get away from it. Poverty will never lose its meaning. " We can't deviate from the Tao, so the people are not disappointed. He also said: "Only those who have perseverance and don't keep producing can do it. "Xunzi's requirements for scholars focus on keeping etiquette and righteousness." Self-cultivation "said:" If you follow the good law, you will be a scholar. "The law here refers to etiquette. Xunzi believes that the bounden duty of a scholar is integrity. " He is an honest man, giving up your wealth for meanness, giving up your wealth for poverty, giving up your loss for work, and being black without losing his position. This is based on the endless commandments and articles in the world! "Other philosophers also closely linked scholars with morality. The moral level of scholars Gentleman is an important concept to express the morality of scholars. Judging from the existing literature, Mozi was the first to use this concept. In Mozi, a gentleman has two meanings. First, it refers to middle and lower-level officials. For example, in Mozizhong, it said: "Today's princes and gentlemen, please try to enrich their country, educate their people and decide their country ..." The second refers to intellectuals. " "Mozi Tianzhi Shang" contains: "Today's book of corporal and gentleman is invincible and countless. It is far from benevolence to say that princes are above and scholars are below. "In Xunzi's hands, a gentleman has completely become a title to express morality and knowledge." There is a dialogue between Confucius and his disciples in Xunzi Zidao. Lutz said: "the knower makes people know each other, and the benevolent makes people love themselves." Confucius said, "You are a scholar. "Zi Gong said," He who knows knows knows others, and the benevolent loves others. Confucius said, "You are a gentleman. Yan Hui said, "The knower knows himself, and the benevolent loves others. Confucius said, "You are a gentleman. "A gentleman is morally superior to a gentleman, but not as good as a gentleman of the Ming Dynasty." The Theory of Evil Nature says: "There are saints, gentlemen, villains and servants. "Cultivation" said: "A gentleman is not lazy in poverty. "Honor and Disgrace" said: "The righteousness lies in the courage of a gentleman who does not rely on power and interests, and the whole country does not change its outlook, attaches importance to death, upholds justice and is inflexible. "Generally speaking, scholars are distributed in every corner of society, from top to bottom, which can be scholars or cloth. The social status and occupation of scholars are very different, and there is unity in the differences, that is, knowledge, morality and courage. These things are intangible, but they are ubiquitous and indispensable in social activities. It is with these intangible things that scholars can wander around every corner of society.