On the Interpretation of Classical Chinese

1. How to learn argumentative classical Chinese well? I learned very well in middle school, and I can write a composition in classical Chinese in high school. No matter how dull the story is, it is also written in classical Chinese, and the composition is a high score!

You have a headache about translation, don't you? Let me give you some advice.

1. You should be familiar with the structure of modern Chinese sentences, and you should be proficient in adverbial attributive complements. If you can't learn this well, it's useless to translate classical Chinese. Because classical Chinese is generally a word of its own.

For example, "although" is a typical objection in ancient and modern times. In ancient Chinese, "although" and "ran" are two words, the former means although, and the latter means so. If understood in modern Chinese, "although he is also happy" can only be translated as: although he is also happy. Obviously, this sentence is incomplete, and the correct translation is: despite this, he is still happy. This is the problem of sentence structure analysis.

2. Memorize commonly used interchangeable words and ancient and modern synonyms. The common "anti" is actually "back" and "only" is actually "stop" ... There are nearly 100 loanwords in the whole middle school, and there are nearly 20 to remember. There are not many opportunities to translate interchangeable words, but it is always good to know when you meet them.

Ancient and modern objections are more important, such as "although" mentioned above, and "false" means "borrow" in ancient times, as well as "can" and "very". In fact, there are many opposing words in ancient and modern times because ancient prose is generally unique, so this truth must be kept in mind. Therefore, in ancient times, "energy" was "energy" and "use", and "extraordinary" was "no" (no) and "normal" (ordinary) in ancient times.

3. Be familiar with the flexible use of parts of speech. Noun usage, adjective usage, causative usage, intentional usage and so on. This is the formal grammar of classical Chinese.

These can also be analyzed by sentence structure. For example, the use of nouns, I will give you a well-known example, Confucius said: "Jun Jun, minister, father, son." At least you know that a complete sentence, subject and predicate are essential (except interjections, of course). "Jun Jun" seems to be two nouns, obviously lacking a predicate, that is, a verb or adjective, otherwise it can only be translated into "monarch", then the second monarch must obviously be a predicate, and "Jun Jun" means "the monarch is mainly like a monarch"

This kind of classical Chinese grammar is relatively difficult and requires long-term knowledge accumulation and memory, but if I do what I say, it will be much easier to master.

Let me give you another example, such as the use of adjectives, saying that a doctor is a "living dead". Literally, does it mean that doctors are "living dead"? Regardless of whether this meaning is in line with the original intention, let's analyze the sentence structure first. "Doctor" is obviously the subject. What is the predicate? If translated according to the surface meaning, the predicate is obviously lacking. Even with the word "yes", ancient Chinese needs the expression of the verb "nai" or the interjection "ye". So this sentence must be dismantled. According to the principle of word formation, "death" is a dead person, and movable type must have a separate meaning. If you know the usage of adjectives, then you know that "the living dead" should be translated as "let the dead live". Even if you don't know the usage of conation, you can analyze that there is a problem.

I don't think it is necessary to recite classical Chinese because of my experience. Of course, in order to pursue the effect of flying literary talent, such as preface to Wang Teng-ting, I think recitation is necessary, and nothing else is necessary. As long as I study, I can learn the three related things mentioned above well, pay attention to accumulation, and add a little language talent to cope with the college entrance examination.

Be sure to remember the word-formation principles of classical Chinese! (Khan! Of course, except names of people, places and officials)

2. Ask for an argumentative essay about the teacher, in classical Chinese, don't you know? Last night was long, the creation was colorless, and only my home was brightly lit! Why, you know. White words, flowing, less ink. Dare to make a wish, no pen, no paper, no sir.

However, the slightest inspiration inspired my heart, and I got a piece.

At night, I looked at the sky and saw a red moon and the stars were dim, so I knew there would be something big tomorrow.

Sir, I hope you cherish North Korea day and night and never forget it. ...

Su Ziyun: "It is disloyalty to read a model book without shedding tears." Yue Shaobao also wrote: "Shaoxing looks forward to August in the afternoon, crossing Nanyang, visiting Wuhou Temple and staying in the temple on rainy days. Holding the candle deeper, I looked at Mr. Wang's words, poems and stone carvings on the wall and couldn't help but shed tears. It was night, but I couldn't sleep, so I just sat still ... "

I have tasted Zhuge Zhi's articles all the time, and every time I read them, I feel sad and worried all the time. However, if you think about it, you will suddenly realize. As we all know, Kongming's wise men are out of reach, and so is Kongming's loyalty. So, I read "and heroes have been crying on their coats ever since, a real name, for thousands of years." I think: although Mr. Wang's article has paid off; The heart of a gentleman, though according to the sun and the moon; Mr. Wang Can's love can also be said to be flowing around the world; However, Mr. Wang's wisdom is not as good as many people say. If you don't believe me, it's inherent to devote yourself to death, but when it comes to people, it's easy to be loyal and lose your wisdom, and stupidity is also wood. What is Mix? The reason is that everyone is confused.

Model said, "Because my plan was defeated by the army, I have been in danger for 20 years." One year in the twentieth century, Mr. Wang was on the run. He was always in charge of state affairs. Mr. Kuang has an empty heart to save the country, but he has no hope to save it. What are the merits? Aren't you sad? When it is, the people think so, and the gentleman will know one. If you want to take the world, it's your own pocket. Is the world rich for a long time?

Up and down in one's hand, the yellow door is overbearing, which is the bane of Adou's drowsiness all day long. Sir, I don't know, but why doesn't it matter This is almost dangerous for the country.

Masu, The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu Zhong said, "You are very talented and good at planning", and made suggestions for your husband to pacify the south and avoid future troubles. It can be said that he is well-educated and not good at soldiers. The first emperor tried to tell you that "youth is often exaggerated, so you can't make great use of it." Mr. Wang insisted on using it, but he didn't pay for it, which led to the defeat of the battle of Jieting. It's still a pity to think of it. Mr. Wang knows that he can't use it, but he is dizzy!

In the battle of Yiling, Bai Di entrusted orphans. To repay the kindness of the first emperor, Mr. Wang went to Qishan six times. But what is it every time it fails? The constraint of fighting is also. Dou is foolish and cowardly. If the first emperor wanted to put you in danger, he would take your place. Whether it is sincerely ready or not, the rest of this generation should take its place for the whole world. If Mr. Wang is willing to spend time and make great efforts to govern the country, why can Shu be depressed, the court is unknown and the land is deserted? This so-called clock, it's against justice.

People who have seen "The Watch of Teachers" are depressed in their chests, have waves in their hearts and smoke all day. But Mr. Wang's loyalty, Han Xiandi puzzled, did not know about it.

Nowadays, impatient collaborators and arrogant people can hardly achieve anything. The Commandment says, "If you are not indifferent, you will have no ambition, and if you are not quiet, you will not be far away." Sir, you should be good at listening to what I say at the most unpleasant time.

3. Ask for an argumentative essay in classical Chinese and add points. "ZhuangGong virtue, worthy of being the king of the people. This is also the next generation! Is it so painful to be a talented person? So I didn't advise you.

My predecessor, Song Zhaogong, passed away. He asked the coachman why there were inanimate people: "Now I know why I ran away." The coachman walked into the dry chest. The driver pulled out his leg. If I suggest you, "I know why he died." Without exception, "Hebei also said," if I store it, I will be afraid that Guo will die first. "The driver asked him." Yue: Ancient small country. "Guo Jun angry, angry! I'm afraid I died before Guo perished? " The coachman replied, "I am thirsty, and so is the sage." Guo Jun changed his face and said angrily, "Why do you look so sad?" Hey! A wise man is bitter enough to bully his friends. (Excerpted from the Biography of Korean Poetry, Volume 6)

Note (1) "Sir", what would you like to eat? "charioteer yue, within two years. After his death, he was still afraid. Doctor's opinion: "I am so sincere to the dead." From then on, Zhao Gong changed his thoughts and behavior, and didn't like to hear the truth: "What a pity. This is the kind of person who wakes up afterwards and falls asleep with his head resting on the driver's knee: "The ancients said," Well, in less than two years, there were a hundred courtiers. I want to remonstrate because I don't remonstrate? " Zhuang Wang said that the driver gave him dry meat and food. "Guo Jun asked again, the right way.

In the past, you lost your country, so you can learn from yourself. "Yue.

Yesterday, I went abroad, to my surprise: "But" you died because you were too wise. Tell his coachman that there is nothing like me. Hundreds of court ministers died. If I say anything, I will die. The witch in Shen Gong asked, "I am forced to stand, and it is easy to defend myself. Why, this is the kind of person who wakes up early, so I fled abroad. " The palace has become sake? "The coachman changed what he said just now. He wants to drink, but he has no strength. "I am thirsty. Yue. Yue. ② Guo. Now, with an incompetent person like me, block three: "Yes, if you do one thing, his good reputation will spread all over the State of Song:" Do you like flattery, or do you worry too much? "The coachman said that people who wake up afterwards should find talents to help him. Tell his coachman?" Then he felt tired? "Too tired, I said, Chu Zhuangwang planned one thing, and he can dominate everything. No one didn't say this, thinking of Kenzo: "Are you starving?" Zhao Gong said. What did Shen Gong Chen Wu say before he entered the room? The king of Chu replied, "My Lord, you are a beautiful person." My Lord, you are the only talented person. You are called an imperial envoy. Chu Zhuangwang, the former man, is looking for something and acting accordingly! "The charioteer said," well, I want to eat. Fu sighed and said that Song Zhaogong had fled abroad: "Be happy when you are away from Chu. So it is easy to change to exercise: "I am hungry. Dead nakano: "What does Wang have to worry about? Hungry on the road, he reserved: "A talented monarch can't save his country: our monarch is a handsome man, but he looks sad." This is also a gentleman. This is also the one who is not born. " Yue,) crouched on the crossbar in front of the car and sighed, "Then why did you make a reservation in advance? Someone in the Song Dynasty welcomed him back to China: "What makes sense?

Reference translation

Monarchs of all ages woke up in advance: "Then why didn't you advise me in advance?"

Once upon a time, the monarch of the state of Guo escaped from the state of Guo, saying that he obeyed the emperor, safeguarded justice and threatened his ministers: "Why are all the things in your car so complete?" The wizard in Shen Gong said, "I know I will die." Posthumous title said, "There is no sage in the world, but you are the only one." This is what I usually keep. "(Guo Jun listen; Who can choose their friends? "Said the coachman. "Guo Jun said," Why don't you make a suggestion and want to drink water to make me sad? " He said, "There are no talents in the world." You like flattery and bad words, but those who were born in the Song Dynasty died, while those who heard beauty in the Song Dynasty were eaten by tigers and wolves, and knelt down and said, "You are worried about losing your country for your sake. I can choose my own teacher in the imperial court or the imperial palace and be eaten by tigers and wolves. "The driver offered sake to him, and the dozens of people who waited on me were Zhao Zhizheng; No one with him can compare with his own: "I put on my clothes and stood there." The wise man didn't die to survive: "You lost your country because you were so talented. You also said" wake up first "and" wake up first "? "Jade Legend:" I have heard of the virtues of princes, and his prestige makes them obey. He added, "What is the reason why I lost my motherland? Our monarch is a saint, and he is afraid every day. I don't deserve it: "Do you know that I want to escape? My name is King Chu? Yu Yue once again made him king: "I heard about the virtues of the princes, so I left. ? "Said the coachman. I didn't see my fault inside and out, and I did it properly. "Said charioteer. "He asked again, don't see your own fault. This is the kind of person who will never wake up until he dies. I say a word, all doctors say so? "The driver replied that there are dozens of people serving the charioteer. Finally passed? The charioteer said that Guo Jun died in the wilderness, and the Song people greeted him: clod, far away in Guo Jun? The coachman said, "I'm hungry. If you change into clods, I can say that Wang Shizhu has a gentleman's demeanor.

4. The teaching modes of middle school Chinese expository writing, argumentative writing and classical Chinese are best applied directly, and they are eager for classical Chinese: the teaching materials of Yueyang Tower have long been limited to the word "essence", emphasizing knowledge acceptance, only paying attention to grammar and grammar, but ignoring the subject of learning, and lacking the unique emotional experience of teachers and students in the teaching process, forming a classical Chinese teaching mode.

Undoubtedly, this kind of teaching can't meet the needs of the new curriculum reform, and it can't cultivate students' understanding of the essence of classical culture. Therefore, the teaching of classical Chinese must be grasped from a higher level and a broader perspective, so that students can have a process of understanding on the basis of dredging the meaning of the text and express their feelings to the author in combination with their own life and emotional experience.

Make full use of information to understand the work itself, so that classroom teaching becomes a reflective process of teacher-student exchange experience and a cooperative process of data integration. Only by learning through inquiry, improving through cooperation and subliming through perception can the teaching of classical Chinese be truly personalized and diversified, thus achieving the higher teaching requirements and evaluation proposed by the new curriculum standard of classical Chinese in middle schools: "Read ancient poems, consciously accumulate insights and apply them to improve your appreciation taste and aesthetic taste."

First, the teaching philosophy 1 advocates autonomous learning. Autonomous learning is a "learning ability" based on the development of self-awareness; "Want to learn" based on students' intrinsic learning motivation; Learning based on mastering certain learning strategies; "Persist in learning" based on hard work.

The expansion course of Yueyang Tower is chosen precisely because the ability of appreciating ancient prose, evaluating works and understanding things has reached a certain depth and breadth, and students will be interested in the beauty of literature and lofty thoughts, thus stimulating their desire to explore. In this way, under the careful guidance of teachers, under the premise of "being able to learn" and "wanting to learn", students can master the strategy of learning ancient prose appreciation, so as to achieve "being able to learn" and lay the foundation for exploring ancient prose and "persisting in learning" in the future.

Improve students' humanistic quality, enrich cultural details, realize independent communication and independent inquiry, and return the initiative of learning to students. 2. Establish an open classroom.

The new curriculum emphasizes that the teaching process is regarded as a process of communication, benign interaction and common development between teachers and students. This requires our teachers to strive to create a classroom for exploration, communication and cooperation.

Teachers and students communicate with each other, complement each other under mutual inspiration, appreciate each other's thoughts, experiences and knowledge, and express their feelings and experiences. This kind of autonomous and vivid classroom will enrich the teaching content and make new discoveries at the same time, and realize the common development of teachers and students.

For Yueyang Tower, which has been sung through the ages, the information is extremely rich, and teachers can't fully grasp and understand it. We should make full use of students' intellectual resources, encourage and guide students to participate in teachers' lesson preparation with the help of the internet and modern media, and create an open classroom thinking space in breadth and depth. 3. Respect personal experience.

Teachers create a harmonious and relaxed learning environment with favorable eyes and appropriate encouragement. Give students the freedom to think, appreciate and express.

Let students pay attention to the aesthetic quality of the works and the projection of the author's aesthetic consciousness. Guide students to put forward their own unique opinions from textbooks, and advocate students to develop from Fan Zhongyan's mind of "not being happy with things, not being sad for themselves" and ambition of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later", so as to arouse students' comments on the historical and contemporary social environment and reflect their own aesthetic creative personality.

Second, teaching material analysis's "Yueyang Tower" is an ancient prose in Unit 6 of Book 5 of People's Education Press, and it is a famous article that has been celebrated through the ages. He is not only brilliant in literary talent but also ambitious.

Fan Zhongyan's broad mind and lofty ambition of "not being happy with things, not being sad for himself" and "worrying about the worries of the world first, and enjoying the joy of the world later" reflect the charm of his personality, like a bright lamp, which still gives people a clear indication. It is not only a good carrier of aesthetic education and classical humanities education for students, but also a model course to adapt to the new curriculum reform and create diversified ancient Chinese teaching.

Third, student analysis: In the third grade, students' psychological development tends to be mature, and abstract thinking has developed at a deeper level while being rich in image thinking. Appreciation of literature not only stays in perceptual experience, but also has rational analysis and a higher level of aesthetics.

Based on the consideration of cultivating students' autonomous learning ability in classical Chinese, opening up students' thinking space, improving cultural taste and advocating personality analysis, I chose Yueyang Tower with beautiful structure, language and concept, and designed this section to expand teaching. Fourth, teaching design: (1) teaching objectives: 1, knowledge and skills: understand the writing method of the article and master the author's unique and carefully designed ingenuity; Correctly understand the profound connotation of famous aphorisms.

2. Process and method: On the basis of students' full collection and screening of information, students communicate independently and actively explore, so that students can experience the fun of inquiry in cooperative learning. Through the communication and mutual improvement between teachers and students, aesthetic consciousness can be realized.

3. Emotion, attitude and values: Feel the author's mind and ambition, understand the author's political ideal at the same time, guide students to think about life and learn from history and traditional cultural thoughts. (2) Teaching emphasis: understanding the uniqueness of the author's ideas, understanding the article's feelings in the scenery and expressing his writing style.

(3) Teaching difficulties: understanding the profound connotation of famous aphorisms and the author's interest. (4) Teaching methods: students communicate independently, teachers and students cooperate to explore, supplemented by the method of creating situations.

(5) Teaching process: 1. Scene introduction: Show pictures known as "Four Famous Buildings" in ancient China, with classical music. With Wang Bo's preface to Wang Teng-ting, "The sunset is lonely in Qi Fei, and the autumn water is * * * the sky is one color", and Cui Hao's "Yellow Crane Tower", "Every tree in Hanyang becomes clear in water, and a nest of herbs in Parrot Island", the literati chanted Yueyang Tower.

2. Cooperation and communication: try to enrich the teaching content with network materials and stimulate students' enthusiasm for learning and desire for inquiry. In class, through the independent communication of group members, we can enjoy resources and cultivate students' communication ability and sense of cooperation.

3. Independent inquiry: Question 1: Under the circumstance that "what the predecessors said is well prepared", from which angle did Fan Zhongyan choose to record Yueyang Tower? Question 2: What are the unique features in the text that make Yueyang Tower a masterpiece that will be celebrated through the ages? Yes

5. The difference between classical Chinese and argumentative writing Hello, Chinese has been divided into classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese since ancient times. Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese. The first word "Wen" means to write an article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. Classical Chinese refers to written language, which is relative to literature. Classical Chinese refers to articles written in written language, while vernacular Chinese refers to articles written in common spoken language. In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, what they say in oral language is eaten. And using books and language to express it is "rice?" "Fanfan" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese". Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese occupies a large proportion in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools. What is classical Chinese? 1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. Of course, there is no doubt that it is the main part of China's traditional culture. It can be seen that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, so it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese. 2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. This is correct, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, but a pure text. By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing that classical Chinese is the basis for further studying Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning). 3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. If you master the physical structure of classical Chinese, you will have a deep understanding of modern Chinese. The construction of new Chinese will be based on "Fa". 4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". Explain two meanings: first, second, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a style of written language. The latter's "text" refers to style. So besides archaeological research, does classical Chinese still have a "future"? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think so, too. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions can still be written in classical Chinese or calligraphy. Carve with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same. The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate", its language charm will be reduced and the function of words will be doubled. Because language is usually spread orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual and albino than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating what the ancients said, but reciting or silently reading a style. Reading classical Chinese, I feel very clear, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, which is very solemn. The value of the revival of contemporary classical Chinese is one of the hot spots of the cultural revival movement in contemporary China. Its appearance has the same profound historical background as China's cultural revival movement, and it is an organic part of the Chinese national rejuvenation movement. On the surface, the revival of classical Chinese is a denial of the vernacular advocated by Hu Shi and others. In essence, it is an extension of the vernacular movement. The popularity of vernacular Chinese has greatly increased the audience of generalized culture, but made the direct audience of China traditional culture less and less-thus posing an unprecedented threat to the inheritance of China culture. It is precisely because of the need to inherit China culture completely and accurately. The revival of classical Chinese has become a historical necessity. The revival of classical Chinese can not deny the existence and value of vernacular Chinese. The revival of classical Chinese in Chinese mainland began in 1980s. The concept of revival of classical Chinese was clearly put forward by Liu Zhou, a young scholar, in The First Step of Cultural Revival in China (Suggestions). In 2007, Guangming Daily published "Hundred Cities Fu". It shows the state's attitude towards the revival of classical Chinese. The suggestion of reviving classical Chinese was put forward by a young scholar. It shows that the development potential of classical Chinese revival is very strong. Modern Chinese 1, expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. 2. Rhetoric: metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, repetition, metonymy, rhetorical question, quotation and comparison. 3. Common writing methods and expressions: association, imagination, symbol, etc. 4. The role of sentences in the text structure: always play the full text, arouse the following, pave the way, pave the way, connect the preceding with the following (transition), take care of the full text, echo from beginning to end, summarize the full text, point out the theme and promote the development of the plot. 5. The role of sentences in expression and expression: to render the atmosphere and contrast the characters (or their feelings).