Luoyang, Henan. Ancient Tomb Museum-Guide Words

Hello everyone! After lunch, we went to Luoyang Mausoleum Museum by bus. Luoyang Tomb Museum is located in Zhongtou Village, Mangshan, the northern suburb of Luoyang. It takes about 30 minutes by car. Now I will use this time to introduce some information about Luoyang Tomb and Luoyang Tomb Museum.

Luoyang was called "the world" in ancient China. It is flat and surrounded by mountains. Hanguguan in the west, Hulao Pass in the east, Taihang Mountain and Yellow River in the north, Funiu Mountain and Songshan Mountain in the south. There are four rivers, Yi, Luo and Jian, which are called "the crown of rivers and mountains, and the shape wins the world". The superior geographical location is not only an important factor for Luoyang to become a "world famous city", but also a favorable condition for accommodating countless cultural relics and treasures. In the history of China, 13 dynasties, including Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Later Liang, Later Tang and Later Jin, successively established Luoyang as their capital. It is the cultural accumulation of Luoyang, a thousand-year-old ancient capital, that makes Shangxiamang Mountain and Ilo Coast a treasure house of cultural relics in China.

Mangshan Mountain is located in the northern suburb of Luoyang, on the south bank of the Yellow River, with a length of 100 km from east to west. The mountains are majestic and the water is deep. In the south, the water from Iraq and Luoyang flows from west to east. Buried here, it became the custom of "pushing the river by pillow mountain" advocated by the ancients. Therefore, Mangshan Mountain is considered to be a treasure trove of geomantic omen suitable for funeral. Since ancient times, emperors, generals and dignitaries have regarded Mangshan Mountain as a paradise for sleeping. Even the Baekje Wang Yici and his descendants, who were located on the Korean peninsula in the Tang Dynasty, died in Luoyang and followed this custom and were buried in Mangshan. Wang Jian, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said that "there is little idle land on the top of Beimang Mountain, which is the old grave of Luoyang people", while in Luoyang, there is a saying that "people were born in Suzhou and Hangzhou and died in Beimang". Since 1950s, tens of thousands of tombs in Luoyang have been investigated and excavated. A large number of archaeological excavations have proved that these tombs in different periods have the following obvious characteristics:

First, the times are re-elected and self-contained. From the early Longshan culture, the tomb culture, which lasted for more than 5,000 years, has a clear development vein and orderly connection, and has played a role as a yardstick in the study of China's tomb system.

Second, there are many kinds and quantities, and the identity level of the tomb owner is quite different. There are not only a large number of tombs of emperors, generals and ministers, but also graves of ordinary people and even slaves.

Third, it is widely distributed. Most of the tombs in the past dynasties were relatively concentrated around Luoyang capital, especially Mangshan Mountain.

In order to let the world know the cultural characteristics of Luoyang tombs and study the ancient Chinese tomb system, tomb shape and ancient customs, Luoyang Tomb Museum was built on 1985 and opened to the public on 1987. The whole museum covers an area of 44 mu, with a building area of 7,600 square meters, which is divided into two parts: the ground and the underground. From south to north, there are a pair of white marble gates and a pavilion. The inscription "Luoyang Tomb Museum" on the pavilion was written by the archaeologist Mr. Xia, and then the preface hall. There are a pair of duplicate Han Tianlu and evil spirits on the left and right sides in front of the hall. Behind the temple are the upper and lower tombs, and on both sides are the affiliated halls. There are four corners and a pavilion in the back. The underground part includes Han Hall, Wei and Jin Hall, Tang and Song Hall and Rest Hall, which are connected by passages, and the restored ancient tombs are on both sides of the passages. The first batch of 22 typical ancient tombs from Han Dynasty to Northern Song Dynasty were moved and restored. These include the mural tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, the tomb of Buqianqiu, the mural tomb of the period, the mural tomb of Cheqitu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the tomb of Cao Wei in the eighth year of Zhengshi, the tomb of Hou Pei in the Western Jin Dynasty, the tomb of Xing, the grandson of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the tomb of Nanping, and the tomb of Anpu, the general of Dingyuan in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, there are five brick tombs with carved beams and painted buildings, imitating the wooden structure of the Song Dynasty. These tombs have their own characteristics, which are extensive and profound, exquisite in structure, rigorous in layout or different in nature. Especially a dazzling array of murals, or show ghost-playing ceremonies, or reflect immortal thoughts, or depict celestial phenomena, myths and legends, historical stories, or reproduce scenes of car rides and family life. There are rich funerary objects in tombs, some of which can be called national treasures and artistic masterpieces. The epitaph records the life experience and merits and demerits of the tomb owner, which can be described as a "stone record" to supplement the history books. In addition, there are typical tomb models of primitive society and slave society, as well as burial utensils and funeral ceremonies in previous dynasties to show the evolution and customs of Luoyang tombs in previous dynasties.

Speaking of ancient tombs, we must first start with the word "burial".

As the natural destination or end of life, death is a realistic problem that human beings can't avoid, explain and surpass. This frightening and anxious practical problem is naturally an unexplained mystery to prehistoric primitive humans. They are afraid of death and think that death is only a transition to another world, so funeral has become a major event in their social life, and gradually formed various mysterious, solemn and grand funeral customs in the long historical process, which has had a far-reaching impact on future generations.

However, the word "mourning" is a religious social custom based on the concept of immortality of the soul and the original moral concept, which has gone through a long evolution process.

The original meaning of the word "mourning" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Shang Dynasty is picking mulberry, then it is "mourning for death" and borrowed as "mourning", which means that there are four sayings in ancient times; One refers to loss, the other refers to death, the third refers to the body, that is, the remains of the deceased, and the fourth refers to the etiquette of mourning the deceased.

The word "burial" is a hieroglyph for burying a corpse in Oracle bone inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty, which means burying the corpse in the grass or burying it in a coffin with a good shape. Later generations used the word "burial", meaning to bury the remains of the deceased, which came from this.

It was not until the Qin and Han Dynasties that the words "burial" and "burial" began to be collectively referred to, and their most basic meaning refers to the treatment of the body after death and its related etiquette and customs. From the procedural point of view, "mourning" can be divided into three parts: funeral etiquette, burial etiquette and sacrificial mourning etiquette.

As a product of ideology, funeral is closely linked with the development of human society, determined by the nature of production relations, restricted by other superstructures, and changes with the changes of economic base and the whole social system. Therefore, in different social forms, funeral has different properties, functions and forms. As far as the social function or significance of funeral is concerned, it is mainly reflected in the following aspects;

1, which links and strengthens kinship and blood relationship.

2. Pay attention to and admire the filial piety concept of respecting ancestors.

3. Emphasize the social education and cultural accumulation of funeral.

Anthropological and archaeological data prove that funeral customs never existed at the birth of human beings, but began to appear at a certain stage. When human productivity reaches a certain level, human thinking ability is improved, and the social organization structure shows signs of primitive norms, the funeral system begins to sprout and come into being. The funeral system in ancient China includes funeral system and funeral system, and funeral system includes funeral system and funeral system.

The burial system mainly includes the following aspects:

First, burial methods, burial methods and the direction of graves.

1. Burial method: Burial method refers to the method of burying the dead. There are many ways of burial in ancient China. The form of burying the dead is related to the natural environment, lifestyle, habits, religious beliefs, ideology and so on. Its specific forms mainly include burial, cremation, celestial burial (bird burial), water burial, wild burial, urn coffin burial, hanging coffin burial, clothing burial and so on. Dress burial is a peculiar burial method in ancient China, which is characterized by the fact that there is no body of the deceased in the tomb, only the clothes worn by the deceased before his death. This burial method appeared as early as the late Neolithic age. This is related to the social life at that time. At that time, there were frequent wars between clans and tribes to plunder wealth. Some clan leaders, military generals or warriors died defending the clan's survival or in the war of plundering wealth, and their bodies could not be recovered for various reasons. Therefore, in order to commemorate them, people often hold grand funerals for them, give them a thick burial, build a cenotaph for them, and pray that their death will bring more blessings to this clan.

2. Funeral style: Funeral style is the gesture of burying the dead. Judging from the body posture of the deceased when buried, it can be mainly divided into three types: supine burial, lateral burial and bending burial; From the point of view of the body's limb placement during burial, it can be divided into straight limb burial, squatting limb burial, limb burial, limb burial and so on. Judging from the accumulation of human bones found in tomb sites, it can be divided into overlapping bone burial and skeleton disturbance burial. Judging from the number of burials of the deceased, it can be divided into primary burial, secondary burial or mixed burial. Judging from the number of the dead buried in the tomb pit, it can be divided into single burial and multiple burial.

3. The direction of the tomb, referred to as the direction of the tomb, generally refers to the direction of the head when the deceased is buried, and sometimes refers to the direction of the face and feet. It is one of the important contents of the burial system of human society in China. Specific orientation principles: 1, sunrise direction 2, sunset direction 3, mountain direction 4, flowing water direction 5, the same direction as local culture, etc. The significance of the location of the tomb is the product of the primitive ancestor worship and the concept of immortality of the soul, which has three meanings: First, it believes that the soul will return to its original hometown after death, so its head is in that direction. China's thought of returning fallen leaves to their roots stems from this concept; The second is that there is a special area in the world where people should live after death. Therefore, when the dead are buried, they will face the direction of this other world-the direction of sunset, which is the concentration of the dead and the underworld world different from the world; Third, people's life and death are like the sun rising in the east and setting in the west, so they should be buried with their backs to the east and the west.

Second, funerary utensils, funerary objects and epitaphs.

1. Burial implements: tools for burying the bodies or bones of the deceased, and burial implements are called coffins. But in ancient times, coffins were divided into inner coffins and outer coffins. Coffin is a kind of burial tool for directly burying a corpse. In order to distinguish it from coffins or coffins, some people call it "inner coffins". Because it is closest to the body of the deceased, it is also called "coffin", and because it is generally made of wood, it is also called "coffin". Guo, because he is outside the inner coffin, is also called the outer coffin; Because it is larger than the inner coffin, it is also called the big coffin. The Book of Rites records the use of coffins: "Buried people also hide. If you hide, you will see what you want from others. Therefore, the clothes are enough to decorate the body, the coffin is surrounded by clothes, the coffin is surrounded by coffins, and the soil is surrounded by coffins, contrary to the soil tree. "

2. Burial objects: From the stone tools, stone beads, perforated animal teeth and other ornaments that cavemen buried with the deceased, we can know that the burial custom is almost synchronous with the funeral custom. The original burial objects are weapons, tools, daily necessities and simple decorations used by the deceased before his death to express people's simple wishes for the deceased. After entering the class society, emperors and nobles not only lived in luxury, but also fantasized that they could still enjoy wealth in another world after their death. During their lifetime, they often used a large number of special items that can show their status and wealth, and a large number of gold, silver, jade porcelain and exotic things to play with, and gradually formed the atmosphere of reburial. So a special funerary object-funerary wares came into being. The funerary wares, also known as funerary wares, conjunctions, ghost wares and reposes, are all kinds of models of utensils with no practical value. They are generally made of mud, bamboo and stone, but also jade, metal and paper to comfort the spirits of the deceased. Most of these funerary wares are made according to daily utensils, and some are copied according to movable or immovable property such as livestock and houses. The so-called "pottery figurines" are funerary wares as models of adults, domestic animals and birds and animals. However, under normal circumstances, funerary wares are rarely buried alone, and most of them are buried with some physical objects. After the Northern Song Dynasty, paper-bound funerary wares gradually became popular. They are not buried with people, but burned at or after burial. This purely symbolic vessel is probably the most economical object for mourning and hope, so it is still widely used.

3. Epitaph: Epitaph is similar to tombstone in nature and function. It is a stone carving that records the name of the deceased and the story of family life. At the end of the article, there is a rhyme eulogy called "Ming". The difference is that the tombstone stands in front of the tomb and the epitaph is buried in the tomb. Epitaphs originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty and became popular after the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Early epitaphs looked like monuments, but they were smaller. Epitaphs after the Southern and Northern Dynasties are generally square and composed of stones and stones. Zhigai is mostly cape-shaped, with the title of seal script engraved on one side. Chronicles and inscriptions are engraved on the stone, and there are names of authors and writers after the Tang Dynasty. Many epitaphs and calligraphy of past dynasties were written by famous people, and most of them were recorded by historical facts at that time with exact dates, so they have high historical value of cultural relics.

Three. Mounds and graves

1. Mound: The traditional burial method in China is earth burial. For burial, the deceased should be put in a coffin and buried in a pit. The place where the coffin is buried is called the tomb, also called the tomb. The surrounding area of a cemetery is called trillion domain. On the ground where the coffin is buried in the cemetery, a mound is made of earth, also called a grave. In other words, the tomb refers to the flat land and the grave refers to the high place. Therefore, the ancients said that "those who are buried without a tomb are called tombs." In the Central Plains, the vertical hole tomb with earth pit is the main tomb shape, but until the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there were no obvious tombs on the surface. It was not until the late Spring and Autumn Period that graves and tombs appeared in the Central Plains. Once mound graves appeared, they quickly became popular in a short time. Tombs have been popularized and institutionalized from "no trees" to "big trees" by the Warring States period. After the Qin and Han dynasties, it can almost be said that there is no grave without a grave. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the square cone was the most expensive tomb, which lasted until the Tang Dynasty. However, it is stipulated that only the royal family can use the square mound. Generally, nobles and civilians are conical. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the square mausoleum was changed into a circular vault. The tombs of princes, nobles and ordinary people all had conical mounds. The only difference was the area occupied and the height of the mounds.

2. Tomb: The tomb is the tomb, also known as the tomb, which is divided into vertical points and horizontal points. A vertical hole is a soil pit dug downward from the ground, and a horizontal hole is a cave dug to a certain depth underground and then excavated horizontally. The tomb is the underground part of the tomb, which varies with the times and the identity of the tomb owner. The main forms of tombs in Yin and Shang Dynasties were vertical holes and earth pits. From the tombs built with large hollow bricks in the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, it was widely popular. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the most common tomb was a brick-topped tomb built with small bricks. Around Wang Mang, the custom of paying homage to the dead in the tomb began to appear. In order to facilitate the activities in the tomb, the vertical points of the tomb are generally transformed into steps or slopes. In the brick tombs of the Han dynasty, some still carved various patterns on the bricks, which is the so-called portrait brick tomb. Wall-painted tombs prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties, that is, there were various patterns of feasting, traveling, hunting, etc. In Song and Yuan Dynasties, wooden tombs prevailed, that is, tombs were built and depicted according to the residence of the deceased. Of course, only officials at all levels and princes and nobles can enjoy brick tombs of different shapes. This provision in the Sui and Tang Dynasties has been used by later generations. For ordinary people, it is quite difficult to bury the body in the vertical hole in the pit.