Kite knowledge

1. The skeleton is mainly made of various bamboos, such as Phyllostachys pubescens, Cinnamomum cassia, Bambusa bambusa, etc., which are all good materials for making various kites. In addition, you can also choose lemon bamboo or other materials to make the skeleton. Choose bamboo with less moisture, and choose bamboo with medium length and small thickness change. When making a kite, cut off the bamboo yellow, leaving only the bamboo green and bamboo skin.

2. Masked kites use high-strength leather paper and Korean paper. Traditional large kites mostly cover their faces with composite materials, that is, cotton paper or leather paper is used to support crepe. This material has high strength, good air tightness and good coloring, and has incomparable properties with paper and silk. Nylon yarn, nylon yarn, non-woven fabric and plastic film are all good materials. They are airtight and not afraid of water. The first three are far more powerful than paper and silk.

3. Color of the kite: The kite is set in the sky, and the basic principles of using color are: bright, strong contrast and big color.

Second, processing

1, skeleton treatment

Splitting bamboo: remove bamboo roots and bamboo shoots, cut into round bamboo sections about 1 ~ 1.5 meters, split the round bamboo sections into eight bamboo boards with the same width, bundle the bamboo boards every 10, neatly bundle them, air dry them for later use, and use special tools to cut, split and flatten them.

Cut bamboo: cut bamboo board with a woodworking plane. An important feature of bending bamboo is that it becomes soft and easy to bend at a certain temperature, and can be shaped after cooling in the bending state. The binding materials are iron wire, hemp skin, paper and cloth strips, and the joints of bamboo strips on the kite skeleton are various.

Wedge buckle: This is a traditional connection method commonly used in Tianjin kites. Perforation on longitudinal skeleton and perforation connection method of transverse skeleton. This is very effective for connecting kite parts used to make rotating bodies, such as birds, insect bellies, flower baskets, lanterns and so on.

Movable head: In order to fold parts, it is necessary to make a movable joint, which is called "movable head". The most commonly used kite in China is a ring. Its structure is two overlapping, the middle is connected by a horizontal shaft, and there are two metal rings at both ends. Loosen the ring sleeve and the two pieces can be folded; Put the ring on both ends of the two joints, and then the two bamboo strips become an open bamboo strip.

Plug-in: Sleeve plug-in is the most commonly used. Small kites use reed pipes, medium kites use bamboo pipes, and large kites need to be connected with special sleeves.

2, masked

Material selection: the shape of the material should be angular and the texture should be symmetrical; Glue coating: In principle, the thinner the pasted material, the smaller the strength, and thinner glue can be used. If the adhesive material has high strength and requires high bonding strength, the glue will be thicker. It is best to gently apply the glue to the skeleton with a brush, and the glue should be uniform. Be careful not to leave a lot of glue at the corners of some skeletons, which will make the mask uneven. Cover the coated skeleton accurately and move as little as possible. The mask should be placed flat on the skeleton, and the tightness of each part should be opposite. After the mask is positioned on the skeleton, gently press around with your hands to make the mask firmly stick to the skeleton, but don't be busy curling.

Edge treatment: according to the different thickness, trimming, curling and sewing are adopted respectively.

3. Bottom treatment

There are many kites that need to be painted with background color before painting. For example, the wings of a kite or cicada must be painted with a background color before painting the texture. Red dragonflies have red backgrounds, green dragonflies have green backgrounds, and cicadas generally have yellow backgrounds. This background color is usually good before pasting. Due to the large area coloring on the background color, it is required to be uniform or gradient. Usually, paper or alum wire is laid on the desktop first, then a layer of water is brushed on the surface with a board brush to make it wet, and then a transparent color is evenly painted with a board brush. Wait a while, brush it again when it is not completely dry until it is moderate. When it is completely dry, iron it.

Step 4 paste and draw

Paste before painting: paste the kite skeleton with white paper first, and then draw the black part directly on the kite with the pot smoke with good glue.

Printing first, then pasting, and finally coloring: it is a method that combines the drawing method of kites with the production of folk woodblock New Year pictures, forming this method: first, black stripes are printed on the wooden board, then pasted on the kite skeleton, and finally, several lines with the most obvious strokes are filled or ticked by hand.

Draw first and then paste: draw a designed pattern on the kite mask material with ink lines, and cut off the mask paper (or silk, etc.). ), put it on the development diagram, draw the pattern with a pencil, and draw, tick and draw carefully on the mask paper according to the pattern and color. Wait until the color dries before ironing. Carefully cover the mask paper on the kite skeleton. Here, we should pay special attention to the design of the interface part, spell it accurately, align it and decorate it at last.

Third, beautify

1. Profile modeling of kites: choose the most expressive modeling and changeable "soft modeling", and consider the basic requirements of aerodynamic performance and structural strength of kites.

2. Composition of kites: Composition, like contour modeling, has an important influence on the artistic effect of kites. Moreover, the contour modeling of kites is often closely related to composition, which should be considered in a unified way.

3. The color of the kite: It depends on the different viewing conditions of the kite and the general painting. The background of kite is blue sky.

1\ knowledge of flying kites

In spring and autumn, the wind direction and speed are relatively stable, and there is often a slowly rising airflow. In addition, the temperature is suitable and the scenery is pleasant, which is very suitable for flying kites. To this end, Chai Maozhi, the national kite referee, reminded everyone to pay attention to the following matters when flying kites.

Location (1) Where there are wires, especially high-voltage wires and TV towers, it is forbidden to fly kites; (2) You can't fly kites on streets, highways and railways; (3) Do not fly kites where there are big trees and tall buildings; (4) It is forbidden to fly kites near the airport; (5) Flying kites is not allowed in foggy days and rainy days, especially in thunderstorm days, and it is not allowed to fly kites with metal wires. Flying kites should be carried out in open places without obstacles, such as sports fields, beaches, beaches and parks. Therefore, the wind speed and direction are relatively stable in a flat and open place, and the kite will not be lost because it is hung on an obstacle when something goes wrong.

The choice of kite wind power has a lot to do with flying kites. In the weather with 2-3 winds, you can place small kites with an area of 0. 1 to 0.5 square meters, such as soft-winged eagles, Xiaoyan, butterflies, dragonflies and hard-winged figures. Suitable for flying medium-sized kites with an area of about 1 square meter, such as figures, seven stars and eight diagrams, three-dimensional cylindrical kites, airplanes, dragon string kites and so on. It is not suitable for flying ordinary soft-winged kites in the weather with a wind of level 5. If you want them to fly, you need a tail. In the weather with a level 5 wind, only a large hard-winged kite of about 2 square meters can be released. Hard wing spool kite, penguin line kite, octagonal kite, etc. The wind above level 6 is not suitable for flying kites.

The analysis of monsoon direction in spring and autumn shows that there is not much weather without wind. There is usually a wind of 1-2. Generally, the wind gradually increases from 8-9 am, and it is stronger around noon 12. After 17- 19, the wind gradually weakened. At the same time, the wind power is different at different heights, and the higher the height, the greater the wind power. Kites can't fly at low altitude because of ground obstacles and buildings. The height is above 15-20m, and the wind direction and force are relatively stable, so it is very suitable for flying kites. There are many easterly winds and southeast winds in spring, and there are many cold northerly winds. The method of distinguishing the wind direction is simple. You can tell the wind direction by observing which direction the treetops, crops or grass fall and which direction the smoke from the chimney floats. If it is a southeast wind, the kite-flying person should face southeast and northwest with his back, so that the kite can be blown into the air by the wind. For flying kites, the airflow parallel to the ground is better than the updraft, because the updraft will not last long and the wind will be weak and strong. The "wind" we talk about generally refers to the airflow moving in the horizontal direction, and the so-called updraft refers to the airflow that changes direction when encountering obstacles such as buildings.

2\ Historical knowledge of kites

Kites originated in the Warring States Period. A loser is what later generations called Lu Ban, a seven-skilled craftsman, or "Lord Lu Ban". The raw material of his "magpie" or "kite" is extremely thin sawdust or bamboo chips. After the Han Dynasty, due to the invention and application of paper, paper gradually replaced wood when making kites. It's called a kite. In the Five Dynasties, a bamboo whistle was tied to a paper kite, which sounded like A Zheng, so it was later called a kite. Flying kites was very common in Weifang during the Tang and Song Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, kites in Weifang reached a peak. Every year around Tomb-Sweeping Day, the weather is fine, and every family helps the old and takes care of the young, taking a walk on the spot, and actually sending their proud works into the blue sky. Zheng Banqiao, a poet in Qing Dynasty, said in Poems: The poem says: "Paper flowers fly like snow all over the sky, and charming girls swing around." The five-color Luo skirt shakes with the wind, bringing butterflies back to spring. " Vividly described the scene of flying kites in Weifang during the Qingming Festival. This spring-like folk activity is not only an opportunity to observe and evaluate each other, but also a good opportunity to breathe the early spring air, enjoy the gift of nature and exercise. Weifang kite has exquisite craftsmanship, unique painter, novel shape and reasonable composition. It also absorbs some characteristics of woodblock New Year pictures and the techniques of Beijing-Tianjin paintings, with beautiful lines, bright colors, being good at exaggeration and highlighting the theme. Unique style and lifelike. The most representative large centipede kite is 100 feet long. When flying, the tail fragrance and body fragrance are gradually lifted upwards, and the first part is lifted to the sky by the lift generated by dozens of "waists". The waist is tied according to the principle of mechanics, and there should be a strict angle and distance between the tethers. The "leading centipede" expands the blue sky with a thousand miles, which is spectacular. Won universal praise at home and abroad. Since the first Weifang International Kite Fair 1984. Every year in mid-April, the annual International Kite Festival is held. 1988 Weifang was designated as the "Kite Capital of the World" by the 5th International Kite Fair. Now the19th Kite Festival has been successfully held, attracting tourists from dozens of countries and regions around the world every year. It has also made outstanding contributions to Weifang's economic development.

Kite is a kind of entertainment, competitive entertainment and folk custom. We can see a side of folk culture from it. Analyzing it is not only conducive to the development of kites, but also conducive to the inheritance of traditional folk culture and the emergence and formation of contemporary folk culture.

Folk culture has a great influence on kites. Folk culture is a kind of inheritance culture, an important part of the whole culture and a social phenomenon of folk customs. As a folk custom, kite's formation and development are not isolated. It is closely related to many folk customs and greatly influenced by folk culture. This is not only reflected in the theme and painting of kites, but also in the flying of kites.

Animals are an important aspect of kite theme, including those flying in the sky, those running on the ground and those swimming in the water. Such as: Dragon Kite, Phoenix Kite, Crane Kite, Peacock Kite, Eagle Kite, Swallow Kite, Yuanyang Kite, Butterfly Kite, Kirin Kite, Lion Kite and Zodiac Kite. Fish, kites and so on. The appearance of these kites with animals as the theme should be said to be inseparable from animal worship.

For example, the appearance of "dragon", "dragon" and "phoenix" kites is exactly a concrete manifestation of people's worship of "dragon" and "phoenix". Dragon is a fictional animal, one of the legendary four spirits, the god in charge of rain. In The Classic of Mountains and Seas, there is a saying that "Ying Long has livestock and water", and "going south makes it rainy". Dragons can bring good luck and have the power to change. In ancient mythology, people associate the image of the Yellow Emperor with dragons. In the seventeenth year of Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong, it was recorded that "Tai Hao (Fuxi) was named after the dragon, so he was named after the dragon master." The Addendum to the Biography of Huang San contains: "Emperor Yan Shennong, surnamed Jiang, whose mother said she was a woman, gave birth to Emperor Yan in order to have fewer concubines and feel the dragon", and "Emperor Huang gave birth to Wanshou Mountain" was recorded in ancient times in Queli. The descendants of the Chinese people consider themselves dragons, descendants of dragons, and descendants of dragons. The Ailao ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province use "dragon" as their totem symbol. They have been painting dragons for generations to show that they are descendants of dragons, which is also a symbol of imperial power in feudal society. Today, people still regard "dragon" as a symbol of the Chinese nation. The worship of "dragon" has produced "dragon culture" and the "dragon" kite with the theme of "dragon" has appeared.

Some people think that the appearance of the "Dragon" kite is related to the geographical environment of a certain place, which probably needs further study. The author thinks that the reason for the appearance of "dragon" kites should be people's worship of "dragon" and the influence of "dragon culture" at first, otherwise, "dragon kites" appear in so many places, although their shapes are different, how to explain them? Phoenix is also called Phoenix. Men are the wind, and women are the phoenix, which is called the phoenix seeking the phoenix. One of the legendary Four Spirits is considered to be a hundred birds and a footnote. Legend has it that the phoenix comes out, thunder doesn't do it, the weather is beautiful, and the world is peaceful; Good at singing and dancing, noble in nature, non-sycamore, non-bamboo, non-food, non-drinking can bring good luck and happiness to people. Therefore, the phoenix has become a symbol of good fortune in the world, and it is logical to make kites with the theme of the phoenix. Until now, people still use the phoenix as an ornament.

3\ Kite type

Board kite:

The legendary airplane kite. In terms of structure and modeling, its lifting piece is the main body, and there is no prominent structure. The kite is supported by bamboo strips on all sides. This kind of kite is common, easy to knot, and has good flying performance, which is suitable for expressing various themes. This is the children's favorite. Board kites, also known as beat kites in Beijing and Tianjin, have the shape of octagonal diamonds or ladybugs. Generally, these kites have long tails or ears, which can avoid taking off. Among the board kites, the simplest one is tile, a square piece, which is called "250" in the southern countryside and "kite" or "fart curtain" in the north.

Line kite:

That is, several kites, the same or different, are tied to one or more threads like candied haws and fly in series. China's common string kites include a string of geese, a dragon's head centipede, seven fairies descending to earth, and eight immortals crossing the sea. In recent years, both the north and the south have developed line kites.

Three-dimensional kite:

Generally, the skeleton of a folding structure consists of one or more round barrels or barrels of other shapes, such as palace lanterns, vases and rockets.

Dragon kite:

Mainly based on the leading centipede kite, it is also a major feature of Weifang kite.

Soft-winged kite:

That is, the common bird kite. Its lifting part (wing) is a main wing strip, the lower cloth of the wing is soft and there is no attachment of the main strip, and most of the main frame is made of relief. Its shape is mostly birds or insects. Eagle, butterfly, bee, swallow, crane, phoenix, dragonfly, cicada and mantis all belong to this kind of kite. In order to fly a detachable soft-winged kite, the traditional butterfly wings separated up and down are changed into movable wings, the skeleton is fixed, which is convenient to fold and has a realistic flying effect, or the upper wings are relaxed one by one to ensure the stability of the kite.

Kite master

Zhang, 1927 Kao Sheng, lived in Houmen Street, Weifang City when he was a child, and lived next door to old kite artists Hu and Kang Wanxiang, which was greatly influenced. His Dragon and Centipede not only absorbed the advantages of Hu Gongbi's meticulous brushwork, but also accepted Kang Wanxiang's emphasis on verve. Referring to the shape of the dragon in Beijing's Nine Dragon Wall, the longan stands out, with scales hanging around the waist and a raised back, which is unique. He is also good at making soft-winged kites with the theme of birds and insects, and his masterpiece "Phoenix" has won the honorary certificate of Hundred Flowers Award for outstanding creation of national handicrafts. At present, he is a craftsman of Weifang Institute of Arts and Crafts and a director of the Kite Association.

Kang Baozhong was born in 1940. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, he flew a kite in Bailanghe and was accepted as an apprentice by Kang Wanxiang, an old kite artist of Kangpai. He studied for three years and got his true story. As a "leading centipede", its main features are simple binding, rough shape, strong color, strong local flavor, high take-off angle and strong stability. On the basis of the traditional style of "Kangpai", he boldly innovated, designed and produced a "Dragon and Phoenix Dance" kite, and hung a phoenix with wings spread in front of the bowed dragon. Dragons can also emit fireworks, and dragons and phoenixes are looming in the smoke, which looks like life from a distance. His works won five awards, two gold awards, one bronze award and two "Top Ten Best Kites in the World" awards at Weifang International Kite Fair. He is now working in the Kite Research Office of the International Federation of the Wind and is the director of the Kite Association of this city.

Han Fuling, 1934 was born in Weifang. He lost his parents when he was young. 10 When he was in his teens, he made a living by himself and set up a stall to sell art cigarettes, right next to the stall of the famous kite artist Hu. Hu Lao tied a kite while selling cigarettes, and Han Fuling recited it seriously. In the evening, Feng remembered this matter and slowly found the doorway. 15, 36 sections of "leading centipede" were successfully made. Since then, it has been planted every year, and its skill has gradually deepened. People call it "Hu brand centipede successor". Besides centipedes, they are also good at making airplanes and eagles. His works won the first prize in the national competition three times. His "leading centipede" kite has been to the United States, Britain, the Netherlands, Japan, Singapore and other places to participate in competitions or fly performances, and won the highest prize at the Dutch International Kite Fair. He is now working in Weifang Chemical Plant, and he is the director of the Kite Association.

Kite poem

Appreciation of ancient kite-chanting poems

Papirdragen

(Song) Kou Zhun

Fang Jing's flying ability is still weak in blue sky and autumn.

The cool breeze can finally hold Bai Yunfei.

Author Kou Zhun (96 1- 1023) was a politician and poet in the northern song dynasty. When Song Taizong was a scholar, he was promoted to be the same as Emperor Taizong.

Better than Wei Zhi. After Kou Zhun's death, Song Renzong posthumous title was loyal.

Influenced by the poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty, Kou Zhun's poems are beautiful and profound. Kou Zhong-Cheng has three volumes of poetry. Is the five-character quatrain quoted above true or false?

The original quotation of this episode needs to be verified.

Although the poem is called "paper kite", the word "paper kite" is not seen in the poem, and even the image of paper kite is not seen. The poet intends to borrow things to write.

Scenery, forming scenery to express feelings. "Blue sky" refers to heaven and earth. The first sentence is about the environment, atmosphere and what you can see: clear sky in early autumn, light wind, kites.

Flying high is difficult. In the last sentence, I daydreamed and expressed my feelings. I borrow the phenomenon that kites can only fly by clouds with the help of wind, expressing the feeling that people need it to get ahead.

Sigh.

Guan Cun tong Xi Xi Shang

(Song) Land Tourism

The bamboo horse staggered towards nau.

Kites are full of domineering, whistling with the wind.

The author Lu You (1125-1210), a famous poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Yinshan, Yuezhou. He was born in

A bureaucrat who was promoted from "poor study" studied tirelessly since childhood, and advocated anti-gold and revival all his life, but he was repeatedly excluded and ousted.

Dan Xin will never be allowed to serve his country. Lu You's works are extremely rich. At the age of 80, he still wrote nearly 10,000 poems, including The Complete Works of Lu Fangweng. This sentence

From what volume, it remains to be verified.

Children's games in Song Dynasty are rich and colorful. There are two kinds of games in the poem, one is riding a bamboo horse; One is flying kites. Bamboo and horse are on the ground.

Running around, swinging around, even people and horses rushed into the mud pond, which was very disappointing; Kites fly in the air, swing from side to side, and then fly.

Call, very arrogant. It is worth noting that when the poet writes about the relationship between kites and the wind, his skills are different. He didn't say that kites fly by the wind, but

It is said that kites hold peaks high in the air. Here, the author takes the kite as the main body, regards it as a living thing, and really brings the kite to life.

After reading this poem, I can't help thinking of Fighting Kites, which is still popular in Japan today. Kites are mostly rectangular hard boards, which are pulled from the back.

Tile-shaped, vertical or horizontal, the painting is simple and bright, without tying the tail, and the bow string is tied on the back. With a strong wind, it flew into the sky, running around and buzzing.

Many kites take off at the same time, not to avoid collision and entanglement, but to fight and "cut the line" with each other. Once the line is broken, let it fly. Finally, who?

Whoever stays in the air is the winner. The scene has the momentum of Lu Weng's poems.

Papirdragen

(Song) Mausoleum

From a distance, it seems that there are not many birds.

Just take a thread and go with the wind, and a fool will look back.

It may not be because of the blue sky, but I can be safe all day.

It's hard to kill Peng with a smile.

Mausoleum (1032- 1059), a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, was originally from Yuancheng (now daming county, Hebei). His parents died when he was five years old, and he followed his great-uncle.

He lived in Guangling (now Yangzhou) and made a living by teaching when he grew up. Wang Lingcai died at the age of 28. His poems are novel in conception and sharp in wording. 1980

Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House published Wang, with ***2 1 volume of poems. Whether this poem is quoted from Wang remains to be verified.

"End" is the amount of ancient cloth and silk, with one foot and eight feet as one end. "Endless" means neither too much nor too far. People who fly kites are not necessarily

Because birds can't fly far, flying kites is to add spectacular scenery in the air. But the author thought about it and said that it was obvious that he took the kite as a kite.

Think of it as a bird. Watch the kite fly to the sky by the line and the wind. Although it may not reach the extremely high sky, it can end.

The sun has been flying for a long time, and even the Dapeng bird that is said to have flown nine times in Wan Li has no such ability.

This is a poem describing kites from a macro perspective. The author doesn't write about the shape and color of kites, or even how kites fly. but

Expand rich imagination, write the most essential feature of kite-flying, and set off, compare and exaggerate the air cushion of kite flying.

Shanxiang Flying high, flying line angle is large and stability is strong, which is the pursuit of kite lovers today.