Brief introduction of Xi 'an drum music.

1 Xi Introduction to Angu Music, also known as Chang 'an Ancient Music, Xi Angu Music and Xi Angu Music. Angu music, which was born out of Yan music in the Tang Dynasty, was later merged into court music and gradually flowed into folk music. After being excavated, rescued and protected by a large number of cultural workers, it went through a long and arduous declaration process and recently became a world-class intangible cultural heritage. Xi 'an Drum Music is one of the most complete large-scale folk music types discovered and preserved in China so far. It was born out of Yan music in the Tang Dynasty, and then merged into court music. During the Anshi Rebellion, with the exile of court musicians, it flowed into the people. Tracing back to its historical origin, from the aspects of structure, music score, appellation and musical instrument use, it is inextricably linked with Yanle Daqu in Tang Dynasty. According to the analysis and investigation of data, Xi 'an Drum Music may have originated in the Tang Dynasty, started in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. After thousands of years of practice and development, especially the influence of China traditional opera music since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a complete set of large-scale national classical music has gradually formed. Chang 'an Drum Music retains the most traditional drum music performance form, structure, musical instruments, qupai and score. Music scores The music scores used by Chang 'an drum music clubs today are still ancient half-word scores, all handwritten, and still retain the transcripts of the Ming Dynasty. Some notes are the same as Tang Le unearthed in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. The existing Collection of Musical Scores of Angu Musicians in the 28th year of Qing Qianlong is basically the same as that used in Seventeen Songs directed by Jiang Kui in Song Dynasty, which proves that this collection has a long history and is a folk musical score that has been gradually lost in China since Ming and Qing Dynasties. Throughout the name of Qupai, Qupai retains all kinds of Qupai in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which can be said to be a history of China music development. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, many musical factors (rhythm, tune, melody, words, spectrum, musical instruments, structure, rotation, etc.) of China music. ) have left traces in this ancient music. It is not too much to call Chang 'an Drum Music a "living fossil" of ancient music in China. According to the research of music historians, during the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, court musicians were exiled to the people, and Yan music in the Tang Dynasty also spread to the people. Chang 'an Drum Music was born out of Yan Music in Tang Dynasty. It is atmospheric, solemn, elegant, rich in repertoire, complete in structure and beautiful in tune. It has the characteristics of court music and is very different from ordinary folk music. Sect monks and Taoist monks are spread by a monk named Mao, and the performers are mostly citizens, as well as Taoists and monks. Monk school is melodious and lively, Taoist school is peaceful and elegant, and vulgar school is warm and rich. According to legend, Taoism was spread by Taoists in Chenghuang Temple. Like monks, performers are mostly citizens, but there are also Taoists and monks. Monks and Taoists do a lot of business. Usually, after the shops close at sunset, artists gather in quadrangles to entertain themselves. During the temple fair, they all tried their best to play day and night and didn't take a penny. In case of other temple fairs of drum music club, songs will be played enthusiastically to set off the atmosphere. Along the way, they blew and beat, showing their skills in front of the citizens. The most lively events are the Nanwutai ancient meeting in Zhong Nanshan on the first day of June and the Xiwutai ancient meeting in the city in mid-June. During the period, various drum clubs went to perform one after another, and the audience jostled shoulder to shoulder. These two times a year can be said to be drum performances. There is often "the same altar" (sound), that is, fighting music and playing music. Two drum bands play a game with each other to see who plays more tracks and plays well. Some secular monks have been in the hands of farmers for a long time, constantly absorbing folk music, and gradually different from monks, forming a secular school. Folk schools are in rural areas, and their activities are affected by agricultural production season. Generally speaking, they will take part in some folk activities in their spare time, such as offering sacrifices to the New Year, welcoming the gods, making pilgrimages into the mountains, and celebrating the harvest. 4 artistic features Xi angu music is a large-scale music that combines percussion instruments and percussion music. Its rich content, huge band, numerous tracks and complex structure are a miracle in the history of the development of ancient music in China and even the national music in the world. Chang 'an drum music is divided into three schools: monk, Taoist and vulgar, each with different styles. 5 playing forms But no matter which genre, there are two playing forms, namely, eat, drink and sit. Eat, drink and be merry, as the name implies, is playing on the road, mixed with colorful flags, command flags, social flags, national umbrellas, high-altitude fights and so on. And percussion instruments such as high drums, single-sided drums, small hanging gongs, hinges, gongs, hand bangers, square boxes, etc. , as well as flutes, pipes and sheng; The drum player with high handle, also known as "high handle", has a gentle and solemn style; One-sided drum, also known as "Eight Immortals of Chaos", has a lively and melodious style. Eat, drink and be merry sometimes has "songs", which are related to praying for rain. Carpe diem is simpler than sitting, and the performance is mainly based on tunes. Rhythmic instruments only play the role of accompaniment and percussion, and are mostly used in mass occasions such as street parades and temple fairs. Carpe diem can be divided into two forms: Le Tong Drum (also known as Gaobazi) and Chaos Eight Immortals (also known as one-sided drum). Besides flute, sheng and other wind instruments, percussion instruments are also equipped with high-pitched drums, hinges, gongs, gongs and hand bangzi, forming their own unique style. The music has a steady rhythm, slow speed and elegant artistic conception. Popular in music clubs of monks and Taoists, secularists don't play. The Eight Immortals of Chaos are named after using eight musical instruments, such as flute, sheng, pipe, cloud gong (square box), single-sided drum, gong, hinge and leaflet. Random Eight Immortals has a wide range of songs, and all strange lyric music in sitting music can be played, such as drums, tricks, cliches, northern lyrics and other tunes. In particular, the tricks in sitting music, such as shaking the door bolt, holding the golden cup, winning the order, pomegranate flowers, Xiangshan shooting drums, ten beats, sixteen beats, fifty eyes and Sha Song (that is, bronze drums), are mostly from folk songs or instrumental music, and the music is short. There are thousands of tracks and qupai left by various schools of Xi 'an drum music, which is a very precious and rich heritage. Among them, the genre categories of large-scale divertimento are Taoci, Nanci, Wainan, Waiparticiple, Da Yue, Duan, Biezi, Fuzi and Dazuzi, with about 400 sets. The genre categories of small music are drum music, opera music, ditty, Zhang Ge, Beijing opera, dance music, instrumental music, bottom drum, flower beat, string tie, introduction, line beat, victory sequence and music. There are more than 100 pieces of drum music that can be played independently, such as wave head, three whip, code, female drum retreat, flower drum retreat, stupid drum retreat, Dafu, hat head and dry drum. The mode of Xi 'an drum music is seven tones, and the tone he uses is based on the fifth degree law. The commonly used four tones are called: six tones, ruler tone, upward tone and five tones. There are three kinds of commonly used musical instruments: Gong Diao Di, Ping Diao Di and Mei Guan Diao Di. As far as 1950s is concerned, there are more than 70 copies of Xi 'an Drum Music Score, of which 16 copies were copied from the Ming Dynasty. Except that He Jiaying was written as "Hitachi on June 15th, the fifth year of Tang Kaiyuan", the earliest transcripts of all other books are the Complete Draft of Drum Pieces, Income and Xiaoqu preserved by Xilun Music Society, with the note that "The folk musicians who played Angu music in the 28th year of Qing Kangxi (65438+) included An Laixu and He Weixin from Chenghuang Temple Drum Music Society; Liang Zhenyuan and Zhao Yuchang from Donglun Drum Club; Xilun Drum Club; Cheng Tianxiang of Xianmi Temple Drum Club; Dajichang Drum Club Yang Jiazhen and Pei Rengong; He Jiaying Drum Club He Yongzhen, He; Xiang Hui Music Society Civilization (East Village) and Zhang Youming (West Village) in Ji County. Sitting and listening to music, as the name implies, is played around the indoor console table. The tune is a set with a fixed structure, namely, "sitting and listening to the full set of songs in the flower drum section" and "sitting and listening to the full set of songs in the eight-beat drum section". Sitting and listening to music is often an occasion for artists to compete for skills, which is called "fighting music", "facing the table" and "spreading out", so sitting and listening to music is more particular. Sitting music can be roughly divided into urban and rural areas. Sitting music in cities is called "eight beats sitting music" or "drumming", while sitting music in rural areas is called "drumming". The former uses sheng, flute, pipe and double gongs, and also uses Zheng and pipa. Percussion instruments include sitting drums, war drums, music drums, solo drums, cymbals, gongs, hinges, fans, gongs, horse gongs, gongs and wooden bangers, with about 12 or 13 people. Depending on the conditions, there may be some musical instrument adjustments in rural areas. In some rural areas, more than a dozen people play musical instruments, mostly percussion instruments. "Sichuanlao" (a traditional percussion instrument used for drum music) and "Sulao" (a percussion instrument imported from Shaanxi Opera) are used by dozens of people, producing a grand sound that shook the earth and shook the mountains and rivers, and their styles are different from those of urban sitting music. Although most of the members of the ancient city Chang 'an Drum Club are businessmen, traditionally, the Drum Club is very lofty, entertaining itself, not being employed by others, and only playing music for the Drum Club and its families. Of course there are exceptions. When Yang Hucheng's tomb was moved back to Xi from Chongqing, many people from the Drum Club went to the station to meet him. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Drum Club was very active. At that time, there were hundreds of temples in Xi 'an, and there were drum club activities around almost every temple. Temple fairs are one after another, and the sound of drum music in Chang 'an ancient city is endless. At present, Chang 'an drum music has about 100 volumes, more than 3,000 tracks, more than 200 tunes/kloc-0, and more than 40 divertimentos, including extremely rich folk songs, operas, rap and court and religious music. The drum music art form of indoor performance, Sitting Music is a large-scale folk suite with a strictly fixed music structure, which consists of three parts: head (cap), body (body) and tail (boots). Folk artists call this structure "wearing boots and hats". The instruments used are mainly flutes, accompanied by sheng, wind instruments, and sometimes double-rhyme gongs (double-fan gongs with 20 faces 10 tones are specially used to play music with scales, especially when playing with Qing-feng, the players draw their bows with their left and right hands, and the techniques are complicated). There are four kinds of drums: sitting drum, war drum, music drum and solo drum. Other percussion instruments include cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, gongs, horse gongs, gongs (also known as "opening gongs"), hinges, big gongs and hand gongs. There are two kinds of sitting music: eight-beat sitting music and vulgar sitting music. The full set of eight-beat sitting music is performed by Buddhist and secular music clubs, which is mainly named because the drum segments used in the first part of the sitting music head (cap) are all "eight-beat drum segments". Chenghuangmiao Music Club has a full set of eight-beat sitting music, playing music with double gongs and a ruler. Its structural characteristics (sitting in front of the music): hat: open gongs and drums, get up. Body: box head box (eight beat drum section); Play a song; Two boxes (eight beat drum segments); Play a song; Three boxes (eight drums); Blow. Tail: bottom drum, back drum. In terms of musical structure, the popular sitting music is characterized by the use of large percussion instruments, such as drums, cymbals and gongs. In addition, two genres of music are used, which are vigorous and passionate. "Da Zhazi" (also known as "Qian Zhazi") is a unique form of folk sitting music. Just play with several tunes with different tonality. There are gongs and drums between the tunes, and the tunes are lively and full of vitality. 6 playing characteristics Xi angu music mainly plays bamboo flute, which is divided into two forms: "sitting music" and "playing music". "Sitting music" is chamber music, with flute, sheng and pipe as playing instruments, and percussion instruments include sitting drum, war drum, music drum, solo drum, and cymbals, small cymbals and cymbals. Every summer and autumn (from the end of May to the end of July), Xi 'an's drum music is often played at villagers' meetings and temple fairs held in various places. Performers include the "Drum Club" organized by villages and towns, and the drum band of Damiao Temple. The collection and arrangement of 7 Xi Angu music began at 195 1, and the competent unit was Northwest Branch of All-China Musicians Association (hereinafter referred to as "Northwest Music Association", and later renamed as "Xi 'an Branch of China Musicians Association", which was established at1March 6, 955). At that time, the staff who participated in the collection and arrangement of Angu music included Li, deputy director of Northwest Music Association, Fan Zhaoming, music cadre of Northwest Music Association, and He Jun, music cadre of Shaanxi Mass Art Museum. From May 65438 to May 0953, Li and He Jun took Nanjixian Village in zhouzhi county as their main base, focusing on investigating the types of drum music, and named it "Angule Music". About ten years later, Li, Yang, He Jun, etc. Eight music clubs, including Xi 'an Chenghuang Temple, Dongcang, Xicang, Dajichang, Chang 'an He Jiaying and Zhouzhi South Line, were surveyed. More than 200 artists were interviewed and recorded for more than 40 hours. More than 100 folk music scores close to those of the Song Dynasty were collected, and 800 were translated. It also takes up a large number of oral transcripts of artists and photos, physical objects (mainly the transcripts of folk figures) and other materials. Yang also found that Angu music and the first and second scores of Shaanxi Eighth National Congress are in the same strain as the Song of Taoist Baishi in the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, the research on Jiang Baishi's Song Creation published in cooperation with Yin Lufa was largely due to the discovery of Xi 'an drum music. During the ten years from 1966 to 1976, the collection and arrangement of Xi 'an drum music was forced to stop because of the Cultural Revolution. 1980 resumed work. 198 1 With the approval of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Culture, the "Tang Dynasty Research Room" (affiliated to Shaanxi Provincial Museum of Mass Art) was established, with Li as the director and He Jun as the deputy director. Among them, there are,,, Li, and Lu Hongjing. After the establishment of the laboratory, it was further collected and supplemented on the basis of the mimeographed Translation Spectrum of Xi 'an Drum Music in 1960s. From 198 1 to 65438+February-1982, eight volumes and nine volumes about three million words were compiled. During this period, Li wrote and published papers such as Introduction to Yan Music in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Style Structure of Tang Daqu and Angu Music, Research and Interpretation of Folk Character Spectrum of Angu Music, and Comparative Study of Japanese Elegant Music and Angu Music. He Jun, Lu Hongjing, Li, Li, and Li wrote about the time to study the "beat" in the Tang Dynasty and the elegance of Japan. Li also wrote hundreds of thousands of books (mimeographed, unpublished) such as "Introduction to the Artistic Tradition of Xi 'an Drum Music", which had a great influence on academic circles and music circles at home and abroad. Professor Feng Yalan of Xi Conservatory of Music and later Comrade Cheng, Jiao Jie all contributed to the collection, arrangement and research of Xi drum music. Some well-known experts and people of insight in the music industry at home and abroad, such as Ren Bantang, He Changlin, Tsung i Jao, Xu Changhui, Yuan, Japanese Shore Shigeo, Cambridge University Beacon, London University Zhong Sidi, as well as music experts from Germany, Hungary, Austria, Italy, the United States, Canada and other countries, have interviewed drum artists, collectors and researchers in Xi for many times. With the deepening of the collection and research of Xi 'an drum music, it has attracted great attention and extensive support from the national music and academic circles. 1985 Shaanxi art institute established "xi angu music research room". In addition to in-depth study of Angu music, He Jun, Li, Li, Liu and others also participated in the compilation of China Folk Music Collection Shaanxi Volume. From June 65438 to June 0987, Shaanxi xi 'an Drum Troupe went to Beijing to attend the 5th China Good Voice Concert and perform for the Asian Traditional Music Seminar. Performers include Xi 'an Daji Changle Club, zhouzhi county Antarctic Yue Xian Club and Chang 'an He Jiaying Music Club. This performance has been highly praised by musicians at home and abroad, and is known as "the living fossil of ancient music in China". 199265438+February People's Music Publishing House published Shaanxi Volume, a major national scientific research project, which was sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and approved by the National Leading Group for Art and Science Planning. The representative tracks 153 (sets) of more than 20 genres of Xi Angu music were compiled, with about 7 10000 words, which made Xi Angu music officially loaded. At the beginning of 2004, Xi established a leading group for the protection and development of Xi 'an drum music. In the same year, Xi 'an Drum Music was listed as the second batch of national key national folk culture protection projects. The Office of the Leading Group quickly worked out plans and measures for the protection and development, conducted a comprehensive survey, confirmation, registration and filing of Xi 'an Drum Music, and rescued the inheritors of music scores and the elderly. In a short period of one year, it collected more than 1000 ancient music scores and some audio-visual materials, and held a series of exhibitions, performances and activities. At the beginning of 2005, the Propaganda Department of Xi Municipal Committee also allocated special funds for audio and video rescue. The Municipal Ancient Music Office organized TV stations to shoot documentaries for old artists, and organized 9 music clubs to record a complete set of playing tracks. In addition, the Propaganda Department of the Municipal Party Committee also allocated special funds to jointly publish the drum album Yulinling with Xi Conservatory of Music. At the 15th International Council of Monuments and Sites and the Eurasian Forum, the Propaganda Department of the Municipal Party Committee convened several music clubs and organized a large-scale drum performance at the airport, which delighted Chinese and foreign guests. At the end of the same year, good news came: Xi Angu Music was included in the national "non-legacy" list. 8 Inheritance Significance Xi Angu Music is an important legacy of ancient Chinese music. Its unique and complex music style and rich characteristics, music collection, rotation method and instrument configuration form have become precious evidence to solve the mystery of ancient China music art; Its rich repertoire enriches the treasure house of China's music culture and will play an important role in the further development of China's national music culture. 9 World Intangible Heritage At the fourth meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage held in the United Arab Emirates, Xi 'an Drum Music was included in the representative list of intangible cultural heritage of mankind. 20 1 1, 1, 65438 The "Xi 'an Drum Music" learning base, which was listed by UNESCO as a representative of the intangible cultural heritage of mankind, was established in zhouzhi county Art and Technology School, Shaanxi Province, and received 50,000 yuan of financial support from the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Culture. [ 1]