The history and culture of Qamdo

Qamdo is the birthplace of Kangba culture, and Tibetans here are often called "Kangba people" and "Kangba people". Due to the factors of living area and social communication, since ancient times, Qamdo Kangba people have accepted the essence of the Yellow River culture from Qinghai, Gansu and other places, the Bashu culture from Sichuan and Chongqing, the Yangtze River culture, the Bai, Yi, Naxi, Lisu and other multi-ethnic cultures in Yunnan, and integrated them into their own culture. Kangba people's heroic, bold, enthusiastic, resolute, brave, loyal and trustworthy characters are integrated with this multi-culture, and gradually form Kangba culture, which is multi-faceted and multi-ethnic, has a unique personality and dignified religious color in Kangba, has rich connotations and details, and is obviously different from other Tibetan regional cultures in language, clothing, religion, folk customs, residential buildings and folk culture.

The traditional dress of Khampa people in Qamdo is mainly skirt robe. This kind of gown is made of homemade sheepskin and is worn in winter. In the past, nobles and wealthy families often wore fur robes made of tiger skin, leopard skin and otter skin, which were decorated with silk clothes or silk decorations. Kangba people pay attention to Tibetan clothes, which are not only luxurious and exquisite, but also of great appreciation value. Kangba men often carry waist knives, protective boxes and other items, and tie the "hero spike" woven with black or red silk thread on their heads, which looks mighty and brave. Kangba women's dress is more famous for its elegance. Its underwear is mostly made of silk, and its coat is sewn with otter skin and decorated with traditional patterns. Kangba women have ornaments such as headdress, chest ornament, back ornament and waist ornament. These ornaments are often treasures handed down from generation to generation, such as necklaces and headdresses made of nine-eyed stone, agate, jadeite and red coral, and various ornaments made of turquoise, beeswax and pure silver. These ornaments, worth hundreds of thousands to millions, became the symbol of their family fortune.

Changdu folk houses are divided into agricultural areas and pastoral areas. Pastoral areas generally live in tents, which are woven with yak wool and decorated with traditional patterns. They are not only beautiful and generous, but also sheltered from wind and rain, warm in winter and cool in summer, and easy to move, which is deeply loved by herders. Houses in rural areas are mostly civil structures, usually with two floors. The lower floor is full of sundries, and the upper floor is covered with hall, kitchen, bedroom and warehouse for storing food. Drying grass and grain on the balcony. This kind of house also has three or four floors, so the layout will naturally be more detailed.

Qamdo Kangba people are famous for their rough and unrestrained character. The culture, art and folk customs here are not only simple and unique, but also colorful and full of mystery. The famous Reba art is mostly spread among the people in Changdu, including Reba tambourine, Reba Heizi and Reba Acrobatics, among which Ding Qing's Reba and Mangkang's string dance are the most famous. In addition to Reba acrobatics, Zhuowu (commonly known as Guozhuang) is very popular in Changdu. During the festival, people form a circle, dance with their feet and wave their arms to sing. This most popular song and dance can be seen everywhere in cities and rural areas. Qamdo is also the main area where the famous Tibetan epic Biography of King Gesar was produced and spread, and there are many famous rappers and artists. There are many schools of painting and sculpture in Changdu, each with its own characteristics. In Thangka painting art, Changdu's "Ga Xue Ga Zhi" painting school is the most famous; The clay sculpture art of Changdu, Bianba, Chaya and Gongjue is the most skillful. The stone carving art is deeply impressed by Qamdo, Chaya, Mangkang and Jiangda. The Boluoguze woodcut version in Jiangda County is very famous in Tibet, and it is a veritable "hometown of woodcut". The artistic works created by these local folk artists are not only the embodiment of Kangba culture, but also the treasures of Tibetan culture and art.

There are many kinds of folk literature in Changdu, which are rich in content and have distinctive local characteristics. In terms of varieties, there are folk songs, stories, proverbs and riddles.

Rape of King Gesar: Rape of King Gesar is one of the favorite cultural activities of farmers and herdsmen in Qamdo. In this vast land of Qamdo, there are relics and legends related to King Gelsall everywhere. Among them, there are square boulder dice playing chess with Wang in Rong Canyon, Porogi, Jiangda County, two big holes shot through the mountain peak in Dingqing County, the palace castle ruins of General Bala under Gesar in Gongjue County, the castle ruins of Jiangling Battle in Mangkang County, and the iron carved dragon saddle handed down from Gesar in Leiwuqi County. Secondly, the Qamdo region is one of the regions with the largest number of artists who rap the Biography of King Gesar. 1986 found 39 rappers in Tibet, of which 19 was in Qamdo. Zaba, known as the "national treasure" rapper, is from Bianba, Qamdo. The Qamdo area is also one of the areas with the most editions and murals of King Gesar's Biography in King Gelsall. Cervar, the second largest living Buddha in Qiangbalin Temple, has a large-scale colorful mural entitled Gesar's Return to the Banquet. There are also dozens of meters long large murals in Vala Temple in Jiangda County, reflecting the activities of Gesar and his Ministry.

Ballad: Ballad is one of the popular entertainment arts in Changdu folk literature. Whether in the pasture or in the village, people are always accompanied by ballads. Folk songs are sung in an eclectic way, singing everywhere and improvising. Their contents include singing mountains and rivers, pursuing a happy love life, praising productive labor and opposing oppression and exploitation. In art, it is characterized by vivid metaphor, rich imagination, vivid image and fresh and smooth language. There are many ballads circulating in Qamdo. 1984 The Cultural Bureau of Changdu District collected more than 700 folk songs from a 26-year-old folk artist, Zerendaji, and selected more than 500 of them and edited them into a book "Integration of Folk Songs in Changdu District". This shows that Changdu is rich in folk songs.

Legends and stories: Folklores and stories are bundles of flowers watered by the Tibetan people in Qamdo through collective creation and continuous processing in the long historical years. There are many folk legends and stories circulating in Qamdo, including "Zemaggi" and "Eagle Frog". The legend of the origin of Reba tells the origin of drum stand, drum skin, drumstick and net ear costumes in Reba dance props, and vividly explains the whole process of Reba dance. The legend of Princess Wencheng is the most famous character story. Among the stories of witty characters, there are also stories of Jean Doassans besides the story of Agutunba.

Proverbs: Proverbs are a pearl in the treasure house of Tibetan folk literature, and also the crystallization of Tibetan people's long-term social practice and life struggle experience. Farmers and herdsmen in Qamdo love proverbs very much. As long as they speak, they will inevitably use incisive and vivid proverbs to explain their profound philosophy of life. In Qamdo, whether a person can skillfully use proverbs has actually become one of the criteria to measure his eloquence and knowledge. The proverbs circulating in Changdu are rich in content, vivid in image, simple in explanation, easy to understand and catchy.

Folk Song and Dance: The people of Qamdo are hardworking, brave and wise, and have formed a resolute, heroic, simple, straightforward and optimistic character in the long years, and this character of Kangba people has been most vividly reflected in the three major dance varieties of Reba, Heizi and Zhuowu. These three dances in Qamdo occupy an important position in the history of Tibetan dance.

Ding Qing Reba Dance: Reba Dance is a comprehensive performing art that integrates speaking, singing, dancing and acrobatic qigong. It originated from Qiongbuding in Qamdo, so Dingqing has the reputation of "Reba Town".

Among the many Reba schools in Tibet, the oldest and most famous one is Wotuo Reba School, which pioneered Joan pudding. It is said that in the13rd century, seven Reba artists from Dingqing Wotuo were invited to perform in the construction of the Chajema Hall in Wuqi.

Votoreba is characterized by strong skills, such as pole climbing skills, breaking stones in the abdomen and rotating knives. These are the stunts of Wotuo Reba. Kangsha Reba is one of the important Reba schools in Qamdo and has been active on the stage so far. It is a typical family hot bus. Its traditional programs include one drum, three drums, six drums and nine drums, as well as some black boys, Zhuo dances and duets (equivalent to cross talk). In Qamdo, there are Chaya Reba, Sezha Reba, Basu Xiean Reba, Wu Leiqi Gato Reba, Bianba Guoqing Reba, Luolongxiong Nanreba, Zuogong ChaHuarong and other Reba schools.

Zhuowu in Changdu: Zhuowu, commonly known as Guozhuang, refers to a folk collective dance created by ancient Tibetans with their feet. Not limited by time, place and number of people, it is widely distributed in Qamdo counties. Zhuowu in Changdu is generally divided into three categories, namely Zhuowu in agricultural areas (including market towns), Zhuowu in pastoral areas and Zhuowu in temples. Zhuowu's music is characterized by simplicity, lightness, boldness, fluency and rich lyrics. From the action point of view, Azhuo dance consists of sequential dance, adagio and allegro Azhuo dance. Allegro Zhuo dance can best reflect the rough and bold personality characteristics of Kangba people. Sometimes it dances into a ball, sometimes it spins, sometimes it leaps quickly, and sometimes it waves its sleeves, showing a beauty of strength and a group momentum.

Mangkang Chord Dance: Mangkang Heizi is called "harmony" in Tibetan, which means singing and dancing. When dancing "harmony", one or several men must lead the dance and play the horn erhu and Heizi while dancing, so later people call it "chord dance". In fact, Black Boy is just one of the musical instruments. When dancing string dance, men and women dance in circles, with men pulling black boys and women dancing with long sleeves; Male lead singer, female repeat. The dance is graceful and stretching, combining rigidity and softness, with cheerful and smooth melody and distinct rhythm. In addition to the trumpet string dances circulating in Mangkang and Zuogong, there are some string dances in Changdu, such as Ding Qing, Lei Wuqi, Chayabasu, Mangkang Yanjing Zanieqin and so on.

Painting and Sculpture Art: There are three major painting schools in Changdu area: "Ning Mei" painting school, which mainly spreads in Ding Qing, Chaya and Gongjue; The "Meisha" painting school is mainly distributed in Cai Wei, Changdu County; The painting school of "Ga Xue Ga Zhi" is mainly spread in Gama Township and Dege, Changdu County, Sichuan Province.