What kind of watering method is better?

At present, most orchards are still flooded with tree pan irrigation, this irrigation method not only wastes valuable water resources, but also unfavorable to the growth of fruit trees, because of flooding in the early stage of the soil mud, soil structure is destroyed, porosity is reduced, a large number of air in the soil by the water extrusion, not conducive to the activities of soil microorganisms, not conducive to the root respiration and growth; in the middle of the soil with the reduction of soil moisture, the soil structure is restored, suitable for root respiration and growth, conducive to the root absorption of nutrients; later soil drought and unfavorable to root absorption and growth. With the reduction of soil moisture in the medium term, the soil structure is restored, suitable for root respiration and growth, which is conducive to root absorption of nutrients; the late drought in the soil is not conducive to root absorption of nutrients and growth. China is a country with poor water resources, especially in the north, water shortage, water resources has become a constraint on China's industrial and agricultural development constraints. To this end, should change the orchard water irrigation is not conducive to the growth of fruit trees, but also a great waste of water backward irrigation methods, vigorously advocate the irrigation effect is good, but also save water resources, drip irrigation, seepage irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and other advanced irrigation methods.

(1) drip irrigation drip irrigation is developed in recent years the mechanization and automation of advanced irrigation technology, by computer or manual control of water, through the main pipeline, branch pipeline, capillary and then reach the tree tray, by the drip head in the form of drops of water slowly dripping into the root system around the way to infiltrate the soil moisture supplement. Drip irrigation saves water, is ordinary irrigation water 1/4, labor saving, can be combined with fertilizer, drip irrigation can often and steadily on the inter-root soil water supply, uniformly keep the soil moist, soil aeration is good, conducive to root growth and nutrient uptake, and promote the improvement of fruit yield and quality. According to the North China Agricultural Mechanization Institute drip irrigation group experimental investigation, drip irrigation of fruit trees, root group root more, a root group root more up to 93, fibrous roots up to 70 cm, while the border irrigation of the fruit tree root group root less, up to 10, and fibrous roots short only 37 cm, fruit production and single fruit weight drip irrigation than border irrigation twice as much as the number of times of drip irrigation and the amount of water, depending on the climate, soil, age of the tree to achieve the root system wetting For the purpose of adult trees each plant needs more than 120 dm3 of water per day, each tree under the installation of 3 drip head, 3.8 dm3 of water per hour per drip head calculation, the daily need for drip irrigation 12 hours. The disadvantage is that drip irrigation is not easy to underground management, such as deep tilling fertilizer, equipment investment is large, a family orchard is difficult to achieve, the drip head is easy to clog.

(2) seepage irrigation, also known as micro-irrigation, is an irrigation technology developed on the basis of drip irrigation. Seepage irrigation is installed in the tree pan seepage device, water flow is larger than drip irrigation, 60 to 80 dm3 of water per hour, to solve the drawbacks of drip irrigation drip head clogging, better than drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation.

(3) sprinkler irrigation is through mechanical pressure, through the pipeline and the nozzle will be sprayed in the orchard, the advantage is water-saving, labor-saving, can be sprayed with spray medicine, foliar spraying fertilizer combination, the land is not flat orchard also applies, can regulate the microclimate of the orchard, improve the orchard humidity, conducive to winter jujube flowering fruit. The disadvantage is that the investment is big, sprinkler irrigation by the wind constraints, general four winds will affect the sprinkler irrigation effect. Because of the orchard humidity, easy to induce disease.

(4) furrow irrigation drip irrigation, seepage irrigation, sprinkler irrigation due to large investment, at present most of our country orchard has not been implemented, can be used furrow irrigation. Furrow irrigation can be dug in the periphery of the canopy irrigation ditch, ditch width of 30 cm or so, 30 ~ 40 cm deep, in order not to hurt the coarse roots as appropriate, irrigation ditch cover grass to preserve moisture, furrow irrigation is through infiltration to achieve the purpose of irrigation, more than the border irrigation water saving, can maintain a good soil structure and physicochemical properties, conducive to the growth of the root system and the absorption of nutrients, conducive to the growth and development of fruit trees.

(5) storage hole irrigation in the peripheral corners of the tree crown dug 50 cm deep, 40 cm in diameter of the pit, pit filled with straw or grass, built into a storage hole, after irrigation above the film cover, leaving a hole in the middle with a stone or soil pressure, around the soil compaction, and then irrigation from the hole will be filled with water. Storage hole irrigation is the use of filler good water storage capacity, long-term stable supply of water to the root system, do not destroy the soil structure, is conducive to root growth, water conservation, and can be combined with fertilizer, fertilizer will be sprinkled into the hole, watering with the water seepage into the soil, a lot of orchard application effect is very good, saving investment, should be promoted.

Winter jujube tree is more resistant to waterlogging, but the orchard long-term waterlogging, soil structure was damaged, the fruit tree root respiration was inhibited, easy to cause root rot, affecting the absorption function of the root system. Poor soil aeration, affect the soil microbial activity, reduce soil fertility, but also can produce and root system harmful substances such as methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, etc., seriously affecting the root system of fruit trees and the growth of the above ground part of the growth and fruit yield and quality. Therefore, the rainy season should pay attention to the discharge of orchard water, drainage should pay attention to soil and water conservation, prevent soil erosion, tree pan of water must be drained through seepage, especially saline and alkaline more need to store water pressure alkali. Conditions of the orchard, can be built around the orchard water storage pits and ponds, storage drainage and runoff, for the orchard needs to be applied when irrigation.