Where is the originality of the ancient Greek political system?

1, polis is a national form of Greece. The word "polis" in the ancient Greek text originally refers to "polis" and is extended to cities and countries. Greek city-state system refers to a country form with a long history in ancient Greece. All ethnic groups in the world entered civilized society from primitive society. The earliest countries were all small city-states with a city as the center, including some surrounding villages, one city and one state, so they were called "city-states" (hereinafter referred to as "city-states"). The difference is that most other nationalities have evolved from small countries to big countries or even empires with the development of history, and the characteristic of Greek civilization is that it has kept small city-states in a state of dispute for longer than other civilizations, and it has reached the peak of its civilization and prosperity under the city-state system. The Greek city-state is characterized by a small country and few people. Each state is independent and autonomous, and the city-state is an independent sovereign state with the city as the center. Citizens of each state enjoy different degrees of political power (except women). Slaves and foreign immigrants are in a position of oppression and exploitation. Therefore, the ancient Greek polis was actually a national organization in which citizens collectively United to safeguard their own interests and oppressed slaves and foreigners. 2. The civil politics of Greek city-state under the premise of small country and few people. The Greek city-state itself is a national organization of citizens' collective alliance. Therefore, although their political systems are different, they all practice civil politics to varying degrees. According to the democratic system, every citizen is an ex officio member of the citizens' assembly, the highest organ of power, and all levels of public office are open to all citizens. Its democracy is second to none in ancient history, that is, its civil politics reached its peak in ancient world history. Aristocracy and democracy are the most popular regimes in Greek city-states. Under the aristocratic system, although the highest power of the country is in the hands of some citizens-nobles, on the other hand, the citizens' assembly composed of all free citizens is still the highest authority in form, and in some city-States, it even has considerable power. Even under the monarchy, oligarchy and tyranny which are not dominant in the Greek city-state, civil politics is reflected in different degrees. In the process of the development of Greek city-states, the ultimate trend or destination of these regimes is still towards aristocracy or democracy. Aristotle, a famous Greek philosopher, summed up the civic politics of the city-state: "(1) Anyone who has the right to participate in the deliberation or trial function can be said to be a citizen of that city; (2) The general meaning of a polis is to have a sufficient number of citizens in order to maintain a self-sufficient life. " "The criterion for judging a city-state is not its territory, walls and population; But whether it is composed of citizens. " "The majority decision of citizens who enjoy political rights, whether in oligarchy, aristocracy or civilian regime, is always the final judgment and has the highest authority." The prerequisite for the Greek city-state to carry out civil politics is that the country is small and there are few people. Especially direct democracy like Athens, this premise is particularly important. Because direct democracy can only operate in a city-state with a small territory. In these countries, citizens living in rural areas outside the city can go to the city to attend the citizens' assembly, and people are familiar with each other. The government affairs of a country are relatively simple, and it is easy to discuss and vote at the citizens' meeting. A vast country does not have such conditions. Therefore, it can be said that the city-state system and direct democracy are interdependent and mutually conditional. 3. The establishment of democracy in Athens is the product of long-term struggle. The establishment of democracy in Athens was not achieved overnight, nor was it a gift from powerful people, but the result of long-term struggle. It not only contains the resistance of ordinary people at the lower level, but also embodies the wisdom of outstanding people. In this process, firstly, the nobles overthrew the decadent monarchy and established the aristocratic system, thus preparing the conditions for the evolution to democracy. With the strengthening of aristocratic rule and the development of industry and commerce, the contradiction between Athens civilians and nobles intensified from the 7th century BC to the 6th century BC. The nobility monopolized state power and oppressed civilians. Economically, poor farmers and craftsmen went bankrupt, sold their children, and even turned their families into slaves through usury, land annexation and debt slavery. Disgruntled civilians are ready to take risks, and an armed uprising is imminent. At the same time, a number of industrial and commercial slave owners who came from ordinary people and became rich by running industry and commerce have emerged in society. They are rich and powerless, dissatisfied with aristocratic rule, and politically stand on the side of ordinary people. At this time in Athens, social contradictions were extremely intensified and the situation was extremely dangerous. It is against this background that Solon came to power and carried out drastic reforms, which opened the process of democratization in Athens. However, Solon's reform did not fully meet the requirements of the lower class civilians, and the nobles still had certain political power and economic advantages, so a new struggle was launched between the civilians and the nobles, and the result of the struggle was that Athens established a tyrant rule for nearly half a century. The darkness of the tyrant's rule in the later period caused people's resistance, and the mass uprising overthrew the tyrant's rule, further hitting the aristocratic forces and creating conditions for the reform of Cristini. Christian reform finally established democracy in Athens. Since then, democracy in Athens has further developed. It finally reached its peak during the reign of Perikles. This shows that the establishment of democracy is difficult and tortuous. Therefore, the textbook says, "Athenian democracy is not an instant invention of a genius, but a product of continuous innovation by people with lofty ideals in Athens with the support of civilians after more than 200 years of ups and downs." Agree 1| Comment