What are the book binding forms and illustrations in Yuan Dynasty?

The Yuan Dynasty made outstanding achievements in publishing and printing, for example, the types of printed books exceeded those of the previous generation; The initiative and application of wooden movable type, and the implementation and wide application of two-color overprinter and northern package of Zhu Mo books.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court attached great importance to the collection, publication and printing of books. Editorial department, secretarial office and classic room are mainly engaged in the publishing, printing and collection of books. Xingwen Department, Arts and Culture Bureau, Guangcheng Bureau and imperial academy are also engaged in the publishing and printing of books. The imperial court also set up a special almanac editing institution, which published three kinds of almanac: printed almanac, mini almanac and Hui Hui almanac every year, with a print run of over 3 million copies.

The printing industry in Beijing, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, was also very prosperous. At that time, most of the books printed were operas, plays, poems and so on.

At first, the binding forms of books published by Yuan Dadu, the capital of Yuan Dynasty, were mainly butterfly clothes and classics, and butterfly clothes were mostly used in general books, such as classics and historical books compiled by the court. Folding clothes is mostly used in Buddhist scriptures. In terms of fonts, Zhao Mengfu, a famous calligrapher, used regular script, and the folk script mostly used simplified characters.

The butterfly book in Yuan Dynasty appeared in the form of book binding with large format and small core, which was rare in the previous generation. For example, in the book Meng Qian Bi Tan, which was engraved during the reign of Yuan Dade, there was a big gap on the four sides of the layout. Put a piece of white paper between two blank faces and stick it on two white faces, which overcomes the shortcoming that a blank page needs to be turned when reading ordinary butterfly clothes. The cover is lined with fabric on hard paper. This binding method was rare in ancient times.

Since the mid-Yuan Dynasty, Bao Beizhuang has been widely used in books. Baobeizhuang has many advantages over butterflies. First, it is easy to read. Second, books are more durable. Baobeizhuang in Yuan Dynasty is an important stage of book binding, which is closer to today's book binding.

The characteristic of color afterloading is a folding method of reverse butterfly loading. The printed page is folded forward, so that the folding edge where the version center is located faces left and outward, and the text faces people. The remaining pages on the left and right sides of the page are folded forward, so they are aligned to the right to integrate the spine. Arrange the folded dozens of pages in order, then stamp them with the left-facing hem as the standard and press them firmly. Then make a hole in the remaining picture on the right and flatten it with paper. Cut off the remaining edge on the right side, then use a whole piece of hard and thick paper to contrast the thickness of the spine and the double label as the cover, stick it on the spine with paste, and wrap all the backs. Cut off the feet of the monkey head and the left side of the lid. A book covering Beizhuang is bound into a book. This kind of binding is called "northern binding" because it mainly covers the back of the book.

What Bao Beizhuang saw when turning pages was literal, and he could read continuously, which enhanced the functionality of reading.

In order to prevent the back of the book from sticking unsteadily, the paper twist binding technology is adopted, that is, the long and tough paper is twisted into a paper twist, and holes are punched in the back of the book near the spine. By twisting the binding, the trouble of sticking page by page is saved. Finally, stick a whole piece of paper around the back of the book as the front cover and back cover of the book.

In the book "Si Ji" printed by most people in the Yuan Dynasty, the watchmaker Jiao Qing 'an recorded the recipe of making batter: yellow wax, gelatin, alum, bletilla striata, quinoa basket, Gleditsia sinensis, Maoxiang, Pogostemon, white flour, hardwood and charcoal.

Jiao Qing 'an's formula includes three parts: adhesive, preservative and essence. It can be seen that the materials used in book binding at that time were very scientific and could keep books for a long time.

Bao Bei Zhuang appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty, and remained popular for hundreds of years until the late Qing Dynasty. Baobeizhuang solved the disadvantages of butterfly unpacking, that is, there was no negative character and the binding was not firm. However, because this kind of binding is still bound with paper twist and wrapped in the back of the book, it is only for the convenience of collection and cannot stand repeated reading. If you watch it often, it is still easy to break up. In order to solve this problem, a new binding method gradually appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and gradually became popular, that is, thread binding. The illustrations of books in the Yuan Dynasty are also beautiful. Painting in Yuan Dynasty was very developed, especially literati painting, and illustration was also developed on the basis of Song and Jin Dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the southern book engraving industry developed in Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Jianning, Fujian. At that time, as textual research, three historical books of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties and Xixia Tibetan Scriptures were all engraved in Hangzhou. During this period, there also appeared block-printed books overprinted by Zhu Mo.

Confucian classics and sub-books in Yuan Dynasty, such as Zhou Li, Reading Notes, Le Shu, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety, Xunzi, The Classic of Tao Te Ching, Nanshu, etc., were quite impressive in Song Dynasty or reprinted at that time. There is a book "The Newly Published Interpretation of Filial Piety Scriptures", which is the diagram above and below.

Some versions of "The New Edition of Quan Xiang Zhai Xiao Jing Zhi Jie" have been circulated in Japan. At the end of the article, there is an inscription entitled "When General Xuanwu was looking forward to Mooncherry, the North Yard of Shihaiya, the flower pool of Wan Hu Mansion Road, made a self-narrative", which is very important. First, it shows that the book was published in the first year of Dada, namely1308; The second is to show that the owner of the engraving is Guan Yunshi, a Uighur; The third is that the book was published in Huguang Yongzhou.

The new issue of "A Direct Interpretation of the Classic of Filial Piety in Quanxiangzhai" has 18 chapters, 15 pages and 15 illustrations, all of which are about filial piety, saying that mortals should have filial piety and emperors should have filial piety. The painting is exquisite, but the lines are clumsy, and the meaning is consistent with the text. Although it was Yuan Dynasty, all the paintings were Han costumes.

"The Tale of the Stone Forest" was published in 1340, with a total of * * 10 episodes, written by Chen. This is an engraving of Zheng's Integration Hall in Jianyang, Fujian Province, formerly known as Collection, which is an important map compilation and a new supplementary book. Peking University Library has books. The "Stone Forest" is rich in content, including the "Ploughing Map" in which farmers cultivate and women bring their children to deliver tea. Another example is "Wulin Map", which depicts the wonderful performances of artists. There is also a picture of Tales of Two Places. Two officials are holding a scene of two places with two waiters beside them. After painting nave, a black dog cocked its tail, adding an active atmosphere to the picture.

During the period of Yuan Yingzong, Yu Jian 'an published Five Kinds of All-phase Pinghua. It is the earliest story-telling book that can be seen now. These five kinds of Pinghua are: New Quanxiang Pinghua in Three Kingdoms, Quanxiang Pinghua in Wuwang, Qiguoping Pinghua in Spring and Autumn Period of Le Yi, Quanxiang Pinghua in Six Kingdoms of Qin, and Pinghua in Han Dynasty before Quanxiang continued. Wu Junfu, Huang Shuan and so on.

This set of Pinghua is the picture above and the picture below. On the one hand, nearly two-thirds of the text and a little more than one-third of the pictures. There are subtitles in the picture, and there are many names in the picture. This is a popular book, and this is how China's later "picture book" originated.

This set of Pinghua can be described as a collection of illustrations because there are many illustrations. There are 228 pieces of Five Pinghua, which draw larger scenes and highlight the main characters. The plot is generally clear, focusing on "explanatory".

For example, the illustration of "Battle of Red Cliffs" in Panorama of New Three Kingdoms Pinghua is displayed on the opposite page, divided into three sections. Zhuge Liang in front borrows the east wind and holds the sword. In order to explain the wind, not only the clothes of the characters are floating, but also the two big trees and leaves are whistling to the west; In the middle, Huang Gai led the troops to fire on the ship. The wind is strong and the fire is fierce, blowing to the west; The last paragraph is a painting by Cao Cao, who ran away because he couldn't bear to be burned. The three main characters in the three paragraphs, namely, Kong Ming, Huang Gai and Cao Cao, are all clearly indicated.

Another example is "The Spring and Autumn Period and the Seven Kingdoms Le Yi Tuqi". Sun Tzu said that Le Yi and two people were talking, and their expressions were clear at a glance. This kind of schema and text are unified, matched, neat and clear, which has a great influence on later prints and illustrations. Some people call it "the originator of China's ancient historical novels".

Buddhism still prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexisted and they also believed in Christianity. During this period, the engraving of the Tibetan scriptures in Puning, Hangzhou, the anthology of Hexi and the confession of Liang Huangbao were all quite neat, while the Annotation to the Unknown Monk of the Diamond Sutra by 1340 was overprinted by Zhu Mo. No matter from the requirements of block printing technology or illustration, they are very meaningful.