What does the architectural characteristics of semi-basement houses and dry-column houses inspire the housing construction of modern people?

Six or seven thousand years ago, Hemudu area was still a swamp. When Hemudu people build houses, they first lay wooden stakes with a length of 1 meter, and erect criss-crossing keels (ground beams) on the wooden stakes, and then lay floors with a thickness of 10 cm on the ground beams, and erect columns, beams and roofs on the floors. The floor plays a role in preventing moisture, insects and snakes. It can be used to feed livestock. This floor is the living room. From the height of the column, people can't go in and out upright, but it has made great progress compared with nesting. The size and internal structure of a house depend on the number of residents. From the perspective of residential buildings, Hemudu people have mastered the technology of logging and processing into piles, columns, beams and slabs. The beams and columns have been connected with tenons and mortises, and the floor is tightly assembled with tongue-and-groove plates. Different tenons and mortises basically meet the stress requirements, which are roughly the same as those of the later wood structure. Wooden components are engraved with decorative patterns such as double circles, straight lines, diagonal lines and plant stems and leaves. Due to the limitation of tools, the processing is rough. The use of pins and the invention of tongue-and-groove plates reveal that our ancestors mastered the construction technology more skillfully 7000 years ago, which embodies the perseverance of primitive people in conquering nature and transforming society, and lays the foundation for the unique contribution of China's classical wood structure technology to the world architectural history. Six wooden paddles were also unearthed at the site, and the shape of 1 paddles was basically complete and the outline was clear. They are divided into two parts: the paddle handle and the paddle. They are made of logs, shaped like long-handled leaves, and the handles are engraved with lines and patterns. They are light and practical, roughly similar to the paddles of modern cruise ships. They are the oldest paddles found in China at present. Paddles and a pottery boat prove that Hemudu people have begun to collect people, goods and floating water by boats and rafts. More than 200 wooden products, such as knives, hammers, shovels, spears, bowls, pipes, sticks, handles, spinning wheels and butterfly-shaped vessels, have been unearthed in the third and fourth cultural layers, many of which are rare or unknown in other Neolithic sites. Most of them are used for production. Wooden hammers are hammering tools, wooden tools are hunting and assassination weapons, wooden bowls are daily necessities, and wooden handles are accessories for stone tools to play a greater role. The stick is not only a tool for agricultural acupuncture and sowing, but also a collecting tool for digging roots and planing stems when collecting wild plants. Most wood products are made by cutting, chipping, planing, digging, grinding, painting and fire hardening. The surface has been polished and painted, and it is very shiny when unearthed. More than 20 wooden barrels unearthed are made of whole wood and look like bamboo tubes. The inner and outer walls were polished smoothly, and a shallow groove was chiseled in the inner wall, which was stuffed with logs and some were wrapped with rattan sticks, which might be used as percussion instruments. The discovery of wooden square wells in the second cultural layer proves that Hemudu people have mastered the sinking technology. Many well-preserved woodenware have been unearthed, which provides material data for studying the world's woodenware tools.

halfway up the mountain

The settlement range of semi-slope type is generally an irregular circle with a long north-south direction and a narrow east-west direction. Houses and most caves, animal pens and children's urns and coffins are concentrated in the settlement center, covering an area of about 30,000 square meters. The residential area is divided into two parts, which may belong to two groups in the clan or the same economy. Each part has a big house, which may be the residence of clan leaders and the meeting place of clan members, surrounded by small rooms. The boundary between the two blocks is a small ditch with a depth of 1.5m and a width of 2m. There is a large defense ditch with a depth of 5 ~ 6 meters and a width of 6 ~ 8 meters outside the residential area. Outside the ditch, there is a clan cemetery in the north and a kiln site for burning pottery in the east. There are 46 semi-slope houses, except for a few square and rectangular houses, most of which are round. Each house is semi-crypt and built on the ground. Its basic characteristics are: there is a square threshold between the doorway and the room, with small walls on both sides, a kitchen pit with 1 ~ 6 columns in the center of the house, and grass mud is used for the living surface and walls. There are 15 square and rectangular houses, with a small area of 12 ~ 20 square meters and a medium area of 30 ~ 40 square meters, and the maximum restoration area is about 160 square meters. Round houses with a diameter of 4-6m 3 1 room. Most of the walls of the round house are made of dense small wooden pillars, hedges and mud, and some of them are baked by fire (see Neolithic architecture in China). Pit inclusions are distributed between houses. Both pens are long. The six pottery kilns are divided into horizontal and vertical caves, both of which are very small, and the diameter of the kiln chamber is about 1 m.