Ethnic Olive Dwellings

Hello, you are not talking about the olive house, he is called the dry bar style house. The characteristics of the dry bar style building: in the wooden (bamboo) columns on the bottom frame of the building above the ground. Ancient Chinese history books and dry bar, dry orchid, high bar, attic bar and Ge bar and other names, when the other minority languages translated from the sound change. In addition, generally speaking, the fence residence, nest residence, etc., generally refers to the dry fence type of building. The so-called "water dwelling" or "fence dwelling" in archaeology and ethnology, and the so-called "high-bed dwelling" in Japan also belong to this kind of building. This kind of architecture has been popular from the Neolithic Age to modern times. They are mainly found in the south of the Yangtze River Basin in China and in Southeast Asia, and there are similar structures in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the northern part of Heilongjiang Province in China, as well as in Siberia in the USSR and in Japan.

From archaeological discoveries, China's Neolithic Hemudu culture, Majiabang culture and Liangzhu culture in many sites, were found buried in the ground stakes and the bottom frame on the beams and planks, indicating that the time has produced dry-rail type of construction. The Western Zhou Dynasty in Hubei Herb Chun Maojiazui site, also found a larger scale of the dry bar type building. A ceramic model of a dry-rail building with a long ridge and a short gable roof was unearthed at the Yingpanli Neolithic Site in Qingjiang, Jiangxi Province. The four Han Dynasty bronze models of dry-rail buildings found in the Dian Tomb at Shizai Mountain in Jinning, Yunnan, also have long ridges and short gable roofs, representing the original features of dry-rail buildings. Many ceramic models of dry-rail buildings were also found in Eastern Han tombs in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces, but in addition to retaining the base frame and wooden stakes, the general ceramic houses already had overhanging roofs, while the round ceramic barns had domed roofs, indicating that the basic forms of these local buildings had been Sinicized.

"Dry bar"-style buildings should be built mainly for the moisture-proof, long ridge and short eaves type roofs and higher than the ground chassis, are adapted to the needs of the rainy areas, around the discovery of the dry bar ceramic house, ceramic grants and fence living ceramic house, are representative of the moisture-proof building form, especially barn granary building using this form of intent More obvious. Until today, the barred house is still more popular in Southeast Asia to adapt to the needs of humidity and rain.

The use of this building of ethnic minorities

Dai residential, dry-rail building is mainly distributed in the whole of Xishuangbanna and Dehong Ruili, Chia put dams. Dry rail housing to bamboo art as a material, wood for the frame, bamboo for purlin, puisne, floor, wall, ladder, bar, etc., each part of the connection with mortise and tenon and bamboo scotch tie, for a single building, each family into its own courtyard, the mansion has a small path to each other. The roof of the house is made of grass rows or hanging tiles. Ruili's dry-structure reflects a high level. Ground architecture is mainly used for Mangshi, Yingjiang and other places, for the earth wall cottage, due to the influence of the Han, is not the inherent form of Dai residence. Tupa houses, the main form of residence in the Red River Basin area, are widely distributed in the central and southeastern regions of Yunnan. The earth palm house with wooden beams and pillars and earth walls load-bearing soil flat roof, forming a rectangular or square, due to the terrain built two or three layers of earth buildings, layer by layer into the base, stepped, with patios, floors, generally have more than ten homes, flat roof can be cool ?ti food or stacking farm equipment. Earth palm house is easy to build, warm in winter and cool in summer, especially suitable for the climate of the hot and dry river valley area.

Manglian Dai for the dry-rail bamboo buildings.

Yuyao Hemudu ruins in Zhejiang Province, represented by the Yangtze River Basin and the south of the building mode - dry rail building; generally with vertical stakes or bamboo stakes constitute a base frame above the ground, the base frame has a large and small beams supporting the suspended floor, which is built with bamboo, thatch and other housing. The dry-fence type of building above the people, below the raising of livestock.

Dry-rail Wooden Buildings (Zhuang)

The Zhuang like to live by the mountains and the water. Between the clear mountains and green water, dotted with dry-structured wooden buildings,

this is the traditional residence of the Zhuang people.

The wooden buildings are used to house people and livestock. No matter what the house is, the shrine is placed on the center axis of the whole house

. The front room is used for celebrations and social events, the two side rooms house people, and the back room is the

living area. Life in the house is centered around a fire pit, where three meals are served daily.

Ancient dry-structure buildings

The remains of dry-structure buildings found at the Hemudu site are the earliest wooden structures in the world so far. According to the archaeological excavation report and the research results of experts from the Institute of Architectural History of China Academy of Architecture and Technology (CAAT), the remains of 13 rows of wooden piles in the fourth cultural layer revealed in the first archaeological excavation show that there were at least three buildings here, which are represented by A, B, and C, with House A located in the easternmost area, House B near the southwestern hill, and House C in the center. From the remains of house C, most of which are interlaced with houses A and B, it is proved that the ages of the three houses are sequential, and the age of house C is earlier than that of houses A and B. Only after house C is abandoned, it is possible to rebuild houses A and B again, and so house C is the world's first dry-fence wooden structure building. the remains of house C have a length of 18 meters, and according to the distance between front and rear rows of piles, the depth of the house is measured to be 8.2 meters, and according to the distance of the same rows of load-bearing The spacing of the piles is known, then the house is divided into rooms, room width between 2.6 ~ 3 meters, the widest one for 4 meters, is estimated to be the clan activities of the public **** place, the house of the openings and the traditional wooden building is the same as the symmetry, the length of the C house is also at least 25.4 meters. The height of the house should be more than 4 meters according to the depth of 8.2 meters, together with the height of 0.8 to 1 meter of the wooden pile below the floor, the height of the ground of the C house is more than 5 meters. In the open wilderness 7,000 years ago, a large house was erected in the air, this is a great ambition! The ability to build such a wooden building with simple stone tools marks the fact that human society has entered the prosperous development stage of the Neolithic Age. Any creation and invention in the world has a process of occurrence, development and perfection, the invention of the house is also so. In the millions of years of human history, the vast majority of the time our ancestors were living in caves, such as the familiar "Peking Man" and "Caveman", the use of natural caves as a residence when mankind is still in the age of ignorance. The emergence of human society is nearly 10,000 years ago, when the global temperature rose significantly, the average temperature is a few degrees higher than now. At this time living in caves in the primitive people from the forest to the plains and lakes, rich food resources attracted these mountain people, they are at the edge of the forest, neighboring rivers and lakes on the high ground to build shacks began to settle down, the initial house appeared. China's land is vast, north and south of the geography, climate is very different, the form of the hut also varies from place to place. Xi'an Half-slope site in the northern Yellow River Basin, the early houses were dug from the ground down, about 1 meter deep, the bottom of the cave as a floor, the cave wall became a natural wall, and then branches in the cave on top of the roof, smeared with mud, into a living house. This type of house is about 16 to 20 square meters, known as the semi-cave building. The south is humid and rainy, the land is soft, the primitive people had to build houses in the branches of large trees, because of the extreme simplicity, known as nesting. Han Fei Zi - Five Lemmings" description: "the ancient times, the people were few and the beasts were many, the people could not overcome the beasts, insects and snakes. A sage made a nest to avoid the pests, and the people were so pleased with it that he made the king of the world." This situation can also be corroborated ethnographically. In the 1950s and 60s of this century, the Kenoi people on Barafan Island in the South Pacific and some backwoods peoples in remote parts of Oceania built their dwellings in the forks of trees. Tree nests may be smaller than caves and inconvenient to live in, but they are, after all, the creation and invention of mankind itself, and are therefore still a marvelous improvement over caves as a dwelling place. Since mankind had taken the first step, surely there would soon be a second and third step. The second stage of the dwelling house did appear. Half slope site in the middle of the building has developed to the ground building, and Hemudu culture dry bar type building with its can ventilate moisture, but also can guard against insects, snakes and fierce beasts of the many advantages, and appeared in the south of Jiangnan water town. The dry-rail building is a kind of half-floor building which is based on piles and logs, constitutes a base higher than the ground, and uses piles and columns to tie up the columns, beams and roofs, which is the inheritance and development of the nesting house. Examining the remains and relics of the dry-structure building, there are five achievements in architectural engineering. 1. The building is northwest - southeast orientation layout According to the first archaeological excavation of Hemudu site building remains plan analysis, three buildings are northwest - southeast orientation. From the direction of view, the seat of the northeast, southwest, so that the orientation of the building and the current north-south direction of the seat of a big difference in the choice, on the lighting, ventilation, heating, cold are not good, from the Hemudu culture of the level of productivity, and the primitive inhabitants of the rich experience of production, life into a contrast, this special choice of orientation needs to be explored on the characteristics of the dry-type building itself. Hemudu site two archaeological excavations are not complete architectural remains, because from the construction technology and materials, dry-bar building is very easy to fall bait, according to ethnographic data, the Dai people of Yunnan Province, the longest period of use of the same type of building for 15 years. Due to the difficulties in cutting and processing, it is estimated that the building components after the collapse were used by the Hemudu people to build new houses, and only more stakes into the ground have survived. It is assumed that the building at that time had not opened the windows, and the position of the door was the same as that of the Dai's dry-rail building, which was opened on the face of the mountain wall, and it had many functions of access, ventilation, lighting, and elimination of smoke and dust. Dry column type building northwest - southeast direction, the door towards the south east about 10 degrees, this direction in Jiangsu and Zhejiang region in the winter sunshine time is the longest and shortest in summer, avoiding the summer heat, increasing the time of light in winter. So for the long-slope eaves, no windows of the dry-rail type building, this orientation choice is very realistic. So far, local buildings still inherit this reasonable choice of orientation, the portal to the south east 5 to 10 degrees is the best orientation. Of course, this is through practice and life accumulation. 2. the combination of wooden piles, floor beams and the floor of the building foundation of the dry fence type construction of the advantages of the empty floor is to reduce the ground processing work, after the fire can be built, and to meet the actual needs of the residence of the tide of flood resistance, but also to solve the high temperature in the south and the need to cool down, ventilation problems. But the resulting construction difficulties are much greater than the general ground construction. Ten thousand feet high building, whether the building can be successful foundation is the key, the dry-rail building is particularly important. Hemudu ruins of building foundation piles have round piles, square piles, sheet piles. Square piles are larger in size, generally 15×18 centimeters in cross-section, and the depth into the ground is 50-100 centimeters deeper than round piles, which can play the role of load-bearing piles. Its distribution is also regular, generally 1.3 meters to 1.5 meters apart. The number of round piles is large, and the diameter size varies more. The number of sheet piles is small and the arrangement is denser. It is known through the sampling survey on the bottom of the piles in the fourth cultural layer that the bottoms of the various forms of piles are all chopped and cut into a spike-like or blade-like shape, which can be known to be treated by the method of driving in. After the completion of the pile foundation, the floor beams were set up next, and the square piles had grooves cut into the upper face for splicing the floor beams, and some round logs were originally left with forks at the upper end, which could also be used to support the floor beams or roof beams, and the key components, such as the center columns and corner columns, had perforated mortise holes and mortise holes at right angles to each other, supplemented with tie-downs to be further secured. The floors were laid on top of the floor beams, mostly unfixed, so that the original inhabitants could easily dump their garbage down through the movable floors. The base is smooth at first, but because of the soft soil, some parts will settle. At this time the first people to prepare the logs and even the floor to the floor beams under the pile wood support, day after day to form the foundation part of the pile wood forest results. From the above foundation project, before the start of construction, you need to have a calculation of the building load to determine the specifications and quantity of materials used. Then, based on the floor area, the interior separation requirements, on-site samples. Finally, the coordinates are chosen to ensure that the stakes are parallel and perpendicular to the beams and columns to be installed in the next step. 3. Beam structure with cross brace Hemudu people made frames with columns and beams in the upper space of the building to support the roof of the square grid purlin frame formed by the branches of the trees, and then thatched or barked to complete the roof rain and sun protection project. This structural technology with beams and columns as the main structure is a major invention in construction technology, which laid the foundation of the ancient wooden architecture. From the remains of the pile base to see the Hemudu dry-rail building only 4 columns, there is a column for the outdoor corridor platform used, so that there is a need for two columns, in order to support the slope length of 5 to 6 meters of the roof. So how did the Hemudu people set up the beams and knot the roof? The wooden component numbered 59 unearthed at the site is a component of greater interest to archaeologists and architectural experts. The piece is a 2.63 meters long, 18 centimeters in diameter, two tenons, tenon volume is relatively small, is located in the middle of the section, so the architectural experts believe that this is a column, is a roof beams and ground beams between the column, this column as a column is too low, and as a gable column is too high, so it should be in the space between the middle columns in the house and the gable columns. With this column, a secondary beam can be added in the middle of the roof slope, so that the 5-meter-long slope can be completed by connecting two sections, so that the rafter diameter can be greatly reduced, thus lowering the weight of the roof and enabling the roof to be erected. This is a pivotal structural column, this column is set up, in order to stabilize, through the center column tied a cross brace to the center column on both sides of the two secondary beams to support, so that the roof frame is more stable. Today, this kind of five beams and five pillars with cross brace dry column type building in the southwest border ethnic minority areas can still be seen. 4. The application of mortise and tenon technology in construction In the Hemudu ruins, the most influential of the remains of the dry-rail building is unearthed hundreds of wooden components with mortise and tenon, from the form of the head and foot mortise and tenon, beam mortise and tenon, mortise and tenon with nail holes, dovetail mortise and tenon, flat post mortise and tenon, corner post mortise and tenon, straight lattice rails, such as dry mortise and tenon. The mortise of the flat post is the mortise of the center post, and the mortise of the corner post is the mortise of the gable post, which is used in conjunction with the beams to make the center post and the gable post, the center post and the center post, and the gable post and the gable post to be closely connected, thus constituting a very stable roof frame, and making the flooring to be laid with a reliable guarantee. The floor unearthed at the Hemudu site is about 100 cm long and 6 cm thick, so that a floor beam needs to be placed on top of the floor beam in order to hold the floor. If the nodes of the floor beams and the roof pillars were to be fixed by means of ligatures, it would not take long for the floor to collapse, and only after the invention of the mortise and tenon joint, especially after the application of nail-hole mortise and tenon with tails, the connection of the beams and pillars was strengthened, so that the high-rise, dry-rail construction could be held securely in place. It can be said that without the mortise and tenon woodworking technology, there would be no Hemudu dry-rail building. Among the excavated wooden components, there are several components with pengkou, among which a specimen of pengkou was inserted into a piece of wood cut into trapezoidal cross-section when it was excavated. This pengkou technology is a higher technology of close splicing board, later used for flooring and hall screen board wall splicing. Some experts believe that this technique was mainly used in the wall works of the gable wall at that time. Site of the second archaeological excavations, the bottom of the fourth cultural layer unearthed a 450-centimeter-long, 8-centimeter-wide wooden member, the member of the wider side of the two ends of the chiseled a 8-centimeter-long, 6.8-centimeter-wide, 8-centimeter-thick mortise, the narrower side of the chiseled a 3-centimeter-wide, 3-centimeter-deep, 320-centimeter-long pengkou, and at the same time in the pengkou face ends of the pengkou face also chiseled a small pengkou, and the wider side of the pengkou vertically through the mortise. This component is used to secure the medical device against the gable columns. The larger high-grade medical device is used to connect the columns with the square beams, while the smaller high-grade medical device can be used to insert a mortise-and-tenon joint and tie it to the gable columns. After the medical device has been secured against the high-grade medical device, an 80- to 100-centimetre-long board can be inserted into the medical device to make a gable wall. The same high-level technology was used for the rows of panels for store fronts and for the removable panel walls of interiors in later generations. Hemudu culture of mortise and tenon, pengkou woodworking technology fully reflects the dry-rail type construction technology at that time has been more comprehensive. 5. The appearance of the decoration project at that time, the decoration content of the dry-rail type building has the outdoor corridor railing installation, indoor floor leveling treatment, reed mat paving and import/export and indoor columns, cross-bracing components on the carving decorations and so on. Residence is an important place for human life, production and socialization, and it is also the focus of decoration. Due to the constraints of stone production tools, the floor at that time was relatively rough and uneven, and from the excavated "human" shaped soil blocks, the floor of the important areas of the indoor sitting and lying areas used to be smoothed with soil, and then paved with reed mats, which made these parts relatively flat, easy to clean, and conducive to rest. In addition, according to the analysis of architects, the remains of the building revealed that there was a 1-meter-wide corridor outside, and from the unearthed straight-board railing dowels, the outside of the corridor was also installed with a railing. The second archaeological excavation in the fourth cultural layer was unearthed a remnant of 112 cm long, 14.4 cm wide, 7.2 cm thick wooden components, on the distance from the small square mortise, mortise 9.6 cm long, 4.8 cm wide, 3.6 cm deep, for the insertion of straight lattice railing used. It can be seen that the Hemudu people considered the safety factor as well as the beauty of the form. In the interior decoration, they also intended to beautify, the excavated carved wooden components, saddle-shaped five-leaf pattern ceramic blocks may be indoor artwork hanging on the door frame or the center column. Residence decoration in the most prominent is erected on the ridge of the bird-shaped ware (also known as butterfly-shaped ware), they use stone, bone, wood and ivory material production, the front engraved with the bird and the sun's motifs, the back is relatively rough, the middle of the chiseled grooves, the top grooves on both sides of the perforated protruding spine used to lead the fine rope to the bird-shaped ware and the wooden rods tied up, and then tied the wooden rods in the spine beams, highlighting the above the display of "the bird! ". Shaoxing warring states tomb 306 has unearthed a copper roof mold, the roof of a pole, the top of the pole has a standing bird, indoor 4 music man. Many scholars believe that the Hemudu site unearthed bird-shaped ware can be linked to the copper roof mold on the standing bird, reflecting the ancient Yue people love birds, reverence for birds custom. All in all, these artifacts show the primitive religious beliefs of Hemudu people and raise the decoration of the residence to the stage of art. Hemudu site of the dry bar type building, representing China's Neolithic construction level, although the unearthed mortise and tenon wooden components only hundreds of pieces, accounting for only one-tenth of the total number of components, the vast majority of nodes are also used cane tying reinforcement methods, but this can not be reduced to the Hemudu people's architectural technology evaluation. Following the Hemudu site, archaeologists in jiangsu wujiang meiyan, haian qingdun, zhejiang wuxing qianshan yang, guangdong gao yao county maogang and hubei hercynian maojiazui, chengdu, sichuan twelve bridges and other sites have found the remains of the dry-rail type of construction. Because it is adapted to the rainy, humid natural environment in the south of the Yangtze River, but also has the prevention of snakes, insects and beasts and raising livestock, stacking debris in many aspects of the utility, and therefore for thousands of years. Mr. Yang Hongxun, a famous expert of ancient architecture in China, pointed out that the dry-rail building contributed to the emergence of the pierced-dipper structure and directly inspired the invention of the pavilion - raising the floor (living surface) and utilizing the lower space, which ultimately led to the formation of the attic and the two-storey house. Hemudu's dry-structure has written a glorious chapter in the history of Chinese and foreign architecture.