Specific content of geographical national conditions monitoring

The specific content and aspects of geographical national conditions monitoring are also discussed in practice. For example, important geographic information monitoring, land resources utilization monitoring, environmental monitoring, agricultural monitoring, forest and wetland monitoring, disaster dynamic monitoring, hydrological monitoring, marine monitoring, mineral resources monitoring, meteorological monitoring and so on. The following are some specific contents for your reference.

1. Monitoring of important geographic information data

Important geographic information data is an important part of geographical national conditions, which is strictly political, scientific and legal. Surveying and mapping and publishing important national geographic information data according to law is the responsibility of the surveying and mapping geographic information department.

From June 2006 to March 2007, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information organized the first batch of elevation surveys of famous mountains. On April 27th, 2007, the State Council Press Office held a press conference and released the first batch of 19 mountain and elevation data. The second batch of 3 1 famous mountains was released on September 28th, 2008. The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information organized Xinjiang Bureau of Surveying and Mapping to re-measure the elevation of Aiding Lake depression in Turpan, Xinjiang, the lowest point of land in China. On September 28th, 2008, authorized by the State Council, the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information released the new elevation data of the lowest land point in China, which became another important data release after the release of the new elevation of Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, in 2005. The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information and National Cultural Heritage Administration jointly launched the investigation and measurement of the Great Wall resources. On April 18, 2009, at the foot of the Badaling Great Wall in Beijing, the two bureaus jointly released the first accurate data of the length of the Ming Great Wall: 8851.8 km ... In 2008, the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Qinghai Province was responsible for the scientific investigation of the source of the Three Rivers, scientifically determined the length and geographical location of the source of the Yellow River and the Lancang River, and accurately determined important geographic information data such as coordinates and elevation. Border mapping is an important content of geographical national conditions monitoring. Since 1950s and 1960s, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information has been involved in the border demarcation of China-Pakistan (Kistan), China-Arab (Fuhan) and China-Mongolia (ancient) successively. It took 18 years to complete the land boundary demarcation and mapping of China-Vietnam (southern), and is currently carrying out the joint mapping of China-Nepal (Boer) border. Provide timely, accurate and reliable geographic information data support for demarcation negotiations and border management. In view of the fact that there is no1:50,000 topographic map for more than 2 million square kilometers of land in the west, it seriously restricts the present situation of western development. The National Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geographic Information organized the implementation of the western mapping project, and successfully completed the topographic mapping and data database construction of the blank area of1:50,000 topographic map in five years, which has reserved rich data resources for serving the western development and monitoring the geographical situation of the western region. For example, during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, Zhejiang Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information Bureau carried out a number of geographic national conditions monitoring work, including: measuring the land area of Zhejiang Province, using modern surveying and mapping technology to calculate the land area of Zhejiang Province, areas with different elevation grades and slopes, inland sea areas and territorial sea areas, delineating the boundaries of major rivers in the province, and measuring the basin area. The water area and length of eight major water systems and the areas of four famous lakes and Qiandao Lake were calculated respectively, and the areas of 1 1 districts and cities and 90 counties (cities, districts) in the whole province were calculated, and the total amount of tidal flat resources, the amount of recent reclamation resources and geographical distribution in the whole province were comprehensively investigated, and the tidal flat resources database and reclamation management information system were established, analyzed and summarized. For another example, in order to greatly improve the efficiency of law enforcement and supervision of coal resources in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Remote Sensing Center built a remote sensing dynamic monitoring system for law enforcement and supervision of coal resources in Shanxi Province, which was officially put into operation in February of 20 10 and 10. The system can dynamically monitor illegal coal mining activities in the whole province in all directions, and realize the transformation from traditional manual supervision to information supervision through satellite remote sensing monitoring, irregular aerial photography and drone remote sensing monitoring in key areas of the province, and command the coal mine supervision department.

2. Resources and ecological environment monitoring

In order to evaluate the impact of the Three Gorges Project on the surrounding ecological environment, the Department of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information, together with relevant departments, carried out ecological environment monitoring in the Three Gorges reservoir area. Using advanced surveying and mapping technology, combined with the comprehensive monitoring station network of ecological environment, this paper provides geographical information on the present situation of ecological environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area, such as land use, vegetation coverage, water environment and landslides. Qinghai Lake is the largest inland saltwater lake in China. On June 20 10, the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Qinghai Province established a geographic information system for remote sensing dynamic monitoring in Qinghai Lake area. The system uses high-resolution remote sensing satellite images to monitor the Qinghai Lake area in May (dry season) and September (wet season) every year, and regularly announces the monitoring results to the whole society, providing services such as query and statistics of multi-year data, comparison of area and water level changes, comparison of image changes, and display of dynamic changes in the lake area. In addition, the bureau also established a geographic information system for dynamic monitoring of the ecological environment in the Sanjiangyuan region, which realized the release, quick query and comprehensive analysis of the monitoring results of the ecological environment in the Sanjiangyuan region, provided a basis for macro-decision, and played an important role in the ecological environment monitoring and emergencies in the Sanjiangyuan region. In 2007, Jiangsu Bureau of Surveying and Mapping organized and developed a dynamic monitoring and early warning system for cyanobacteria bloom in Taihu Lake, which was officially put into use in June 2009. Based on satellite images, the system dynamically monitors the occurrence, development and spatial distribution changes of cyanobacteria bloom in Taihu Lake, and provides early warning information for agriculture, fishery production and people's domestic water use. The General Office of Gansu Provincial Government and the Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping jointly implemented the construction project of monitoring and application system for returning farmland to forest and grassland in Gansu Province. The system has achieved the purpose of accurate monitoring, and the monitoring object is the plot of returning farmland to forest and grassland determined in the previous year. The monitoring contents include the reported area of plots, the types of crops before returning farmland, whether to return farmland, repeated reporting in the same area, and false reporting of returning farmland to forests in barren hills, which promotes the information management of the project.

3. Disaster dynamic monitoring

After Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Yushu earthquake in Qinghai in 20 10, mountain torrents and mudslides in Qu Dan, Gansu province in 20 10, Yingjiang earthquake in Yunnan province in 2010, the surveying and mapping geographic information department quickly obtained and integrated the latest image data after the disaster. By comparing with historical data, the affected area, affected scope and damage degree of roads and houses are determined. Surveying and mapping geographic information department has continuously monitored 52 dammed lakes in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, which provided surveying and mapping geographic information guarantee for risk assessment and emergency treatment of dammed lakes. On June 20 10, a rare fire broke out in the Daxinganling forest region of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang. In the forest fire fighting campaign, Heilongjiang Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information Bureau provided more than 50 sets of various maps to the provincial party committee and government, the military region and the Armed Police Corps, and developed an electronic sand table command system for forest fire prevention in Heilongjiang. The surveyors at the front of the fire field use the wireless network to obtain the information of the fire field photographed by satellite at any time, mark the fire point well and update the electronic sand table command system in time, which provides a guarantee for the decision-making of fire fighting command. On June 20 10, a serious geological disaster occurred in Dazhai, WU GANG Town, Guanling County, Guizhou Province. Guizhou Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping uses UAV aerial photography system to quickly obtain clear low-altitude aerial remote sensing image data and provide it to the emergency rescue headquarters within 1 hour, which meets the urgent needs of emergency rescue work. On August 20 10, a sudden mudslide disaster occurred in Gongxian County, Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping immediately dispatched an emergency detachment of unmanned aerial vehicles to shoot a high-resolution image of 7 square kilometers 148 0.3 meters, which timely, comprehensively and truly reflected the disaster situation.

4. Dynamic monitoring of land use

Grasping the changes of land use in time and accurately is a necessary prerequisite for strengthening the management of land resources and effectively protecting cultivated land. Therefore, the surveying and mapping geographic information department has done a lot of work in land use dynamic monitoring for a long time. Since 1999, the surveying and mapping geographic information department has cooperated with the land and resources department to monitor 66 cities with a population of over 500,000, accounting for 7.4% of the national land area. Through the monitoring of municipalities directly under the central government, capital cities and capital cities of autonomous regions, we have a comprehensive understanding of the expansion scale and land area of these cities from the 1970s to the early 20th century, and analyzed the time characteristics and regional differences of this expansion process. Remote sensing monitoring is also one of the important means of land law enforcement supervision. Combined with the dynamic inspection of land law enforcement, land violations can be found as early as possible, especially those missed due to inadequate law enforcement supervision, and those that are not easy to find through inspection due to inconvenient transportation.

5. Urban construction management monitoring

Surveying and mapping geographic information departments use remote sensing and other technologies to quickly and continuously monitor the macro-development of urban construction, including the scale, direction and supporting facilities of urban expansion. Through continuous image monitoring results and analysis results, we can grasp the overall development of urbanization and predict the development trend of urbanization, thus promoting the scientific planning and management of towns. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chongqing Geographic Information Center carried out dynamic monitoring of urban construction land in the main urban area of Chongqing for many years, and found out the characteristics of Chongqing's urban construction and development, which strongly supported the implementation evaluation, planning preparation and urban management of urban and rural master plans. The center has also carried out monitoring of forest resources in the main urban area of Chongqing, providing monitoring results for chongqing urban planning bureau every year, keeping abreast of changes in urban forest resources and protecting the "lungs" of the city. In terms of refined urban management, the Beijing Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information Department cooperated with relevant departments, and used the "Beijing No.1" small satellite and aerial remote sensing technology to carry out the dynamic monitoring of surface rivers, lakes and wetlands, the investigation of soil erosion and the statistical investigation of forest resources in the city. , accurately grasp the present situation and development trend of urban surface resources.

6. Agriculture, forestry and water conservancy monitoring

The surveying and mapping geographic information department cooperates with the agricultural department to estimate the yield and monitor the growth of wheat, rice, corn, soybean and other crops nationwide, which provides an important basis for the country to grasp the situation of grain production, grain storage and transportation, grain allocation and food security. Over the years, the Department of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information has cooperated with the Ministry of Forestry to systematically study the monitoring and management of forest fires at the national and regional levels through the comprehensive application of technologies such as remote sensing and geographic information system, especially in forest fire prediction, forest fire satellite monitoring and forest fire information management, and has provided technical services for monitoring, preventing and fighting forest fires for many years. 20 1 1 April, Shandong Institute of Land Surveying and Mapping used UAV remote sensing to monitor the fire in real time, and superimposed the latest images on the three-dimensional geographic information system for leaders to command and make decisions. From September 20 10 to September 0 10, Hainan was hit by the strongest rainfall in 49 years, which caused extensive floods. After the disaster, Hainan Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information Bureau quickly carried out aerial photography in the disaster area, obtained the latest image data in real time, and produced and provided high-resolution image maps, effectively ensuring the urgent need of flood control and disaster relief work.

7. Land subsidence monitoring

The Yangtze River Delta is one of the most typical areas of land subsidence in China. In order to cope with the influence of land subsidence on the Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other surveying and mapping geographic information departments have established a land subsidence monitoring network covering the Yangtze River Delta, and realized the automatic collection and transmission of monitoring data. Regional land subsidence is monitored once a year, and central cities are monitored at least once a year, which provides timely and accurate land subsidence information for urban planning and construction and lays a good foundation for formulating scientific land subsidence prevention measures.