The introduction of the ancient academy

The academy "hand" is not called "dean" called "mountain long"

The ancient academy of the "hand" is not called "dean", more often called "mountain", "cave master". This is because the ancient academy was built in a beautiful environment, pleasant scenery of the mountains, like with Taoist temples, temples as neighbors. After the Song Dynasty, the academy became the academic sanctuary in the minds of ancient Chinese readers. And the achievement of this noble status of the academy, is the concept of schooling.

The philosophy and mode of schooling of the academy and the official school is completely different, do not set up portals, completely open, free lectures. The goal of student training is not a political elite, but academic elite. The academy deliberately maintain a certain distance from the official school, professors to maintain an independent academic character, students respect the independent spirit of self-learning.

The academy implemented the "mountain chief responsibility system", the mountain chief is equivalent to today's university president, although there is no administrative level, but the mountain chief has absolute power and authority, is not only the highest administrative leadership of the academy, but also the chief teaching director and "academic leader".

The head of the mountain always puts teaching in the first place, and participates in the front-line teaching work. Such as Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Sima Guang, Fan Zhongyan, Zhu Xi, Zhang (bark) and other famous Confucian masters, in the presidency of the daily teaching of the Academy are personally into the classroom to teach students.

In the daily teaching, the head of the mountain is generally placed on the first, third, sixth and eighth days of the month. The academy generally have three times a month class test, from the question to the review, are responsible for the head of the mountain. Established in the Southern Song Dynasty in the first year of Chunyou (1241 AD) of Jiankang (now Nanjing) Mingdao Shuyuan that is: "every ten days, the head of the mountain into the hall, will be set of the staff of the students to teach, signing lecture, repeat lecture as the rules, three, eight lectures on the scriptures, one, six lectures on the history, and the book in the lecture book. Monthly three lessons, the first half of the scripture doubt, the middle of the history doubt, the second half of the lift industry."

The Northern Song educator Fan Zhongyan taught in Yingtian Academy had been "diligent and respectful, in order to be the first", according to "Fan Wenzhenggong collection - Words and deeds to pick up the record" records, Fan Zhongyan "questions so that the students to make a fugue, must be the first for the first time, want to know how difficult it is easy and when to use the intention, but also to make the scholars quasi for the law! "

The students were given the opportunity to learn more about the subject.

To give the students out of the test question essay, they first do a piece, so can not be welcomed by the students? Fan Zhongyan from this fame spread far and wide, "four sides from the convergence of scholars".

No threshold for enrollment in the Academy

The Ming Dynasty Wenchang Academy students "do not need a bunch of all to enter the hospital undergraduate"

One of the most important features of the ancient academy of civilian education sentiment, even if, as in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, many of the academy into the "government-run". "

One of the most important features of the ancient academy is its civilian education sentiment.

From the day of the birth of the academy, it will be open to the lower strata of society and civil scholars. Academy enrollment does not set a threshold, enrollment without restrictions on household registration, as long as there is a desire to study, regardless of wealth, regardless of geography, can be enrolled, that is, Confucius advocated the "teaching without class". Such as the Sichuan Wenchang Academy "enrollment brief" (Wenchang Academy record) will have such a statement: "All the Yue Jun student children, do not need a bunch, are allowed to enter the hospital undergraduate education, according to the monthly observation classes. Donation and reward, as a breeding ground for human resources, the public is not similar."

"Dazhong no class" has always been the school's guidelines, but also "teach no class" concept of school sublimation. Although the enrollment does not set a threshold, but the entrance requirements are still there, the reputation of the larger academy, because of the application of more people, "enrollment criteria" is also very strict, the cultural level and the quality of their own are relatively high. Assessment of the comprehensive quality test, including academics, light learning is not good enough. Such as the White Deer Cave Academy, once required to enter the scholar is a scholar, Zhu Xi's "recruiting scholar into the Shuyuan" can be evidence.

The ancient academy enrollment targets by the academy according to the strength of self-defined, from dozens to hundreds of people. In addition to enrollment test scores excellent "regular students", will also be admitted to a little less "attached to the course students". Attachment class students are also written as "vice class students". Such as the Qing Daoguang years in Fuyang, Anhui Ju Xing College, the annual enrollment quota (quota) for the members of the main course of 20, 20 sub-course.

In enrollment, the teacher said. Such as White Deer Cave, "Cave Learning List" on the selection of students that there are such provisions, "Since now, where the public moved to the person, careful in the selection, from the tour, the cave teacher test and can be refused to refuse, the superiors do not have to flex their rights. Its four sides of the aspirants, listen to their undergraduate."

As can be seen, such as today's official recommendation of students, take care of students with a letter of introduction to the leaders are not welcome in the academy. Even after enrollment, if the teacher in charge (dongshi) felt that they were not good after testing, they would still be dismissed, and the leaders (supervisors) could not intervene.

The main source of funding for the academy

The Yuan Dynasty Mingdao Academy per student per month to the 5 Guan "money"

Ancient funding for the academy

In addition to the "official support", "the official support", "the official support", "the official support", "the official support", "the official support", "the official support", "the official support", "the official support", "the official support". In addition to the "official support", mainly by private capital, donations and the academy income, self-financing, of which the "field" income is the main source of funding for the school. Each academy would try its best to reduce the financial burden of the students as much as possible. In many cases, students not only did not have to pay tuition fees, but also had their room and board fully covered. For example, at Wenchang Academy, students "did not need a bundle, but were allowed to attend the academy". In addition, the academy "would like to set up a bookstore, to give the cream, to recruit to learn, in order to broaden the cultivation".

The so-called "fire", that is, the student learning period of expenditure, the ancients commonly known as "foster fee". Or to give money two, or to give grain, or both money and grain.

"Cream of money" subsidies vary from generation to generation, and between different academies are also different. Jiankang (now Nanjing) Mingdao Academy, for example, in the Yuan Dynasty to Zheng years, this time has been changed to the government-run 'Academy, each student monthly pocket money 5 Guan money. 5 Guan that is 5,000 Wen, when the academy's handyman monthly salary of 300 Wen, do students than working to come to money it. In addition, each student has a daily ration of "rice 2 liters and a half".

Qing Daoguang years, Fuyang, Anhui Juxing College, the main course of each student 1200 yuan per month, 500 yuan subcourse students; students 1000 yuan main course, 500 yuan subcourse. The students were hospitalized, and each of them was given 3 buckets of wheat per month.

Some of the academies due to limited funds, students can not be all inclusive of room and board, but also as far as possible to provide students with free meals. Generally speaking, the ancient academy is not "examination fees", "material costs" and other common modern school fees.

Good grades can be "reward money", "bonus money"

The Qing Dynasty Herb Academy examination of the first four people each award "cream fire system money two bunches of text! "

Most of the ancient academies hope that the students are trained to be "cultivate oneself, the family, the country, the world," the pillar of talent, so the requirements of the students are very strict. In terms of work and rest time, regardless of winter and summer, every morning at five o'clock drums, five and a half hours two drums, six o'clock three drums class.

In order to make students can "study well, every day up", the College also has a reward system. There are many forms of rewards, both spiritual encouragement, but also material incentives, such as monthly class rewards, points upgrade. There is the equivalent of modern scholarships, the so-called "reward money", "bonus money".

Monthly class rewards are based on the results of each examination to set, after the examination to cash. Such as the Southern Song Dynasty Jiading two years (1209 AD) Yanping governor Chen Mi in Nanping city south of the nine peaks at the foot of the mountain, modeled after the White Deer Cave Academy built by the Yanping Academy, will be set up to "reward money", the Academy provides for the monthly three classes, the upper and lower part of the textbook by the scripture, thesis, the strategy of the different contents, "class book to be asked to see, the good for the reward! "

The school has a monthly three-lesson rule.

The students to be rewarded, in the Qing dynasty seems to be the most clear in the academy, the standard is also higher, may be directly related to the Qing dynasty academy "official school", the academy will be the anointing money into a "bonus" issued by the The "prize ticket" to receive.

Qing "Herb State Zhi - School" records, the Tongzhi years Hubei Herb State Academy of reward standards are this: students to participate in the equivalent of today's Education Bureau or the Examination Yuan organization of the examination (official course), each time to take the super 4, each of the anointing money two bunches of money; 12, each of the anointing money bunches of two hundred words. Wen Tong, each class to take the upper volume of eight, the anointment of money a string of 400 Wen; in the volume of 20, each anointment of money a string of Wen.

In addition to the academy should be given cream, bonus, the education authorities will also "discretionary bonus" to show encouragement.

Zhang Zhidong in the Qing dynasty, when he served as the Hubei school government, set up in Wuchang, Hubei Jingxin College will be examined by the excellent essay collection published, has published "Jingxin College set" and "Jingxin College sequel". This "honorary reward", than the prize money to bring students the stimulus is also large, but also useful.

Yuelu Academy Zhu Xi wrote "loyalty, filial piety and integrity", awards and penalties clearly test papers with "floating tickets" to receive.

Danyang Academy in the Qing Dynasty, "copying the same" "penalty for stopping the fire in January"

Rewards and punishments are clear, is one of the basic rules of the ancient academy. Students in the academy do not study seriously, do not restrain words and deeds, will also be severely punished. The Qing Dynasty Hubei Danyang Academy of Quizhou stipulates: "the head of the audit in the hospital undergraduate students, there is not diligently learning to motivate the line, the right words of advice; such as it does not come from, reported to the head of the mountain, to be punished".

In the Qing Dynasty, the school rules of the Herb Academy also explicitly required: if a student in the mountain long class period of super absenteeism once, deduct money 600 Wen; special absenteeism once, deduct money 400 Wen; children on the volume of absenteeism once, deduct money 400 Wen, in the volume of absenteeism once, deduct money 300 Wen, and then absent attempts to record into the text or the same deduction in full.

The academic level of students studying in the academy is dynamic, the implementation of the "points system", there is "up and down". Even the best students at the time of admission, the so-called "regular students", may be relegated to "attached students" if they are absent from school and fail to maintain top grades in their regular exams.

Nanyang Academy in the Qing Dynasty, the number of missed exams and exams to determine the level of elevation, within the class if a student should not be class, stop issuing a month of cream; two should not be class, down to the attached class. If a student fails to take the examination three times in a row, he/she will be relegated to the attached class, and if he/she fails to take the examination three times in a row, he/she will be relegated to the attached class. The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on some of the most popular products and services in the world, and then you'll be able to get your hands on some of the most popular products and services in the world.

The ancient academy examination discipline is very strict, the test paper with "floating ticket" to receive, and set the number. Students cheating, plagiarism and other dishonest behavior, will be punished. Qing Dynasty Quizhou Danyang College stipulates: "copying the same and not in the courtyard composition, and the next day to hand in the paper is not listed, the first time is not listed, the penalty to stop the cream fire in January; again is not listed, down as an attached class, imposters are expelled from the hospitalization."

With the modern concept of education is the same, the ancient academy of the same "moral education" before "intellectual education", of course, due to the limitations of the feudal society, the ancient "moral education" Of course, due to the limitations of feudal society, most of the ancient "moral education" was about "loyalty, filial piety, honesty and integrity". If the "lack of morality", the consequences are very serious, light punishment, heavy dismissal.