Planning Thought of Acropolis in Athens

Author: Lian Sheng Upload: Ye Guiren Source: Netease Industry 2004- 12-27 00:00

Architecture is a history book made of stone, which needs to be studied repeatedly to understand. Classics like Sava are still memorable and fruitful after rereading. Savoie is not only a descendant of classical architecture, but also a milestone of modern architecture. "It is linked with all the architectural and urban planning ideas of le corbusier. This summer house in poitiers and most of le corbusier's works have a potential influence on at least four generations of architects all over the world. It is not difficult to find the shadow of le corbusier in the works of many masters, such as Louis Kahn, Bai Pai, and Zhang Ji of Kurokawa. Savoie's system is mature, even suggesting the changes in architectural forms that occurred after it. Among them, the infiltrated design concepts and techniques still have great enlightenment to today's architectural creation.

The Classical Origin of Sava

Although Savoie is the product of the machine age and the spokesman of the new spirit, it comes down in one continuous line with classical architecture. This inheritance is based on its ideal mathematical model, Tolik's metaphor, impeccable proportion, harmony between the whole and the part, and appropriate expression of the hierarchy ... Corbusier has this understanding of the classical ideal form: "(The ideal form is) from the certain relationship of some elements (cylinder, flat facade, flat wall); From the harmony of various elements that constitute the foundation; From the plastic system that affects every part of the work; Starting from the unified concept of using unified materials to create a unified outline. "

1 Classical Principles in Composition Method

Compared with the Renaissance residence, Sava's geometric symbolic meaning and classical meaning. Taking the Medici residence as an example, we can see that Sava is almost a square plane like the Medici residence. Its U-shaped bottom and the ramp on the central axis can be regarded as a metaphor for the centrality and biaxiality of the Medici mansion. The difference is that the Medici Mansion is an introverted building, insisting on its own centralization. On the other hand, Savoy is an open system, which creates a center in the whole base space. In this way, the four faces of space face four directions. The whole sky seems to be moving around this space. Douglas glaive vividly analyzed Sava: dividing the villa plane from the entrance. With the center line of the ramp as the boundary, the plane west is divided into two branches. Push each branch in its own direction and pull the U-shaped plane back to its original state. In this way, Sava was restored from a modern villa to a traditional palace. It forms an inner courtyard building with a central hall surrounded by colonnades and a middle entrance. A series of spatial changes of this traditional building along the central axis have been preserved in the overall layout of Sava. However, in the movement from the west facade, the central power gradually weakened. The cohesion of the central hall has now spread to the magnificent fields outside. On the second floor, the relationship between architecture and environment can also be regarded as the internal and external turning point of gardens and buildings in traditional mansions, so gardens and buildings are inextricably linked. Its appearance can also be restored to classical style in the same way.

Sava's facade redefines the metaphor of traditional luxury houses: a solid foundation-a U-shaped bottom; Residential area is the middle section of classical three-stage type; At the top is the part with the richest expression and the most information you can read. Although the classic three-step formula still exists and maintains the classic proportion, each constituent element is concise and efficient, which conforms to its own characteristics of the times.

The classicality of composition also permeates the treatment of details. Details are not only graphic, but also visual. Sava is very rich. Because it can be observed from multiple levels of the building at the same time: the spiral stairs behind can be seen through the pillars in front. Because the bar window near the south platform feels too wide visually, Corbusier uses two pillars to strengthen the connection of the cross members. Seen from the outside, these beautiful columns float in certain fixed positions. They seem to be part of the facade, but the contrast between the small-scale and normal-scale columns emphasizes a perspective reading, so they are read at the same time in the building. Just like the visual distortion in the Parthenon, it adds interest to the whole form.

2 Streamline the traditional technology in the organization

Sava's streamlined organizational structure is compared with the Acropolis in ancient Greece. It can be seen that the streamline of Sava is similar to the Acropolis: "Observers can only see the gradual development of architectural layout when they are moving". The experience is the same as the Acropolis. Sawa first drove around the lower part of the building to appreciate the volume relationship of the building from a lower angle, then entered the building along the curved glass wall and began the industrialization ceremony. The difference is that the streamline of the Acropolis is organized outside the building, while Sava wraps the complex spatial streamline in a simple square box, which makes the space inside the building have a mechanically exquisite aesthetic feeling. The space organization of Acropolis is only suitable for its specific terrain, while Sava makes its space organization suitable for any building through the use of ramps. The ramp is the essence of the whole space streamline, which connects the streamlines of different scales and densities, and has the same effect as the path of the Acropolis going up the mountain. Unlike stairs, people don't have to look down at the steps when walking on them. In the process of rising, body and mind constantly follow the light from the top floor. Walking on the ramp makes people feel a sense of spiritual satisfaction, so that careful observation of photos and paintings can not reproduce this sense of space, this feeling of going to the kingdom of sunshine, this strong lyrical feeling of seeing the changes of geometric sunshine through semi-reflective glass. Its architectural form changes from time to time, repeats from time to time, is stereoscopic from time to time, and is empty from time to time with the movement of the viewer. Corbusier used pure sculpture to organize his own order. He believes that "this is a real architectural corridor, because it is surprising and has a unique interest from time to time." From the structural point of view, although the rigid beam-column system is adopted, many changes can be seen here. "Moreover, through the carefully designed details of the low wall and the railings on the main stairs and ramps, the oblique dynamic potential is reflected, allowing people to move naturally in it. When you enter the house, you enter an unexpected magical realm beyond the plane figure.

Through the design of the ritual streamline of the Acropolis, the worship of Athena, the messenger of peace, was completed. In Savoie, Corbusier completed his enthusiastic praise for the arrival of the industrial age through this ceremony of light.

From the analysis of Savoie's design ideas and techniques, Corbusier achieved such an epoch-making work with his reflection and metaphor on tradition. In this sense, it is impossible for any architectural creation to give up traditional thinking in the process, but the design technique is ingenious and inferior.

Second, Savoie's spirit of the times

Corbusier once declared that the modern industrialized and mechanized world would abandon all bad habits and abolish the cumbersome hierarchy in the past. Sava Villa's open plane, open space, boxes placed on columns, long strip windows on each facade, roof garden and sculpture wall pieces on the roof, all of which, in addition to respecting and inheriting tradition, are more manifested as breakthroughs and innovations.

1 savoy's brand-new environmental view

Corbusier described Savoie's environment like this: "The residents came here because the rough fields here echoed the simple and exquisite rural life. They can observe the whole area from the hanging garden or from the four directions of the bar window. Their family life is embedded in Virgil's dream. " ? There is no denying that Sava is aloof. Corbusier is eager to get rid of the heaviness of buildings. He starts from the ideological kingdom of purism: he lifts buildings from the ground with jumping thinking and imagination, hangs them in the air without blemish, and forces nature to flow under them. This is not so much to save natural resources as to avoid mixing with nature and not owe anything to nature. The building does not extend to nature, nor does it use natural materials. Villa is neither conquering nature like western classical architecture, nor overriding nature; Unlike the classical architecture in China, it does not conform to nature, but is built under the natural system. Sava and nature are on the same level.

Savoy's new concept of environment is more prominent in his roof garden. Sava's roof garden is related to Corbusier's whole architecture and urban planning thought. "If people stand on the lawn, it is impossible to see very far. Moreover, the grass is wet and unsanitary, and it is not suitable for living in it. So the real family garden should be 3.5m above the ground? Such a roof garden has dry and hygienic soil and can see more beautiful pastoral scenery than the ground. " Compared with Palladio's round villa, Corbusier organized a traditional garden inside the building, and the building and the garden were interlocking. No matter what the surrounding environment is, the roof garden can always "enjoy the sunshine shining on the earth and the vast sky", which makes the villa independent of the surrounding environment and suitable for all bases. The garden of the round villa is organized outside the building, four buildings with the same interface are the main body, and the garden only appears as a foil. This reflects the brand-new environmental protection concept of Sawa, which is different from traditional buildings.

2 independent architectural elements

Taking architectural elements as an independent system is the basis for understanding Sava as a milestone of modern architecture. It is precisely because of the existence of an independent system that the architectural space under the regular column network system is free. We can find four independent systems in Sava. A system is a structural column network, and connected beams and frames. You can see them in the empty space on the second floor facade; The four facades are almost the same, all in the form of continuous strip windows, which are spread around the column network to form a second independent system; The third system is steel window, which is freely arranged on the facade, or placed on the window hole or protruding, but this arrangement is not arbitrary, but determined by the function of the space behind it; The fourth system is the service core, which rises from the ground through the second floor and protrudes from the roof. People can see its spiral staircase from the outside of the building, and it becomes a free element in the upper part of the building. All these systems have their own independent characteristics. Although this building is full of accidental deformation and adjustment of the intersection between systems, it seems that no one system can determine the other three. This embodies an equal order, not a hierarchical feature like the buildings in the past. As le corbusier said: "For ordinary people, all people, study housing. This is the basis of restoring human nature, the scale of human nature, typical needs, typical functions, typical emotions, and that's it? This is the first thing, this is everything, a respectable era, which indicates that mankind will abandon luxury and grandeur? "

3 the integrity of the building layout

Different from traditional architecture, the layout of Sawa is organic. If Sava's ramp is regarded as an edge of the intersecting axis that coincides with itself, then each arm of the ramp will have a dialogue with the surrounding elements. Starting from the end of the ramp on the east facade, crossing the ramp and going forward through the corner of the ramp form the axis of the building. Moving along this axis, the intensity of the center gradually decreases. The salon at the end forms a virtual center. The imaginary axis of the building is represented by spiral stairs.

The second floor of the building is divided into four groups centered on the intersection of the virtual axis and the real axis. The two groups are integrated because of the continuation of salon space, and some of them have kitchens to form dining areas; The other part is the living area. The bedroom is the third group, and the garden terrace is the fourth group. A study was arranged on the platform in combination with the garden. In this way, the villa shows its most expressive side to the magnificent Yuan Ye, forming a real rest space. This study itself has become another candidate project of the architectural center. It is located beside the main axis, independent of the garden. It repositioned the salon and established a connection between the virtual and the reality. At the same time, the contrast between reality and reality makes the surrounding elements have a dialogue, and the study and salon become a continuous whole. This is the outer design of Sava, so the closed shape defines an area. After a series of changes, the independent element (study room) as an entity is transformed into a virtual element (salon and platform), and the isolated combination is turned into a connected combination. The whole plane shows strict logic and integrity.

Third, Savoie's enlightenment.

Rereading Savoie, we can taste Corbusier's obsession with classical ideal forms and his enthusiasm for the industrial age. Taste symmetry and asymmetry, closed and transparent, regular and irregular, tension brought by box, leisure brought by curve. All this is a wonderful combination on the basis of "Five Points of New Architecture". It has frame characteristics and geometric clarity; It also has the dramatic effects of grid, axis, indoor and outdoor space, volume and chaos, and organizes them together to maintain unity and order.

If Savoie only shows a formal perfection, it does not reach the desired depth. The tension of architecture comes from the urgent expression of utopian dreams. Symbols of the new era, such as ships and concrete frames, have been integrated into the form of purism. These express Corbusier's vision of the city: people and cars are at different levels, platforms are open to the sky, and ramps guide movement. Interpret the spirit of the times with tradition, so as to avoid arbitrariness. It can be seen that Corbusier wants to seek the ideal of balance between the spirit of the times and the logic, order and truth he directly felt in the classic forms of the past.

Looking at the development of architecture in China in the last hundred years, we will find that we have not really handled the relationship between inheritance and innovation like Sawa. At the beginning of last century, China's long architectural culture was interrupted. At that time, modern architecture was in its infancy and was replaced by overwhelming colonial architecture. It was not until the middle of the last century that the first generation of architects in China began to explore China's own modern architecture and created a large number of excellent buildings that were rigorous and could reflect the traditional cultural heritage of China. However, due to historical reasons, this good situation did not last. In the 1960s and 1970s, square boxes with no expression and the same pattern filled the streets and lanes just like the uniform blue uniforms of China people at that time, which still affected the appearance of the city today. However, the classic modern architecture like Sawa is only concentrated in the fragments of architectural history as a period of history, without analyzing the inheritance and innovation of its ideas and techniques from the design point of view.

Since the reform and opening up, China architecture has broken the monotonous situation in the past. Complex foreign architectural ideas keep pouring in. Postmodernism, neo-rationalism, neo-classicism, deconstruction, anti-constructivism ... almost all left traces on China's architecture: postmodernism was popular in the 1980 s, and popular symbols were pieced together; In the 1990 s, European customs and KPF's gorgeous appearance were respected; Nowadays, slender grid structure and steel structure reflecting scientific and technological progress have become a fashion. However, the introduction of these forms has neglected the infiltration and inheritance of modern architecture in these forms and the influence of modern architecture on foreign architecture today. It can be said that the lack of reasonable inheritance and innovation on the basis of modern architecture is one of the crux of China's architecture, which makes many buildings look immature today and gives people a sense of impetuousness. This requires us to put modern buildings like Sawa back into history and re-analyze them from the perspective of design.

In the past century, we have had too many hesitations and pauses. Nowadays, with the advent of the information age, great changes have taken place in social ideology, values and world outlook. Facing the dazzling world, architecture, as an image of the times, should explain China's current spirit of the times and find a fulcrum between it and traditional aesthetic concepts. We should get rid of vagrancy? Meet the challenge of history to our ancient culture. Rereading the classic modern architecture like Savoie, we seek the answer from its design concept, technique and even every detail. Inherit on the basis of modern architecture and avoid randomness; Innovating on the basis of modern architecture and breaking through its design concepts and techniques will enable us to find a way out between the spirit of the times in the information age and the rationality and logic of modern architecture in the past, thus forming China's own complete theoretical system.