Introduction and application of chemical materials

Silicon Carbide has a crystal structure similar to that of diamond and belongs to atomic crystals; it has a high melting point (2827°C) and a hardness similar to that of diamond, so it is also called adamantine. Silicon carbide can be produced by forging a mixture of quartz and excess coke in an electric furnace.

Pure silicon carbide is a colorless, heat-resistant, stable, high hardness compound. Industrially it is green or black due to impurities.

Industry silicon carbide is commonly used as an abrasive and manufacture of grinding wheels or grinding stone friction surface. Commonly used silicon carbide abrasives have two different crystals, one is green silicon carbide, containing more than 97% SiC, mainly used for grinding hard gold-containing tools. The other is black silicon carbide, with metallic luster, containing more than 95% SiC, stronger than green silicon carbide, but lower hardness, mainly used for grinding cast iron and non-metallic materials.

(B) boron nitride (BN)

Boron nitride is white, insoluble, high temperature resistant substances. BN can be produced by melting B2O3 with NH4Cl***, or by burning monomorphic boron in NH3. The boron nitride usually produced is a graphite-type structure, commonly known as white graphite. Another is diamond type, and graphite into diamond similar to the principle of graphite boron nitride in high temperature (1800 ℃), high pressure (800Mpa) can be transformed into diamond type boron nitride. This kind of boron nitride in the B-N bond length (156pm) and diamond in the C-C bond length (154pm) is similar to the density is also similar to diamond, its hardness and diamond is not similar, and heat resistance than diamond is good, is a new type of high temperature resistant superhard materials, used for making drills, grinding and cutting tools.

(C) Cemented Carbide

IVB, VB, VIB family of metal carbides, nitrides, borides, etc., due to the hardness and melting point of the particularly high, collectively referred to as cemented carbide. The following focuses on carbides to illustrate the structure, characteristics and applications of hard gold-bearing.

IVB, VB, VIB family of metals and carbon to form a metal-type carbide, due to the small radius of the carbon atoms, can be filled in the metal lattice in the gap and retain the original form of the metal lattice, the formation of intergrown solid solution. Under appropriate conditions, this type of solid solution can continue to dissolve its constituent elements until saturation is reached. Therefore, their composition can vary within a certain range (e.g., the composition of titanium carbide varies between TiC0.5 and TiC), and the chemical formula does not conform to the rules of valency. When the dissolved carbon content exceeds a certain limit (for example, titanium carbide Ti:C = 1:1), the lattice pattern will change, so that the original metal lattice into another form of metal lattice, then the intergrown solid solution is called intergrown compounds.

Metal-type carbides, especially IVB, VB, VIB group metal carbide melting point are above 3273K, of which hafnium carbide, tantalum carbide, respectively, 4160K and 4150K, is the highest melting point of the currently known substances. Most of the carbide hardness is very large, their micro-hardness is greater than 1800kg-mm2 (micro-hardness is one of the hardness representation, mostly used in cemented carbides and hard compounds, micro-hardness 1800kg-mm2 is equivalent to Mohs a diamond a hardness of 9). Many carbides are not easy to decompose at high temperatures, oxidation resistance is stronger than its component metals. Titanium carbide has the best thermal stability of all carbides and is a very important metal-type carbide. However, in an oxidizing atmosphere, all carbides are susceptible to oxidation at high temperatures, which can be considered a major weakness of carbides.

In addition to carbon atoms, nitrogen and boron atoms can also enter the voids of the metal lattice to form an intercalation solid solution. They are similar to the nature of the intergrown carbide, can conduct electricity, thermal conductivity, high melting point, hardness, but also brittle.

(D) metal ceramics

With the development of rockets, artificial satellites and atomic energy and other cutting-edge technology, high temperature materials put forward new requirements, hope that both at high temperatures with high hardness, strength, withstand the intense mechanical vibration and temperature changes, but also oxidation and corrosion resistance, high insulation and other properties. Whether high melting point metals or ceramics are difficult to meet these at the same time. Metals have good mechanical properties and toughness, but poor chemical stability at high temperatures, easy to oxidize. Ceramics are characterized by high temperature resistance and good chemical stability, but the biggest drawback is brittleness and low resistance to mechanical and thermal shock. Metal ceramics is a new type of high-temperature materials formed by high-temperature resistant metals such as Cr, Mo, W, Ti, etc. and high-temperature ceramics such as Al2O3, ZrO3, TiC, etc. after sintering, which has the advantages of both metals and ceramics, with low density, high hardness, wear-resistant, good thermal conductivity, and will not be brittle due to sudden cold and heat cracks. It is a new type of high-temperature material with comprehensive performance, suitable for high-speed cutting tools, stamping and cold drawing molds, heating elements, bearings, corrosion-resistant parts, radio technology, rocket technology, atomic energy industry.

Two, the new ceramic materials

Traditional ceramics mainly use natural rocks, minerals, clay and other materials as raw materials. The new ceramics are synthetic high-purity inorganic compounds as raw materials, under strictly controlled conditions by molding, sintering and other treatments made of inorganic materials with micro-fine crystalline organization. It has a series of superior physical, chemical and biological properties, the scope of application of traditional ceramics is far from comparable, such ceramics are also known as special ceramics or fine ceramics.

New ceramics control the chemical composition is mainly divided into two categories: a pure oxide ceramics,

such as Al2O3, ZrO2, MgO, CaO, BeO, ThO2, etc.; the other is a non-oxide ceramics, such as carbides, borides, nitrides and silicides, etc.. According to its performance and characteristics can be divided into: high-temperature ceramics, super-hard ceramics, high-toughness ceramics, semiconductor ceramics. Electrolyte ceramics, magnetic ceramics, conductive ceramics and so on. With the continuous improvement of the composition, structure and I: art, new agents ceramics are emerging. According to their different applications can be divided into two categories of engineering structural ceramics and functional ceramics.

The ceramics used in the engineering structure is called engineering ceramics, it is mainly used at high temperatures, also known as high-temperature structural ceramics. These ceramics have the advantages of high strength and hardness at high temperatures, oxidation, corrosion, abrasion, ablation, etc., is an important material in the field of space technology, military technology, atomic energy, industry and chemical equipment. There are many types of engineering ceramics, but at present the world's most researched and considered the most promising is silicon chloride, silicon carbide and toughened oxide three types of materials.

Precision ceramics ammonia silicon instead of metal to manufacture heat-resistant parts of the engine, can significantly increase the temperature of the workpiece, thereby improving thermal efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, energy savings, reduce the size and weight of the engine, but also instead of such as nickel, chromium, sodium, and other important metal materials, so it is considered to be a revolution in the engine. Silicon nitride can be prepared in a variety of ways, the industry commonly used high-purity silicon and pure nitrogen in 1600K reaction obtained:

3Si + 2N2 Si3N4

Also available in the chemical vapor deposition method, so that SiCl4 and N2 in the H2 atmosphere under the protection of the reaction, the product of the Si3N4 accumulated in the graphite substrate, forming a layer of dense Si3N4 layer. This method to get a high purity of silicon nitride, the reaction is as follows:

SiCl4 + 2N2 + 6H2 → Si3N4 + 12HCl

SiCl4, silicon carbide and other new ceramics can also be used to manufacture engine blades, cutting tools, mechanical seals, bearings, rocket nozzles, furnace piping, etc., has a very wide range of uses.

The use of ceramics on acoustic, optical, electrical, magnetic, thermal and other physical properties of the special function of the manufacture of ceramic materials called functional ceramics. Functional ceramics are diverse, different uses. For example, according to the differences in the electrical properties of ceramics can be made into conductive ceramics, semiconductor ceramics, dielectric ceramics, insulating ceramics and other electronic materials, used in the production of capacitors, resistors, high temperature and high-frequency devices in the electronics industry, transformers, and other electronic parts of all shapes and sizes. The use of ceramic optical properties can be manufactured solid laser materials, optical fibers, optical storage materials and a variety of ceramic sensors. In addition, ceramics are also used as piezoelectric materials, magnetic materials, substrate materials. In short, the new agent ceramic materials in almost every field of modern science and technology, application prospects are very broad.

Three, magnetic materials

Magnetic materials are an important electronic materials. Early magnetic materials are mainly used in metal and alloy systems, with the development of production, in the electric power industry, telecommunications engineering and high-frequency radio technology, etc., the urgent need to provide a very high resistivity of high-performance magnetic materials. On the basis of re-examining magnetite and other magnetic oxides, a new type of magnetic material, ferrite, has been developed. Ferrite is a magnetic material belonging to the oxide system, which is a composite oxide with iron oxide and oxides of other iron group elements or rare earth elements as the main components, and can be used to manufacture various functional devices for energy conversion, transmission and information storage.

Ferrite magnetic materials can be classified according to their crystal structure: spinel-type (MFe2O4); garnet-type (R3Fe5O12); magnetite-type (MFe12O19); calcite-type (MFeO3). Where M refers to a divalent metal ion with an ionic radius similar to Fe2+ and R is a rare earth element. According to the different uses of ferrite, it can be divided into several categories such as soft magnet, hard magnet, moment magnet and pressure magnet.

Soft magnetic material is a kind of ferrite material that is easy to be magnetized and demagnetized under a weak magnetic field. There is practical value of soft magnetic ferrite is mainly manganese zinc ferrite Mn-ZnFe2O4 and nickel zinc ferrite Ni-ZnFeO4. soft magnetic ferrite crystal structure is generally cubic crystal system spinel type, which is currently a variety of ferrite in the wider range of uses, the number of larger varieties of a higher value of a material. Mainly used as a variety of inductive components, such as filters, transformers and antennas magnetic and magnetic tape recording, video head.

Hard magnetic material is a ferrite material that is not easy to demagnetize after magnetization and can retain magnetism for a long time, also known as permanent magnetic material or constant magnetic material. The crystal structure of hard magnetic ferrite is roughly hexagonal crystal system magnetite type, and its typical representative is barium ferrite BaFe12O19. this material has better performance and lower cost, not only can be used as a magnet for telecommunication devices such as recorders, telephones, and all kinds of instrumentation, but also has been applied in medicine, biology, and printing display.

Magnesium-manganese ferrite Mg-MnFe3O4, nickel steel ferrite Ni-CuFe2O4 and rare earth pomegranate-type ferrite 3Me2O3-5Fe2O3 (Me for the three-valent rare earth metal ions, such as Y3 ＋, Sm3 ＋, Gd3 ＋ and so on) is the main rotary magnetic ferrite materials. Spin magnetism of magnetic materials refers to the phenomenon that under the action of two mutually perpendicular DC magnetic fields and the magnetic field of electromagnetic waves, the polarization surface of electromagnetic waves will continuously rotate around the propagation direction during the propagation process in a certain direction inside the material. Spinning phenomenon is practically applied in microwave band, therefore, spinning ferrite material is also called microwave ferrite. They are mainly used in radar, communication, navigation, telemetry, remote control and other electronic equipment.

Important moment magnetic materials are manganese-zinc ferrite and Li-Ni-Zn ferrite and Li-Mn-Zn ferrite with stable temperature characteristics. Moment magnetic material has the characteristic of identifying physical state, such as electronic computers, "1" and "0" two states, a variety of switches and control systems, "on" and "off" two states and logic systems, "yes" and "no" two states, etc. Almost all electronic computers are used. Almost all electronic computers use momentary magnetic ferrite composed of high-speed memory. Another newly developed magnetic material is the magnetic bubble material. This is because some garnet-type magnetic material film in the magnetic field added to a certain size, the magnetic domain will form a cylindrical bubble domain, looks like floating in the water bubbles, bubble "yes" and "no" can be used to represent the information "1" and "0" two states. By the circuit and magnetic field to control the generation of magnetic bubbles, disappearance, transmission, splitting and the interaction between the magnetic bubbles, you can realize the information storage record and logic operations and other functions, in electronic computers, automatic control and other scientific and technological applications have important applications.

Pressure magnetic material refers to the magnetization can be in the direction of the magnetic field for mechanical elongation or shortening of the ferrite material. Currently the most widely used are nickel-zinc ferrite, nickel-copper ferrite and nickel-magnesium ferrite. Pressure magnetic materials are mainly used for electromagnetic energy and mechanical energy conversion of ultrasonic devices, magnetic acoustic devices and telecommunications devices, electronic computers, automatic control devices.

Four, superconducting materials

Metallic materials resistance usually decreases with the reduction of temperature, when the temperature is lowered to a certain value, the resistance of some metals and alloys will completely disappear, a phenomenon known as superconductivity. Substances with superconductivity are called superconductors or superconducting materials. The temperature at which the resistance of a superconductor suddenly disappears is called the critical temperature (Tc).

The Dutch physicist H. K. Onnes succeeded in producing liquid helium at a low temperature of 4.2 K. In 1911, he discovered that the resistance of mercury suddenly dropped to zero near 4.2 K, which was the first time that mankind discovered superconductivity. With further research found that there are 26 kinds of metals in the periodic table with superconductivity, the superconducting transition temperature of individual metals are very low, the highest superconducting metal is Nb, Tc a 9.2 K. Therefore, people gradually turn to the study of metal alloys and compounds superconductivity.

April 1986, Swiss scientists J. G Bednarz and other found by the barium, lanthanum, copper, oxygen composed of oxides may be a high Tc superconducting materials, and access to the Tc for 30K superconductor, which is the first major breakthrough in the study of superconducting materials. After this, scientists from all over the world have carried out extensive research on this kind of materials. in February 1987, the United States with the scientists found that the barium to the superconducting copper-oxygen material transition temperature as high as 98K, which breaks through the liquid helium temperature zone and enter the liquid nitrogen temperature zone. Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics, Institute of Chemistry, Peking University, etc. were successfully developed Tc 83.7K superconducting wire and superconducting film. Japan successfully developed yttrium a barium a copper an oxygen ceramic high-temperature superconducting materials, its composition is 0.6Ba ~ 0.4Y ~ 1ICu ~ 3O, in 123K began to show superconductivity, in 93K when the zero resistance. At present, new series of oxides continue to appear, such as Bi-Sr-Ca-CuO, Tl-Ba-Ca-CuO, etc., and their superconducting transition temperature exceeds 120 K. These research results for superconducting material The results of these researches have opened the way for the early practical application of superconducting materials.

It is worth noting that people found that the third isomer of carbon - C60 alkali metal action to form AxC60 (A for potassium, rubidium, cesium, etc.), which are superconductors, and their superconducting transition temperatures are listed in the following table. As can be seen from the table, most AxC60 superconductors have higher transition temperatures than metal alloy superconductors. This makes people see the great potential of such organic superconductors as C60, at the same time, because of its plus performance is better than the metal oxide (ceramic) superconductors, so AxC60 superconductors will be very promising superconducting materials.

Superconducting transition temperature of AxC60

K2 C60: 19 Tc/K

Rb3C60: 28 Tc/K

Cs3C60: 30 Tc/K

Rb2CsC60: 30 Tc/K

RbCs2C60: 33 Tc/K

The superconducting materials have a wide range of applications. Superconducting materials have an extremely wide range of applications, superconducting magnets made of superconducting materials, can produce a very strong magnetic field, and small size, light weight, small loss of power, much more than the current use of conventional electromagnets excellent. The application of superconducting materials can also manufacture high-power superconducting generators, magnetic current generators, superconducting energy storage devices, superconducting cables and so on. The most notable application of superconducting technology is the superconducting magnetic levitation train, its speed can be as high as 500km / h. In the ocean navigation using superconducting electromagnetic propulsion, that is, without the use of electric motors to achieve high speed, high efficiency, noiseless navigation. Superconducting frictionless bearings can be manufactured by utilizing the complete antimagnetism of superconductivity. Whether in energy, electronics, communications, transportation, or by the defense of military technology, space technology, controlled thermonuclear reactions and medicine and other fields, superconducting materials will play a magical role with its unique properties.

Five, optical fiber and laser materials

(a) optical fiber

Optical fiber is referred to as fiber optics, is a new type of material developed in the past 10 years. The center of the fiber is made of ultra-pure quartz or special optical glass with high refractive index of the crystal filaments, called fiber core. The outer skin of the fiber core is a layer of low refractive index of glass or plastic made of fiber skin. Fiber has the ability to conduct light waves.

The fiber core of an optical fiber is a light dense medium, the outer skin is a light sparse medium. When the light enters the fiber core, it can only propagate within the fiber core (total reflection), after countless total reflection, is a jagged forward propagation, and finally reach the other end of the fiber core. This is the principle of optical fiber signal transmission, as shown in the following figure:

Currently more widely used are high-purity quartz fiber, component glass fiber and plastic fiber. The main raw material required for quartz optical fiber is refined quartz (SiO2), which is hydrolyzed by SiCl4:

SiCl4 + 2H2O = SiO2 + 4HCl

Industry is usually the natural quartz sand in the furnace with carbon reduction to get the crude silicon or crystalline silicon, the silicon content of 95% to 99%, and then in the crystallization furnace with the use of chlorine and the synthesis of crude silicon Silicon tetrachloride:

SiO2 +2C Si +2CO↑ Si +2Cl2 SiCl4

The SiCl4 obtained by this method contains many impurities, such as BCl3, SiHCl3, PCl3 and so on. It needs to be further distilled and purified. Due to the quartz fiber raw material resources, chemical properties are extremely stable, in addition to hydrofluoric acid, a variety of chemical reagents have a strong corrosion resistance. Therefore, it has been practically used in various communication lines. In addition to quartz optical fiber, other types of optical fiber materials are also being vigorously developed.

Currently the largest application of optical fiber is in communications, that is, fiber-optic communications, fiber-optic communications information capacity is very large, such as 20 optical fibers composed of a cable the size of a pencil can be called 76,200 times a day, while the diameter of 3 inches (3 × 2.54cm), composed of 1,800 copper wires of the cable can be called only 900 times a day. In addition, fiber-optic communication has a light weight, anti-interference, corrosion resistance and other advantages, and good confidentiality, abundant raw materials, can save a lot of non-ferrous metals. Therefore, optical fiber is an extremely ideal communication material.

Optical components made of optical fiber, such as light transmission fiber bundles, transmission fiber bundles, fiber panels, etc., can play a special role in general optical components can not play. In addition, the use of optical fibers and certain sensitive components combined or using the characteristics of the optical fiber itself, can be made into a variety of sensors, used to measure temperature, current, pressure, speed, sound, etc.. It has many unique advantages over existing sensors and is particularly suitable for use in harsh environments such as severe electromagnetic interference, confined space, and flammable and explosive environments.

(B) laser materials

Laser is one of the major inventions of the 20th century, since 1960 with ruby as a working material for the first time oscillated out of the laser, in the basic theory of laser, laser applications, laser materials and devices, research and other aspects of the rapid development. Laser is a special kind of light oscillated in a resonant cavity by utilizing the principle of excited radiation. It has good monochromaticity, coherence and high brightness compared with ordinary light, and has a wide range of uses in science and technology.

The material used to produce laser light is called laser material, and there are two kinds of solid, gas and liquid, and solid laser material is emphasized here. The endomorphic laser working material consists of two components: the activation ions (the ions that actually produce the laser light) and the matrix material (the medium in which the beam is propagated). There are three types of elements that form activation ions: the first is transition elements such as manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, etc.; the second is most rare earth elements such as neodymium, holmium, dysprosium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, gadolinium, europium, samarium, praseodymium, etc.; and the third is individual radioactive elements such as uranium. The activating ions with the most current applications are Cr3+ and Nd3+. The matrix materials are crystal and glass, and each activation ion has its corresponding one or several matrix materials. For example, Cr3 + infiltrated into the alumina crystal has a very good laser performance, but doped into other crystals or glass luminescence performance is very poor, or even does not produce laser light. At present has developed a homogeneous laser work material has hundreds of kinds of more, but there are practical use of the main: ruby (Al2O3: Cr3 +), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12: Nd3 +), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum aluminate (YAlO3: Nd3 +) and neodymium glass of four kinds.

Ruby is the earliest oscillation out of the laser material, output laser wavelength of 694.2nm red light. Ruby is an Al2O3 crystal as a matrix material, doped with a mass fraction of 5 × 10-4 of Cr2O3, the activation ion is Cr3 +. Preparation of ruby single crystal with raw materials must have a high purity, usually after purification by recrystallization method of ammonium alum [NH4Al (SO4) 2-12H2O] and heavy chromate aluminum [(NH4) 2Cr2O7], will be mixed in a certain proportion, heated to 1050 ~ 1150 ℃, which occurs when the following reaction:

NH4Al (SO4) 2-12H2O Al2(SO4)3 + 2NH3↑ + SO3↑ + 25H2O↑

Al2(SO4)3 Al2O3 + 3SO3↑

2(NH4)2Cr2O7 4NH3↑ + 2Cr2O3 + 3O2↑ + 2H2O↑

The mixture of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 is prepared, and then the flame method or the introduction of the upper method to form ruby single crystal.

Nd-doped yttrium aluminum garnet and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum aluminate are laser working materials with Y3Al5O12 and YAlO3 as matrix materials, respectively, and doped with different concentrations of Nd3+ as activation ions.

The activation ion of neodymium glass is Nd3+, and when the glass with K2O-BaO-SiO2 composition is used as the matrix material, it has a better performance in generating laser light. The biggest advantage of using glass as homogeneous laser working material is that it can be fused to produce materials with large size and good optical homogeneity, and the mass fraction of activation ion can be increased to 0.02-0.04. In the research of nuclear fusion, effective results have been achieved by using neodymium glass lasers as a strong light source for triggering the fusion reaction.

Six, nanomaterials

The vast majority of materials are solid matter, the size of its particles is generally in the micron order of magnitude, a particle contains countless atoms and molecules, which is when the material shows a large number of molecules of the macroscopic nature. When a special method of particle scale processing to the size of the nanometer order of magnitude, the number of molecules contained in a nanometer particle is greatly reduced, this by the particle scale for the nanometer order of magnitude (1 ~ 100nm) of the ultrafine particles composed of interstitial materials known as nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are structurally very different from conventional crystalline and amorphous materials. Since the particles of nanomaterials are ultrafine, with a large number of particles and a large surface area, and the proportion of atoms at the interface of the particles is extremely large, which generally can account for about 50% of the total number of atoms, which makes nanomaterials have special surface effect, interface effect, small size effect, quantum effect, etc., and thus present a series of unique physical and chemical properties, and show a wide range of application prospects in the fields of electronics, metallurgy, chemistry, biology, and medicine. It shows a wide range of application prospects in the fields of electronics, metallurgy, chemistry, biology and medicine.

Nanomaterials have a low melting point, for example, the melting point of gold is 1064℃, while the melting point of nanometer gold is only 330℃, which is nearly 700℃ lower; another example is that the melting point of nano-sized silver powder is reduced to 100℃ from 962℃ of metallic silver. The lowering of the melting point of nano-metals not only makes the preparation of alloys by low-temperature sintering a reality, but also creates the conditions for the smelting of metals into alloys without mutual fusion.

Nanomaterials with large surface area and high surface activity can be used to make a variety of high-performance catalysts. For example, Ni or Cu-Zn compounds of nanoparticles on the hydrogenation reaction of certain organic compounds is an excellent catalyst, can replace the expensive platinum or put the catalyst; nano platinum black catalyst can make the ethylene hydrogenation reaction of the temperature from 600 ℃ down to room temperature; the use of nickel nanopowder as a rocket solid fuel reaction catalyst, the combustion efficiency can be increased by 100 times. In addition, its catalytic reaction selectivity also shows specificity. For example, the oxidation reaction of inner aldehyde with silicon carrier nickel catalyst shows that the reaction selectivity changes dramatically when the diameter of nickel particles is below 5 nm, the aldehyde decomposition reaction is effectively controlled, and the conversion rate of the generated alcohol increases dramatically.

Ceramic materials have limited their applications due to their brittle nature and high sintering temperature. Nanoceramics, on the other hand, have excellent toughness and ductility properties. Studies have shown that TiO2 and CaF2 nanoceramic materials can produce about 100% plastic deformation in the range of 80-180 ℃, excellent toughness, and the sintering temperature is reduced, and can achieve a hardness similar to that of ordinary ceramics at temperatures up to 600 ℃ lower than that of large grain samples. These properties make it possible to cold process nanoceramic materials at ambient or sub-high temperatures. If the nanoceramic particles are processed and molded at sub-high temperatures, and then annealed on the surface, a high-performance ceramic that maintains the hardness of conventional ceramics on the surface and still has the ductility of nano-materials on the inside can be obtained.

Nanomaterials can also be widely used in the field of biomedicine, such as cell separation, cell staining and so on. Since nanoparticles are much smaller than red blood cells (6-9um), they can move freely in the blood, therefore, injecting a variety of nanoparticles that are harmless to the organism into various parts of the human body can be used to check for lesions and carry out treatments. The study of nanobiology can understand the fine structure of biological macromolecules and its relationship with function on the nanoscale, and obtain life information, especially various information in the cell. Using nanosensors, biochemical information and electrochemical information of various biochemical reactions can be obtained.

The emergence of nanomaterials has brought new vitality and challenges to many disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology, and nanoscience and technology will certainly develop into the most important technology in the 21st century, and people will re-cognize and remodel the objective world on the nanoscale.