The traditional profit model of enterprises does not include

There are many ways to raise funds from outside the enterprise, but not including ().

A. Investing in capital financing

Corporate profit reinvestment

C. Raising funds by issuing stocks

D. Long-term loan financing

Reference answer: b

What are the main ways for enterprises to raise funds?

Ways to raise funds:

1, absorbing direct investment

Absorbing direct investment refers to a way for enterprises to directly absorb the capital invested by the state, legal persons, individuals and foreign investors in accordance with the principle of "* * investment, * * * operation, * * * risk and * * * profit". Among them, absorbing direct investment is the basic way for non-joint-stock enterprises to raise equity capital; Investing in monetary assets is the most important way to absorb direct investment. At the same time, the ways to absorb direct investment include monetary assets, physical assets, land use rights, industrial property rights and specific creditor's rights.

2. Issue stocks

Stock issuance refers to the behavior of qualified issuers to issue shares to investors or original shareholders or provide shares for free in accordance with legal procedures in order to raise funds or implement dividend distribution. The initial stock issuance needs to meet the following requirements: the issuer should be a joint stock limited company established and legally existing; The issuer should have a complete business system and the ability to directly face the market and operate independently; The issuer has established and improved the system of shareholders' meeting, board of directors, board of supervisors, independent directors and secretary of the board of directors according to law, and relevant institutions and personnel can perform their duties according to law; The issuer has good asset quality, reasonable asset-liability structure, strong profitability and normal cash flow; The raised funds should have a clear direction of use and should be used in the main business in principle.

3. Rough financial leasing

Financial lease refers to a lease in which all the risks and rewards related to the ownership of assets are substantially transferred, and the ownership may or may not be transferred eventually. Operating lease refers to other leases except financial lease. Leases that meet one or more of the following criteria shall be recognized as financial leases:

(1) Upon the expiration of the lease term, the ownership of the leased assets shall be transferred to the lessee.

(2) The lessee has the option to purchase the leased assets, and the purchase price is expected to be much lower than the fair value of the leased assets when exercising this option, so it can be reasonably determined that the lessee will exercise this option on the lease start date. (priority purchase)

(3) Even if the ownership of the assets is not transferred, the lease term accounts for most of the service life of the leased assets. Usually, the lease term is greater than or equal to 75% of the service life of the asset.

(4) The present value of the lessee's minimum lease payment on the lease start date is almost equal to the fair value of the leased assets on the lease start date; The present value of the lessor's minimum lease payment on the lease start date is almost equal to the fair value of the leased assets on the lease start date.

(5) The leased assets are special in nature, and only the lessee can use them if there are no major changes.

4. Issue bonds

Issuing bonds refers to the way for enterprises to obtain funds by selling corporate bonds. According to China's "Company Law", "Securities Law" and other laws and regulations, only two or more state-owned enterprises or joint stock limited companies, wholly state-owned companies and limited liability companies invested by two or more state-owned investors are eligible to issue corporate bonds. Corporate bonds are securities issued by companies in accordance with legal procedures, with agreed repayment period, indicating the relationship between creditor's rights and debts. Issuing corporate bonds is suitable for raising funds from legal persons and natural persons. Issuing bonds is a way of debt financing.

5. Borrowing from financial institutions

Borrowing by financial institutions refers to the financing method that enterprises obtain funds from banks or non-bank financial institutions according to loan contracts. This financing method is widely applicable to all kinds of enterprises. It can not only raise long-term funds, but also carry out short-term financing, which is flexible and convenient. Borrowing from financial institutions is a way of debt financing.

6. Commercial credit

Commercial credit refers to the loan relationship between enterprises due to delayed payment or delivery in commodity or service transactions. Commercial credit is formed by commercial supply and marketing, and it is an important and regular source of short-term funds for enterprises. Using commercial credit is a way of debt financing.

7. Retained earnings

Retained income refers to the surplus reserve fund extracted from the after-tax net profit of the enterprise and the undistributed profit retained from the distributable profit of the enterprise. Retained income is a process in which an enterprise converts the profits of the current year into additional investment by shareholders, and it is also a way of equity financing.

To sum up, there are seven ways to raise funds: absorbing direct investment, issuing stocks, financing rough rent, issuing bonds, borrowing from financial institutions, commercial credit, and retaining income. At the same time, the funds raised by enterprises in different ways can be divided into different financing categories according to different classification standards.