Did Plato have faith?

This understanding of freedom accords with Plato's traditional view. In the relationship with goodness, virtue and reason, freedom is a result, a state, and also a manifestation of human rational decision-making and virtue, which is very different from the meaning of freedom in the relationship between power and obligation in later generations. It is still based on personal moral legislation and is regarded as Kant's "freedom". The pioneer of self-discipline thought. Plato did not explicitly discuss this kind of freedom, but because Plotinus's contemporaries, especially the Stoics, had a lot of discussions on the relationship between fate and nature and freedom, Plotinus's topic can be regarded as an effort to respond to the contemporary ideological trend.

Did Plato have faith (? ), even Socrates' belief in God can be discussed. Our view is that they certainly have strong beliefs or judgments, but it is doubtful whether they belong to religious beliefs. "Being like God" is originally a Greek ideal of * * *. Since Plato put forward the ideal of "being like God", Platonists have never worked hard in this respect. Plotinus seems to have a strong "belief", and believers want to return to it. He said mysteriously, "So in the lower bound, there is a rule in our mystery: we must have no such experience and experience."

The best can't be revealed. Don't announce this god to people who don't like it. Since there is no "two", then the viewer and the observed are one (because the observed is not really seen, but combined with him). If he remembers who he became when he combined with that, then he has an image of that on himself. He is one himself, and he is no different from other things? Because when he got there, there was no movement, no emotion, no desire for anything? Not even for any reason or thought, not even himself, if we have to say; He seems to be filled with God, completely losing himself and being in a quiet, lonely and indifferent state. His whole existence does not turn anywhere, nor is he busy with himself, but is in complete stillness, which has become a kind of stillness.

He has no idea about beauty, but he has surpassed beauty and the whole family of virtue, just like a person walking straight into the temple and leaving the statue of the outer temple behind him; He meditates in the inner temple, where he communicates with God himself (not with statues or images), and then he walks out of the temple. These statues or images became the first things he saw, but they were the secondary objects of meditation. "The god here seems to be enough to become a real object of faith.

Plotinus did have several absentminded experiences, which made his belief more mysterious and "religious". He went on to say, "the other may not be meditation, but a different view, a trance state that is out of itself." It simplifies itself, gives up itself, is closely related and motionless, and is a constant and adaptive thought. If you look at it from another angle, you will see nothing. Everything here is like an image, so if the person who explains the sacrament is wise, he will use riddles to explain how people look at God. Wise priests can meditate when they really enter the temple after they understand the riddle; Even if he has never been to a temple, he will think it is an intangible thing, a source and a principle. He knew that he could see the principle through the principle and knew that the same kind would meet. He will not even ignore any divinity that the soul may have before meeting God, but he will also seek peace from this fantasy.

He has surpassed everything, and for him, stillness is everything before. Because of course, the nature of the soul will not reach absolute nonexistence, but when the soul degenerates, it will reach evil. In this sense, it will achieve non-existence, and of course it is not absolute non-existence.

If the soul runs in the opposite direction, it will reach itself and nothing else. In this sense, since it is not in anything else, it is in itself: if it is only in itself, it is in that room; Because through this kind of communication, the soul does not become an entity, but' transcends the entity'.

If a person sees that he has become like this, then he has a self similar to that. If he continues to advance from himself, just like from image to prototype, then he has reached the' end of the journey'. When the soul falls from a foreign land, he awakens the virtues in himself again, thinking that he will become orderly and beautiful through these virtues, and he will become bright again, achieve reason and wisdom through these virtues, and achieve perfection through wisdom. This is the life of God, and it is also the life of people who are blessed like God. This kind of life has been divorced from the things in this world, and it is not for worldly pleasure, but for seclusion in loneliness. "

This loneliness, indifference and calmness is a return to the soul state of Taiyi, or the existence state of Taiyi itself. Although this theoretical belief seems to be consistent with the general preference indifference and indifference to pain and happiness in the Hellenistic period, it is because of the series of processes mentioned above, the cycle of goodness, virtue and freedom. The process of establishing and realizing this belief is not "lonely", and short-term achievements are not completely moral nihilism. Even if we achieve this rational return, we need great patience, intellectual assurance and tenacious intellectual enthusiasm. This strong belief became a belief in the later period of Neo-Platonism, especially in Jambrik and Proklow, who had "Plato's theology".

Plotinus also has some topics aimed at many contemporary schools, such as On Fate and On God's Will, which refute Stoic determinism, On Happiness, which is written for Epicurus and Walking School, and Refuting Gnostics, which are aimed at Gnostics, and so on, so I won't introduce them here one by one.

In the Great Philosopher written by IELTS Bells, Plotinus was once listed as one of the earliest metaphysical scholars in human history, with the same fame as Heraclitus, parmenides, Lao Zi and Long Shu. It is no exaggeration to say that Plotinus is the only first-class thinker who transcends the times and enters the ranks of eternal philosophers after Plato and Aristotle and before Christian Platonism. His influence not only paved the way for Christian thought, but also his unique thought with great theoretical significance was the most important creative continuation of Plato's thought.

Beauveria bassiana (porphyry, about 234-305 AD), Tyre, born in Phoenicia, whose real name is Malcus, means "king" in the local language, so he is called basil uz in Greek, and he prefers to call himself Bofill himself. In his biography to Plotinus, he mentioned some schooling experiences. He first studied under the metaphase Platonist Ron Gilnas in Athens, and later followed and believed Plotinus's theory. In order to cure depression, Plotinus suggested that he go to Sicily. Before his death, Beauveria edited the Complete Works of Plotinus and compiled it into six volumes, each with nine chapters, which became the famous Nine Chapters Collection. He also directed his own Biography of Plotinus. As far as his and his wife's books are concerned, maybe he once married an old woman.

Bofill is a prolific writer. According to legend, he created nearly 60 works, although most of them have been lost or only remnants remain. There are relatively complete works in existence: Biography of Plotinus, Biography of Pythagoras, To Michaela (a letter to his wife), On the Prohibition of Killing, Sent It Iae ad Intelligibiliaducentes, Introduction to Philosophy (Isagoge), On the Wormhole, and On the Wormhole. Ptolemy's Notes on Harmony, a book for Galen's To Gaul, and another book, The History of Philosophy, may have been written by him.

The most famous fragment is his collection of anti-Christian fragments. According to Hado, the incomplete and famous Commentary on parmenides was also written by Bofill. In addition, there are many comments on Aristotle and Plato, as well as his own creations and letters. Have you seen Kenneth? A detailed bibliography of guthrie.

Judging from the available data, Bofill is a very important disseminator of Platonism. He likes to apply Platonism philosophy to a wide range of fields, and his own philosophy also has quite extensive and far-reaching influence.

Beauveria's metaphysics can be said not to surpass Plotinus's trinity ontology, unless the anonymous comment on parmenides really comes from him, which vaguely expresses a post-Plotinus thought. We don't go into this controversial discussion, but focus on the theoretical contribution made by his representative works in the field of metaphysics.