What are some classifications of enameling?

Basic explanation: paint name. Also known as "enamel". With quartz, feldspar, saltpeter and sodium carbonate, etc., plus lead and tin oxides fired into, coated in copper or silver objects, after firing, can form different colors of the glazed surface. It can be used both to prevent rust and as decoration. Such as enamel, cloisonné and so on are enamel products.

Origin: Dream of Red Mansions, Fifth Third: "This lotus leaf is burin enamel, live letter can be twisted."

Source:

The Dream of the Red Chamber, the fifth third time: "This lotus leaf is a burin enamel, which can be twisted. Qing Shenchu 《Xiqing笔记-纪庶品》："Then began to prohibit enamel workshop, the government enamel ware, also have to pay the bureau." Qing Ershisheng "ten continents spring language" Volume 1: "such as banquets decorated with brocade His Excellency, with ten brocade enamel cups, declared the order of the dental plate."

Kangxi enameled porcelain

Production facilities

To make painted enamel ware in the palace, first of all, there must be production facilities - enamel work. Kangxi period of enamel for the main Hall of Wuying Hall enamel for (abolished in 57 years of Kangxi), Yangxintian enamel for, Yuanmingyuan enamel for, due to the lack of "the Qing Interior Office of the Office of the various made to do the work of the file" information, when the production scale can not be proved for the time being.

Historical information

The earlier Kangxi enameling historical information is: "September 11, 55 years: Guangxi Governor Chen Yuanlong (Chen Yuanlong (1652-1736), the word Guangling, the number of Qianzhai, the world known as the Guangling Sangguo, also known as the Haining Sangguo, the Qing dynasty), also known as the Sangguo (prime minister), also known as the Sangguo (prime minister). Xiangguo (prime minister) was also known as Pavilion Master.) The emperor gave 'an imperial gift of an enameled five-color red glass snuff bottle,' which Chen Yuanlong '愓涙零'." It is known that at least in the fifty-fifth year of the Kangxi period, the Office of the manufacture of glass enamel, and used it to reward the ministers.

September 28, fifty-fifth year of the Kangxi emperor Yang Lin, governor of Guangdong on the folders: "Guangdong Pan Chun can burn French blue objects, I have been folded by the minion to report, and now found that there are able to burn French blue Yang Shiqi a, inspection of its skills, more than Pan Chun second, can also be helped to help Pan Chun manufacturing. I also donated money for his family's settlement on September 26th. ...... The two French blue-colored craftsmen, two apprentices, all with Wulin Da, Li Bingzhong started to go to the capital and finished. Furthermore, I have found a French blue watch, diamond ring, French blue copper painting, instruments, foreign French blue material, and Pan Chun made French peach red color gold mixed with red copper material, etc., and handed over to Li Bingzhong on behalf of the entry. There were also a number of gold cups that had not yet been painted or burned, and they were handed over to Li Bingzhong to prepare for the trial test."

The character "Pan Chun" is mentioned in the "Guangzhou City Records. The Art and Crafts Industry. The fourth chapter of the gold-colored porcelain industry" has mentioned the person: "(Guangcai) in the mid-to-late 17th century, most of the use of red (dry red), hemp (red and black with deep ochre), black, gold and enamel moon white, yellow, pink and green and other nine kinds of color materials. Later Pan Chun developed peach red (gold red), which enriched the colors of enamel."

What needs to be mentioned here is that because Guangzhou was the only open door to the outside world during the Qing Dynasty, many foreigners entered our country through it, thus resulting in Guangzhou's enamel production at a high domestic level, which was significant. Most of the enameling craftsmen in the Palace Office were selected by the Guangdong Customs, known as the "Southern Craftsmen". And in the late Qianlong period, after the Palace Manufacturing Office stopped making enameled porcelain, this place became an enameled porcelain production site, still making enameled porcelain.

From the Kangxi enamel production data, fifty-five years after the more relevant information to speculate, it is likely that the period of painting enamel production is more mature. In June of the 57th year of the reign of Kangxi, Zuo Shiyong, the governor of Guangxi, was given an enameled snuff bottle, which he described as "unparalleled in its craftsmanship and magnificent in its beauty".

On June 24, 58th year of the Kangxi reign, Yang Lin, the governor of the two provinces, mentioned in a memorial that he had sent the enamel painter Chen Zhongxin to the palace. "May 12 of this year to have the law of blue west medical and surgical a An Tai, and will burn painting enamel technology a Chen Zhongxin. Slave industry together with the governor of the public folding heard, on June 18, sent to Beijing accompanied on the case. ......."

The real mention of porcelain enamel solid historical information can be referred to: kangci fifty-nine years on February 2, Cao Fu (son of Cao Yin) zhang folding Zhu batch, Oracle Cao Yin: "recently your family errand a lot of things, such as enamel magnets and so on the first there is a number of pieces of the will to the Beijing, after the Imperial Palace, sent to the Imperial Palace to read the end of the burn. Today I do not know how much magnetism cheated, I always do not know ... ...". Kangxi period, due to the production of painted enamel is not mature, therefore, painted enamel can not be in the porcelain tire glaze directly on the glaze, but applied to the surface of the plain tire. At that time, enameled porcelain tires had to be made in Jingdezhen (except for the occasional use of the old Yongle tires), from the Fuliang (i.e., Jingdezhen, because the bridge is often referred to as "Fuliang") Changjiang River downstream, into Poyang Lake, through the Jiujiang Pass, through the Jiangning Prefecture (Nanjing), and then along the Grand Canal northward into the capital. Cao Yin's ancestors were all servants of Xuan Ye's family, and at that time, many important posts of weaving and customs were managed by the rulers who appointed their own servants. Cao family three generations in Jiangning weaving, and good porcelain, may be involved in the imperial factory enamel tires matters, leading to Kangxi reprimand.

According to historical sources: "Kangxi fifty-nine years on the fifth day of the twelfth month: the Kangxi Emperor gave the Western envoys Jia Lun, enamel bowls two and other." The bowl corroboration information is also not seen to remain.