What is Huizhou architecture?

Huizhou architecture is located in Anhui, a beautiful land in Zhong Ling. Up to now, many ancient buildings in Huizhou are still preserved. They are like elegant artistic wonders, dotted with splendid Huizhou culture. As a model of Huizhou architectural art, the "three wonders of ancient architecture"-ancient dwellings, ancient ancestral halls and ancient archways are even more amazing. With Xidi and Hongcun, ancient villages in southern Anhui, being included in the world cultural heritage, more and more friends are interested in Huizhou-style ancient buildings and set foot on the journey of Huizhou-style ancient buildings.

Influenced by Huizhou cultural tradition and beautiful geographical location, Huizhou ancient dwellings have formed a unique Huizhou architectural style. The harmonious combination of white walls, blue tiles, Huizhou horse-headed walls, brick and wood stone carvings, overlapping courtyards, cornices of high-rise buildings, winding paths and pavilions constitutes the keynote of Huizhou architecture. Huizhou ancient dwellings are large in scale, reasonable in structure, coordinated in layout, fresh and elegant in style, especially the bricks, wood and stone carvings decorated on door covers, window lintels, beams and beams and window sashes, which are exquisite in craftsmanship, diverse in forms and lifelike. Known as the "Folk Forbidden City", the Tang Suzong banquet, Yuqiao farming and reading, and Chyi Chin calligraphy and painting in the front hall of Chengzhitang in Hongcun always amaze tourists. Huizhou folk houses pay attention to natural taste and landscape atmosphere, and the layout of houses pays attention to the coordination with the surrounding environment. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that there is no mountain, no water and no residence. Huizhou ancient dwellings are mostly located between green mountains and green waters, surrounded by mountains and waters, and complement each other with pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, towers, squares and other buildings, forming a beautiful realm of "small bridges and flowing water". Hongcun, yi county, is backed by the towering Leigang Mountain with ancient trees, facing the beautiful South Lake, and next to the Qianxi River with clear water and fresh fragrance. The whole village is designed in the shape of a cow, and the scenery is extremely beautiful, so it is called "the village in Chinese painting". Huizhou ancient dwellings are mostly brick-wood buildings with three rooms and four rooms, and there are several types in the plane, such as mouth, concave, H and Japanese. There are many entrances on the second floor, and each entrance has a patio, which is fully ventilated, transparent and drained. Sitting indoors, people can bathe in the morning light and watch the starry sky at night. The "secondary refraction" through the patio is softer, giving people a sense of tranquility. Rainwater flows into the sewer through the water mound around the courtyard, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which means "rich water does not flow out of the field", which embodies the idea of Huizhou merchants gathering wealth. The upstairs of the residential building is extremely open, commonly known as "Happy Horse Building". Around the courtyard, there are beautifully carved railings and a "beauty rest". Some large families, with the reproduction of their children and grandchildren, built houses one by one, forming a grand deep house with "36 patios and 72 sill windows", which seems to have the feeling of "how deep the yard is". The "Eight Lords" in Lu Guan, Yixian County consists of 20 houses of eight brothers, which are connected by courtyards. Huizhou folk houses are also very particular about interior decoration and furnishings. The paintings in the main hall are hung in purlins, and couplets are hung on the pillars on both sides. "Good study, good business, and good grades are good; It is difficult to start a business, it is difficult to stay in business, and it is not difficult to know and do. " For hundreds of years, apart from kindness, the first good thing people have accumulated is reading, which reveals profound philosophy and reflects the idea that Huizhou merchants are good at Confucianism and respect learning. There is a table in the hall. There is a vase on the east side of the table, an ancient mirror on both sides and a clock in the middle, which means that Huizhou merchants will always be safe outside. Walking into Huizhou, people can see "the epitome of oriental culture" from many ancient houses. The famous ancient houses are Xidi, Hongcun, Tangmo, Nanping, Chengkan and Changxi.

In ancient Huizhou, the wind of worshipping ancestors in Dunben prevailed, and every village built ancestral temples, including ancestral temples, branch temples and family temples. According to "Sending the Garden", "Xin 'an people live together, and there is no mixed surname. Its wind is the latest. In and out of the teeth, the surname is unified by the ancestral temple. When I was old, in Rafe, all the surnames in the village gathered together and sacrificed Zhu Wengong's possessions. "There are more than 30 ancestral halls in Nanping Village, Yixian County, which are large in scale and small in scale, forming a group of ancestral halls with quaint styles. There are eight ancestral halls in Hengdian Street in front of the village, which are 200 meters long. " Xu Zhitang and Shicheng Ancestral Hall are two major ancestral halls, with three branch shrines and three family shrines, which can be called the museum of feudal patriarchal clan system in China. In ancient Huizhou, the famous families built temples, expanded their buildings and built sub-temples, and the scale was better than that of Qionglou Yuyu to show the prosperity of the family. These ancestral halls are all made of huge and thick materials, and some even use a whole piece of wood with a length of 6.7 meters, a height of 1 m and a width of 80 cm as the moon beam; Use a whole big wood with a circumference of 2.3 meters and a height of 7.8 meters as a church column; Excavate a whole large stone slab with a length of 10 meter and a width of more than 5 meters as a step. The "Enjoy Hall" and "Sleep Hall" of the ancestral hall are all made of precious wood with the same color, such as Ginkgo biloba, which is called "Ginkgo Hall". There is also a heavy beam stack, which is called "Bailiang Hall". Most of the ancestral halls are "Five Pagodas" with high walls and upturned corners. The whole ancestral hall is solemn and solemn, which embodies the sacred majesty of clan laws and regulations. The national key cultural relics protection unit Chengkan Luodong Book Temple is a collection of "ancient, elegant, beautiful and strong". It has four courtyards and four courtyards, with the height of the back lying at Baolun Pavilion13.6m and the room width 1 1. Other famous ancestral temples include the Hu Ancestral Hall in Longchuan, the Dear Hall in Yixian, and the Qingyi Hall in Tang Yue (a rare sacred place for women).

Ancient Huizhou had a prosperous writing style and developed education. There are many people who "enter the official with talents and live the world with literature". In order to publicize feudal ethics, commend officials' achievements, dutiful sons and righteous men, and heroic women with good wives and mothers. Huizhou people often use the method of "building memorial archways" to show their glory and be immortal. The ancient archway is rigorous in structure, reasonable in layout and grand in scale. Every beam and every inlay is in line with the strength, and the site selection, modeling, carving and materials are emphasized in the construction. There are different types of archways, such as building ridge type and "flying column" type; There are square four columns and eight columns, and there are also "one word" single doors and three doors; Have a plenty of carved decoration, gorgeous, have a plenty of plane grinding, no decoration. They are arranged in a row of seven or four lanes, and there are also three rows. The seven archways of the famous Tang Yue Paifang Group rose from the ground and unfolded in a semi-arc shape, as if telling the story of loyalty, filial piety and righteousness. Guo Xu Shi Fang (commonly known as octagonal pavilion), which is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit, is surrounded by eight pillars. It consists of two front and rear three-four-column three-story archways and two left and right single-room two-column three-story archways. Extremely magnificent, showing the great achievements of Haga. Hucishi Square is located at the entrance of Xidi Village in yi county, with a height of12.3m and a width of 9.95m. It has four columns, three rooms and five floors. All of them are made of "yi county Green" stone with delicate texture, exquisite carving and majestic eaves.

Three Carvings in Huizhou-Brick Carving, Stone Carving and Wood Carving

-Huizhou Three Carvings refers to the abbreviation of brick carving, stone carving and wood carving with Huizhou style. Shexian, yi county and Wuyuan are the most typical "three sculptures" of Huizhou School, which are well preserved. It is mainly used for the decoration of buildings such as houses, ancestral temples, temples and gardens, as well as the craft carving of ancient furniture, screen couplets, pen containers and fruit bowls. The history of "Three Carvings" originated in the Song Dynasty and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Sculptures in the Ming Dynasty are rough and simple, generally only flat carvings and bas-reliefs. With the help of line modeling, they lack perspective changes, but emphasize symmetry and are rich in decorative interest. Sculpture in Qing Dynasty was exquisite and complicated, and the composition and layout absorbed the expression techniques of Xin 'an Painting School, paying attention to artistic beauty, and promoting hollowing-out effect with deep relief and round carving. Some hollowed out floors are as many as ten, and pavilions, trees, mountains, animals, flowers, birds, insects and fish paint together, which shows the sculptor's superb artistic talent.

Brick carving is a kind of architectural decoration carved on the hard and fine blue-gray bricks in Huizhou. Widely used in Huizhou gatehouse, door cover, lintel, eaves, roofs, making the building look elegant and solemn. It is an important part of Huizhou architectural art rising since Ming and Qing Dynasties. Brick carving includes plane carving, relief carving and three-dimensional carving. Themes include feather flowers, dragons, tigers and lions, gardens and landscapes, and dramatic figures. , with a strong folk color. Huizhou brick carving is very particular about its materials and production. There is a brick-carved stove temple in Shexian Museum. On the square brick surface, there is a circular carved bodhisattva, wearing a golden helmet, armor and holding a steel mace. According to textual research, this exquisite brick carving cost 1200 craftsmen and is a classic of Huizhou brick carving art.

Stone carvings are widely distributed in urban and rural areas of Huizhou. Mainly used for the decoration of pillars, door walls, archways, tombs and other places of temple houses. They belong to the art of relief and round carving and enjoy a high reputation. The theme of Huizhou stone carving is limited by the carving materials themselves, and it is not as complicated as wood carving and brick carving. There are mainly animal and plant images, Bo Gu patterns, calligraphy and so on, but there are relatively few stories about people and mountains and waters. In terms of carving style, the relief is mainly shallow through carving and flat carving, and the trend of round carving is obvious. The knife method is refined in simplicity and generosity, which is not as delicate and complicated as wood carving and brick carving in Qing Dynasty.

Wood carvings are mainly used for the decoration of ancient buildings and household appliances, which are spread all over urban and rural areas, and even less widely distributed in China. Wood carvings can be seen on screens, window frames, columns, beds, tables, chairs, desks and stationery in the house, almost everywhere. Huizhou woodcarving has a wide range of themes, including figures, landscapes, flowers, animals, insects and fish, cloud heads, palindromes, eight-treasure Bo Gu, tin couplets and various auspicious patterns. Huizhou wood carving is based on the needs and possibilities of building objects, using round carving, relief carving, through carving and other forms of expression. Early Ming dynasty. Huizhou woodcarving has begun to take shape, and its carving style is simple and rough, mainly with flat relief techniques. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the strengthening of the financial strength of Huizhou merchants, the awareness of showing off the countryside became increasingly strong, and the art of wood carving gradually shifted to fine carving, and multi-layer general carving replaced plane shallow carving as the mainstream.