Distribution mode classification

There are two types of distribution models. One is the distribution of goods, that is, the distribution of means of production and means of subsistence; The other is divided according to the distribution undertaker, that is, self-operated distribution mode, * * * same distribution mode and third-party distribution mode.

1. According to the distribution mode of the distribution project.

(1) Distribution mode of means of production products

The means of production are the general name of labor means and labor objects. In management operation, people often divide the means of production into two categories: industrial means of production and agricultural means of production. The means of production mentioned here refers to the means of production of industrial products used to meet the needs of work, transportation and capital construction. , including all kinds of raw materials, materials, fuels, mechanical and electrical equipment, etc.

Generally speaking, the consumption of production materials is relatively large, so the transportation volume is also relatively large. From the logistics point of view, some means of production are circulated in bulk or naked (such as coal, cement, wood and other products); Some of them are distributed in bundles and boxes (such as metal materials, mechanical and electrical products, etc.). ); Some products are supplied to consumers after primary processing (such as wood square, coal blending, briquette, etc.) ); There are also some products that directly enter the consumption field without primary processing. Due to the different nature and consumption of products, their distribution models are also very different. From the point of view of process, the distribution mode of means of production can be divided into two modes.

As can be seen from Figure 4, there is a special situation in the distribution of metal materials: if a single variety and a large number of goods are distributed, there is no need to arrange operations (or processes) such as sorting and assembly in the process. Usually, delivery vehicles can drive directly to the freight yard to load and deliver goods. Because the demand for metal materials is relatively stable, it is suitable for supply in the form of planned distribution in actual operation; At the same time, due to the large demand for metal materials and continuity. Therefore, it is also suitable for supplying goods to users in the form of group distribution and regular quantitative distribution.

2) Distribution mode of chemical products. This is a typical distribution method of special products (referring to means of production products). There are many kinds of chemical products, some of which are non-toxic and some are toxic and harmful. The chemical products referred to here refer to chemical products that consume a lot in unit time, are toxic, corrosive and have certain risks, including sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, caustic soda, soda ash and resin. The above chemical products are characterized by strong activity. Different kinds of products cannot be mixed and stored, and special containers, equipment and facilities must be used for loading, transportation and storage.

As mentioned above, many chemical products used in industrial production are toxic and harmful. Therefore, special facilities and equipment (storage and transportation equipment) must be equipped to distribute this material. In addition, the distribution of chemical products is only suitable for professional production enterprises (chemical enterprises) and professional circulation enterprises (chemical light companies) to organize. Because users don't know how to store too many toxic, harmful and dangerous substances, the main operation forms of chemical product distribution are fixed-point quantitative distribution and planned distribution.

(2) Distribution of means of subsistence products

Means of subsistence are labor products used to meet people's living needs, including all kinds of food, drinks, clothes, utensils and miscellaneous items for human consumption. The varieties and specifications of the means of subsistence are more complicated than the means of production, and their demand changes faster than the means of production. Therefore, it is more difficult to arrange the process (or process) of sorting, distribution and assembly for the distribution of living materials. In addition, as far as the food in the means of subsistence is concerned, there are quality requirements such as freshness, shelf life and hygiene. According to this feature, the distribution process of some means of subsistence also includes the processing process.

1) daily groceries distribution mode. Daily sundry goods mainly include the following products: small department stores (including clothing, shoes and hats, daily necessities, etc.). ), small electromechanical products (such as household appliances, instruments and electrical products, bearings, hardware), books and other printed materials, non-toxic and harmless chemical products and other miscellaneous items. The same characteristics of this kind of products are: fixed packaging, container loading, mixed loading, small product size, and batch storage in modern warehouses without unit containers.

As can be seen from Figure 7, the distribution process of daily groceries is relatively complete, but there is no processing process in the process. This is because most daily groceries are packaged items, and the number of products in the package is generally not too much (that is, small packaged items), so there are fewer distribution processing links in the distribution of such products. The distribution of daily groceries is often arranged and organized according to the temporary needs of users, so it is difficult to fix its distribution quantity, distribution route and distribution time. In real life, "instant delivery" and "multi-variety, small batch and multi-batch" are often used to supply and deliver goods to users.

2) Food distribution mode. There are many kinds and shapes of food, all of which have good quality and shelf life. Accordingly, food distribution has the following three technological processes.

Commodities with short shelf life, such as fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, fresh meat and aquatic products, often choose the above-mentioned food distribution mode including processing procedures. As far as the operation content of the processing procedure is concerned, there are mainly the following items: repackaging goods (changing large packaging into small packaging), grading goods, removing impurities (such as removing roots from vegetables and viscera from fish), and preparing semi-finished products. Food distribution should pay special attention to speed and quality assurance. Accordingly, in logistics practice, regular delivery and immediate delivery are generally used to supply goods to users.

2. Distribution mode by distribution form

1) Self-operated distribution mode. Self-supporting distribution mode refers to the mode that all aspects of enterprise logistics distribution are organized and managed by the enterprise itself to realize the distribution of goods inside and outside the enterprise. At present, it is a distribution mode widely adopted by production and circulation or comprehensive enterprises (groups). Enterprises (groups) realize the distribution of goods supplied by internal departments, factories and stores by setting up distribution centers independently. This distribution model combines the traditional "self-sufficiency" and "small farmer consciousness", forming new "big and complete" and "small and many", thus causing a waste of social resources; However, this distribution model is conducive to the integrated operation of supply, production and sales of enterprises, and has a high degree of systematization, which can not only meet the distribution needs of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products within enterprises, but also meet the needs of enterprises to expand foreign markets.

The typical self-operated distribution mode in enterprises (groups) is chain enterprise distribution. Many chain companies or groups basically set up their own distribution centers to complete the unified procurement, distribution and settlement of internal stores.

2)*** Same distribution mode. * * * Same distribution is a distribution consortium with complementary functions established between logistics distribution enterprises in order to improve distribution efficiency and realize distribution rationalization. It is a cooperative distribution mode in which logistics distribution enterprises provide convenient logistics distribution services to each other in order to rationalize the overall distribution and in line with the principle of mutual benefit. It is also the best logistics distribution mode in the development of e-commerce, including * * * assimilation distribution, * * * assimilation logistics resource utilization, * * * assimilation logistics facilities and equipment utilization, and * * * assimilation logistics management. * * * The same distribution model is one of the effective measures for rational distribution, an important task for enterprises to maintain their advantages, a modern management science for enterprises to horizontally unite, intensively coordinate, seek common ground while reserving differences and share benefits, which is conducive to giving play to the competitive advantage of the group.

As an industry with a brand-new logistics concept, the third-party distribution model is gradually forming, and a strategic relationship is gradually formed in the service to enterprises. With the popularity of JIT management, both manufacturing enterprises and commercial enterprises gradually hand over the distribution business to a relatively independent third party for management. Third-party distribution enterprises decide the order of picking up goods from suppliers according to the needs of buyers in small batches and multi-batches and dense geographical distribution, and apply a series of information technology and logistics technology to ensure JIT picking up and distribution. Different from other distribution modes, this new logistics distribution mode mainly has the following characteristics.

1) pull (responsive) business model.

2) Pick up the goods in small batches and multiple batches.

3) Improve the production assurance rate and reduce the waiting time.

4) Reduce intermediate storage and handling links, realize "door-to-door" service, and save storage costs and manpower and material resources.

5) Produce the best economic lot size, thus reducing the transportation cost.

6) Ensure punctual transportation and transportation safety through GPS global positioning system and information feedback system.