Does anyone know what program teaching method is?

The representative figure of program teaching theory is American psychologist Skinner. Skinner is a famous representative of contemporary New behavioral psychology. Through experiments, he found that the behavior of animals can be gradually strengthened, forming an operational conditioned reflex. He introduced this theory of operational conditioning into people's learning behavior and applied it to students' learning process. He believes that the learning process is the formation process of the connection between the stimulus acting on learners and the learners' response to the stimulus. Its basic schema is: stimulus-response-reinforcement. A complex behavior can be connected by simple behaviors through gradual methods and accumulation.

Program teaching divides the learning content into small questions and arranges them systematically. Through programmed textbooks or special teaching machines, students gradually ask questions (stimulate), choose answers, answer questions (react), know the learning results immediately after answering questions, and confirm whether their answers are right or wrong. If the answer is correct, you are encouraged (strengthened) and go to the next program. If it is not correct, take supplementary procedures and learn the same content again until you master it. Its basic operating procedure is:

Explain-Ask (question)-Answer-Confirm

Skinner's procedural teaching method

b？ f？ Skinner is a famous American teaching psychologist. He established the learning theory of operational behaviorism through animal experiments, and put forward the theory of procedural teaching and its teaching mode, which had a wide influence on primary and secondary education in the United States and even the world in the 1950s.

I. Theoretical basis

As an experimental psychologist, Skinner's theoretical discovery began with the experiment of animal learning. He designed an experimental device called "Skinner Box", which contained a hungry mouse and a control rod connected to the food box. The mouse moves in the box. Every time it presses the lever, it can get a piece of food. In this way, the mouse kept pressing the lever to get food, and soon "learned" this feeding method. Here, getting food is an enhancement of the mouse operating joystick. Subsequently, Skinner repeated similar experiments on pigeons, cats and other animals, which proved that timely reward and reinforcement are the main factors to promote animal learning.

Skinner infers human from animals, and thinks that human learning is also a kind of reinforcement process of operational response ("reinforcement" occupies a core position in his teaching theory). Through operation reinforcement, we can learn a relatively complete new behavior unit and extract an existing behavior unit. The key to the success of teaching or training is to accurately analyze the reinforcement effect, design the technology to manipulate this process, and establish a specific reinforcement series. In other words, according to the learning objectives, while promoting learners' learning, we should constantly strengthen learners and make them move towards the learning objectives.

Second, the teaching principles

According to the learning theory of operational behaviorism, what problems must teachers consider when implementing procedural teaching?

First of all, we should carefully consider what the content of planned teaching is in a specific period of time, and these teaching contents will eventually be expressed through the acquisition of students' behavior. Secondly, we should consider what reinforcements can be used. This kind of reinforcement includes two kinds: one is that learners have a strong interest in the manipulated materials during the learning process; The other is to give students rewards in the learning process, such as a kind smile, a positive compliment, a prize and so on. Third, the most effective arrangement of reinforcement, that is, teachers should gradually and skillfully make very complicated behavior patterns into small units or small steps, that is, specifically decompose teaching objectives, determine the behavioral intensity maintained in each step, and maximize the effect of reinforcement.

The process of compiling degree study generally follows the following principles:

1. Positive response principle

In the process of program teaching, students must always be in the state of active learning. That is to say, in teaching, let students have a reaction, and then give reinforcement or reward to consolidate this reaction and promote learners to make further reactions.

2. Small step principle

The teaching materials presented by program teaching are decomposed step by step. The previous step of learning is to pave the way for the next step of learning, and the latter step of learning is carried out after the previous step of learning. Because the difficulty difference between the two steps is very small, it is easy for learners to succeed in their studies and build their self-confidence.

3. The principle of immediate feedback

Program teaching especially emphasizes immediate feedback, that is, letting students know that their answers are correct immediately, which is an effective measure to build confidence and maintain behavior. If a student can make a correct response (answer) to the first step (previous question), he can immediately present the second step (second question). This presentation itself is a kind of feedback: tell the students that you have mastered the first step and can start the second step.

4. Self-paced principle

Program teaching allows learners to determine the speed of mastering materials according to their own situation. This is different from the traditional teaching method, which generally takes "medium" level learners as the reference point of classroom teaching. The traditional teaching method makes the students who master quickly be held back, while the students who learn slowly can't keep up, which leads to the growing gap in learning level between the students in the class. The procedural teaching method is relatively "reasonable", and each student can learn at his most suitable speed. Learning is easier to succeed, because you have time to think for yourself.

Of course, the design of program teaching should follow the logical procedures inside the textbook, not only to ensure that learners minimize the error rate, but also to design the textbook reasonably, so that every question (every small step) can reflect the logical value of the textbook.

Third, the teaching mode.

1. linear program

This is a teaching program initiated by Skinner, and it is a classic program teaching mode. In this process, the teacher divides the material into a series of small steps, each step is a project with little content. The arrangement of the series is from shallow to deep, from simple to complex. Taking the teaching content of Current as an example, it can be designed as the following steps:

(1) The reason why the bulb glows is the filament (heating);

(2) The reason why the filament heats up is that the filament passes through (current);

(3) The reason why the electric light is on is the current intensity (increase);

(4) The reason for the dimming of electric lamps is the current intensity (decrease);

⑤ When the voltage increases, the current intensity (increases);

……

The correct answer is in brackets. If a student can make a correct answer, the teaching machine can display it and start the switch of the second step of learning. Start learning step by step until you reach your learning goal.

2. Circuit diagram

Because each student's learning ability is different from the existing knowledge base, and the difficulty of learning materials is different, some people put forward two variants on the basis of the classic scheme. The derivative program is an example, which was developed by American A? A variable program mode proposed by Claude. This model also divides the learning materials into small logical units, but each step is larger than the linear program, and each item has more content. Students should have a test after mastering a logic unit. The test is conducted in the form of multiple-choice answers, and the next study is decided according to the test results. This project helps to eliminate the learning differences among students with different abilities.

3. Moffield Plan

This program was written by American psychologist Kay? H) A program teaching mode put forward in the teaching of Moffield University is a combination of linear and branching program principles. This model always follows a main sequence. Different from the linear model, there is only one branch sequence to supplement the main sequence. Different from the branching method, students can enter the next question of the main sequence instead of returning to the original point through the learning of the branching sequence, which is conducive to the improvement of learning efficiency.

Comparatively speaking, the derivative program and Murphy program are superior to the linear program, because these two programs can better meet the needs of individual differences and provide different learning programs for different students.

To implement programmed teaching, teachers must use programmed teaching materials or carry out machine teaching. Only by replacing a large number of mechanical behaviors of teachers in classroom teaching with machines can teachers concentrate on designing "small steps", put forward the learning requirements of students with different adaptability, and give timely feedback. In 1950s, Skinner's teaching machine was all the rage. In today's electronic age, there are many automatic electronic teaching machines in the classroom, all of which have the shadow of Skinner's program teaching thought. In the classroom teaching of most teachers, the principle of procedural teaching is also used from time to time. People often say "step by step", "slope reduction" and "timely feedback", which also reflects the idea of degree teaching.

Huitong wenfu school adopts the method of combining procedural teaching method with cognitive psychology to make children achieve satisfactory results.