Eighth Grade Geography Knowledge Points Summarized in a Big Book

Eighth grade Geography knowledge points summarized in a complete list of what do you know? Geographic things in the spatial distribution of interrelationships, can be horizontally linked from many aspects. Such as the abundance and failure of water energy is determined by the fall and the amount of water **** the same, a look at the eighth grade geography knowledge points summarize the whole, welcome to check!

Eighth Grade Geography Knowledge Points Summarized

I. Geographic differences are significant

1, physical geographic differences

(1) temperature differences: from south to north, the latitude is gradually rising, and the temperature is gradually decreasing.

(2) Precipitation differences: from the southeast coast to the inland northwest, farther and farther from the sea, more and more precipitation.

(3) Terrain differences: from west to east, the terrain is distributed in the form of a ladder, decreasing step by step.

2. Human geography differences

(1) Differences in the mode of agricultural production: western pastoralism and eastern farming, southern rice and northern wheat.

(2) Differences in population, cities, and transportation routes: East is dense and West is sparse.

(3) Differences in the level of economic development: high in the east, low in the west.

(4) regional differences in dietary practices: Suzhou people, Wuxi people, Shanghai people like to eat sweet, Shandong, Hebei and the residents of the three northeastern provinces tastes salty, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing and other places of the inhabitants of the spicy, the people in Jiangxi tastes acidic, known for being able to eat vinegar.

Reasons for the formation of differences in dietary tastes: with the local climate, water quality and other natural conditions have a certain relationship. 3, divided into geographic differences in the boundaries

Qinling - Huaihe River a line of geographic significance (emphasis added):

① is the demarcation line between China's southern regions and the northern regions;

② and China's winter isothermal line of 0 ℃ in January roughly one to;

③ is China's annual precipitation of 800 millimeters of precipitation line roughly through the place;

④ is China's semi-moist areas and humid areas of the demarcation line;

⑤ is China's warm temperate zone and subtropical demarcation line.

Second, the four major geographic regions

1, different types of geographic regions: natural areas, economic zones, cultural zones and so on.

2, the division of China's four major geographic regions

(1) the basis for the division: the geographic location of each place, natural and human geographic characteristics of the different.

(2) four major geographic regions: the northern region, the southern region, Qinghai-Tibet region, the northwest region.

(3) the dividing line of the four major geographic regions:

The dividing line between the northern region and the southern region: the Qinling - Huaihe River line, the dominant factor is (temperature and precipitation). The dividing line between the northern region and the northwestern region: the line of (400) millimeters of annual equal precipitation, the dominant factor is the influence of (summer winds). The demarcation line between the Qinghai-Tibet region and the other three major regions is the geomorphological first and second order demarcation line, that is, the Kunlun Mountains - Qilian Mountains - Hengduan Mountains.

Third, the northern and southern regions

1, the natural differences between the north and the south

2, the human differences between the north and the south

I. Location, climate, topography

1. Appellation: "White Mountains and Black Waters"," Forest and Snowy Plains", "northern barn"

2. The three northeastern provinces, including: Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin

3. People often use the "mountains around the water, thousands of miles of fertile land" to describe the three northeastern provinces, mountains and rivers. The big situation.

4 mountain ring: by the Northeast Plain,

5. water around: 1 Heilongjiang 2. Ussuri River and Russia for the next, 3. Tumen River 4. Yalu River and North Korea for the next, 5 Liaohe, river 6 Songhua River into the Heilongjiang

6. Most of the region in the winter is long and harsh, and the summer is short and warm. Precipitation is concentrated in the summer, with more snowfall in winter.

Second, from the "Northern Wilderness" to the "Northern Warehouse"

1, the development of commercial grain base conditions

The Northeast Plain is flat, fertile soil, suitable for large-scale mechanized farming, the climate of the same period of rain and heat. It is favorable for the growth of crops.

2, the largest commercial grain base

(1) The three northeastern provinces due to the higher latitude, temperature conditions can only meet the needs of crops a year.

(2) The Northeast Plain is rich in wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, etc., is China's highest degree of mechanization, providing the most commercial grain grain production base.

3. Natural disasters and ecological problems

(1) In the spring and fall, due to frequent cold waves, prone to low-temperature frost.

(2) As a result of extensive land clearing, the wetland area has been sharply reduced and the ecological environment has deteriorated.

Third, China's largest heavy industrial base

1, the conditions for the development of heavy industrial base

The three northeastern provinces have many kinds of mineral resources and large reserves, especially coal, iron, oil and other mineral resources in the country has an important position.

2, a more complete heavy industry system

Relying on the rich resources, the three northeastern provinces formed a steel, machinery, petroleum, chemical industry as the leading, including coal, electricity, building materials, forests and other industrial sectors of the more complete heavy industry system.

3, the revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China

In the 1990s, due to the depletion of resources, aging equipment, industrial structure, such as a single reason, the Northeast heavy industrial base of the phenomenon of lagging economic development. The state clearly put forward to revitalize the old industrial base in the northeast.

Section III of the world's largest loess accumulation area - Loess Plateau

I. Cradle of Civilization

1. Appellation:

2. The birthplace of, such as the founder of Huaxia, Emperor Yan Huang and the two emperors.

3. The Loess Plateau is the world's largest accumulation of loess, on the formation of the Loess Plateau, scientists have put forward a number of hypotheses, of which the "wind into the said" is widely supported, that is, the loess material is from Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau, such as the desert, the Gobi blown over.

4 Scope: The Loess Plateau extends from A in the east to B in the west, and from C in the north to D in the south. Across Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and other provinces and regions.

5, loess landscape: water erosion makes the Loess Plateau broken surface, gullies and ravines, the formation of loess (remnants of the plateau surface), beams (long stripes of mountain beams), mount (isolated

steamed bun-shaped hills, Chuan (Loess Plateau, the more developed agriculture, the concentration of the population area), and other diverse loess landforms landscape.

Second, the serious soil and water

1, the surface characteristics of the Loess Plateau: thousands of ravines, fragmentation.

2, the causes of soil erosion

(1) natural causes: loess soil is loose, many voids, many substances are easily soluble in water; lack of vegetation protection; summer precipitation is concentrated, and there are many rainstorms.

(2) anthropogenic causes: over-cultivation and over-pastoralism lead to ecological deterioration; road construction, mining and other activities to destroy the ground surface and so on.

3. Hazards of soil erosion

(1) Severe soil erosion takes away the fertile soil on the surface, destroys farmland and villages, and makes natural disasters intensify and the ecological environment deteriorate.

(2) Sediment downstream leads to a sharp increase in the sand content of the river, silting up the downstream riverbed and reservoirs, causing great difficulties in flood control and river training.

4. Measures for soil and water conservation

On the one hand, biological measures such as planting trees and grasses are combined with engineering measures such as building terraces and repairing retaining dams to control soil erosion.

On the other hand, rationalization of production activities, such as steep slopes return to forests and grasses, overgrazing places to reduce the number of livestock grazing, and so on.

Section 4: The Capital of the Motherland--Beijing

2. Modern Metropolis

1. Important Functional Areas of Beijing: mainly including the Central Business District, Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park, Financial Street, Wangfujing Commercial Street and so on.

2. Beijing's Transportation Network

(1) Beijing has formed a modern three-dimensional transportation network of air, road and railroads.

(2) Beijing downtown has formed a ring plus radial expressway network.

3) Urban rail transportation is also very developed, and has been initially built into a network.

(4) Beijing is the largest railroad transportation hub and international air port in China.

3. Beijing attaches great importance to the protection of historical and cultural buildings and the improvement of environmental quality in urban construction, and is now moving towards the goal of "national capital, world city, famous cultural city and livable city".

Chapter VII, the southern region of the first section of the natural characteristics and agriculture

First, the hot and humid climate of the red land

1, location and scope: the southern region of the Qinling-Huaihe River south of the Tibetan Plateau east of the East China Sea and South China Sea.

2, terrain: the southern region has a complex and varied terrain, the difference between the east and the west is obvious, the west is dominated by plateaus and basins, the east has a staggered distribution of plains, low mountains and hills. Along the river there is a large area of plains and deltas.

3, climate: the southern region belongs to the humid subtropical, tropical monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy summer, warm and wet winter.

4, soil: due to the abundant water and heat, the vegetation here is evergreen. In the hot and humid environment developed red soil, so the southern region is called "red soil".

Sichuan Basin has purple soil. The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is known as the "Karst Plateau"

5. Rivers: large volume of water, long flood season

Second, the important paddy field agricultural areas

1, the southern region of the hot and humid climate, the development of agriculture in the hot and humid conditions are superior.

2, the southern region of arable land is mostly paddy fields, is China's important paddy agricultural areas.

3, the plains, the terrain is low and flat, dense rivers and lakes, good irrigation conditions, paddy fields concentrated and continuous, mountain paddy fields scattered in the river valley and gentle slopes.4 Main crops

(1) grain crops: mainly planted rice, but also planted wheat.

(2) cash crops: cotton, rape, tea, bamboo, sugar cane, rubber, and citrus, bananas, pineapples and other tropical and subtropical fruits.

(3) Three common ingredients: lotus root, coconut, and bamboo shoots.

Section 2: "Land of Fish and Rice" - the Yangtze River Delta

I. Land of the Meeting of the River and the Sea

1. Geographic Location and Scope

(1) Location: the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, bordering on the Yellow Sea, is located in the Land of the Meeting of the River and the Sea. the place where the river and the sea meet. Scope: Shanghai, southern Jiangsu Province, northern Zhejiang Province

Climate: subtropical monsoon climate, high temperature and rain in summer, mild and humid winter.

2. "Land of Fish and Rice"

Most of the area is low and flat, with a dense network of rivers and lakes, which has been the famous "Land of Fish and Rice" in China since ancient times.

3. Unique natural conditions

Numerous coastal ports along the river. Relying on the Yangtze River trunk and tributaries of the developed water transport, can be linked to the vast inland areas; at the same time is the center of China's north-south sea shipping, and through the ocean route to the world's major ports. The unique advantage of the river and the sea, for the development of the Yangtze River Delta region provides superior conditions.

Eighth Grade Geography Knowledge Points

Chapter 5 China's Geographic Differences

A. Geographic Differences Significant

1. Significant differences in the natural environment:

(1) temperature: from south to north, the latitude is gradually rising, and the temperature is gradually decreasing. Hainan Island has long summer and no winter, and Heilongjiang has long winter and short summer.

(2) precipitation: from the southeast coast to the northwest inland, farther and farther from the sea, less and less precipitation. The southeast coast is mountainous and beautiful, while the desert and Gobi are widespread in the inland northwest.

(3) Terrain: from west to east, a ladder-like distribution, declining step by step. The first step on the Tibetan Plateau is high and cold, with snowy peaks; the third step on the Yangtze River Delta is low and flat, warm and humid.

2. Significant differences in the human environment:

(1) significant differences in human activities. For example, agriculture is characterized by the distribution of western pastoralism and eastern cultivation, and southern rice and northern wheat; population, cities, and transportation lines are characterized by the distribution of dense east and sparse west; and the level of economic development is high in the east and low in the west.

1. Different types of geographic areas: such as natural areas, economic areas, cultural areas.

2. The four major geographic regions:

(1) the basis for the division: a combination of geographic location, physical geography, human geography is divided into four major geographic regions.

Master's Points

Understanding the dominant factors in determining the boundaries of geographic regions is a prerequisite for learning and mastering the geographic differences between regions, especially the differences between neighboring geographic regions.

The 0°C isotherm in January is the demarcation line between the warm temperate zone and the subtropical zone, and whether or not a river freezes over in winter. 800 millimeters of equal annual precipitation is the demarcation line between humid and semi-humid zones, and between rice paddies and dry

Chapter 6: The Northern Regions

A. Natural Characteristics

1. The Black Soil and the Loess Soil:

(1) Location: The northern region is roughly located east of the Daxinganling and the Tibetan Plateau, south of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, north of the Qinling-Huaihe River, and east of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.

(2) Terrain: mainly plains and plateaus. The Northeast Plain is called the "Black Earth", and the North China Plain and Loess Plateau are called the "Yellow Earth".

(3) Climate: across China's mesothermal and warm temperate zone, most of the region belongs to the temperate monsoon climate, belonging to the semi-humid zone.

2. Important dry farming areas:

(1) development advantages: large plains, fertile soil, arable land concentrated and continuous. (2) Crops

Grain crops: wheat, corn, cereals cash crops: sugar beet, cotton, soybeans

(1) little rain in the spring; (2) spring warming fast, evaporation; (3) spring is in the winter wheat greening in North China and corn, cotton seedling, agricultural water consumption.

Second, the "White Mountains and Black Water" - the three northeastern provinces

1. Natural environment

(1) location, scope: the three northeastern provinces are located in the northeast of China, including Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province.

(2) terrain: mainly mountains and plains. People often use "mountains around the water, fertile land" to describe the mountains and rivers in the three northeastern provinces.

(3) Climate: cold and wet. Most of the region has a long, cold winter and a short, warm summer; precipitation is concentrated in the summer, and there is more snowfall in winter

2.

(1) development conditions are favorable: flat terrain, fertile soil, rain and heat at the same time the climate is not favorable: spring and autumn are prone to low-temperature freezing

(2) crop ripening: one year.

(3) the main crops: wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, etc., is China's highest degree of mechanization, providing the most commercial grain grain production base.

(4) Problems and measures: Reclamation of land to expand arable land, resulting in a sharp decline in the area of wetlands, ecological environment deterioration, in order to stop opening up the land, the establishment of nature reserves.

3.

(1) Resource conditions: a wide variety of mineral resources, large reserves, especially coal, iron, oil and so on in the country has an important position.

(2) complete heavy industry system: iron and steel, machinery, petroleum, chemical industry as the leading, including coal, electricity, building materials, forest and other industrial sectors.

(3) Distribution characteristics: the industry is mainly distributed in the vicinity of the mine and along the railroad areas.

Third, the world's largest loess accumulation area - Loess Plateau

1. Cradle of civilization:

(1) location, scope: to the Great Wall as the boundary), south to the Qinling Mountains; mainly including most of Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces, the southern part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the southeastern part of Gansu Province. (2) rich characteristics of the "loess style": such as traditional dwellings are kilns; albatross is rich in local folklore characteristics of northern Shaanxi folk songs, etc.

2. wind-blown loess:

(1) the source of loess: a variety of hypotheses widely recognized is the "wind into the said ", loess from Central Asia, the Mongolian Plateau and inland areas of northwestern China.

(2) Loess landscape: loess plateau, loess mount, loess beam

3. Serious soil erosion:

Sediment drainage leads to a sharp increase in the sand content of the river, silting the downstream riverbed, reservoirs, flood control and river training difficulties.

Named Teacher's Points

(1) The surface landscape of the Loess Plateau (thousands of ravines and ravines, fragmentation) is mainly a result of long-term . soil erosion caused;

(2) The Loess Plateau was formed by wind transport accumulation.

4. Soil and water conservation:

(1) Biological measures: planting trees and grasses

(2) Engineering measures: building terraces, repairing retaining dams.

(3) Rationalize production activities. For example, steep slopes return to forest and grass, and rationalize grazing.

Ways to learn junior high school geography

1, to be familiar with the basic concepts of geography textbooks

To understand the geographic knowledge learned, it is necessary to start from the basic concepts, if what is the terrain, what is the topography is not clear, and how can we understand the subsequent knowledge of what is said? Therefore, clarify the concepts in order to learn geography.

2, clear knowledge

In fact, geography is difficult in different places, climate, environment, humanities are not the same, students need to be treated differently; and this is precisely the side of geography is simple, as long as we clarify what the elements of geography, to find out the links between them, you can clear knowledge, and then form a knowledge network.

3, learn to summarize

① Find out the similarity and regularity of knowledge

Geography textbooks involved in the content of a wide range of information and other characteristics, but it is the same type of knowledge to describe the angle and method, has a great deal of similarity and regularity. For example, to describe the climate characteristics of a country or a region, often from the temperature and precipitation to explain two aspects. The temperature includes the average annual temperature, the annual temperature difference and temperature distribution, etc.; precipitation is mainly composed of annual precipitation, spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation.

② the more different geographical knowledge to compare and contrast comb

There are obvious differences or similarities between the geographic environment or geographic elements of different countries and regions. We can then use a comparative approach to learning based on this, for example: what are the differences between the north and the south because of the different dimensions; what are the similarities and what are the differences between the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.

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