What are the effects of traditional Chinese ways of thinking on modern people

I. The basic features and pros and cons of traditional Chinese and Western ways of thinking.

The way of thinking is a kind of thinking stereotype or thinking inertia formed by people of a nation or a region in the process of long-term historical development, and it is a relatively stereotyped style, structure and process of thinking activities. The difference between Chinese and Western traditional thinking is as a difference in the deep structure of culture, due to the Chinese and Western nationalities have different cultural traditions and cultural backgrounds, with different modes of production activities and levels of development, reflected in the way of thinking there is a big difference, this difference y affects the thinking of this nation and the development of science and culture along the different paths, it is difficult for us to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of each of them as a whole, but only from the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. We can only analyze them from their respective advantages and disadvantages.

1, the basic characteristics of the traditional Chinese way of thinking and the advantages and disadvantages

(1) "humanistic" as the logical starting point, with humanistic spirit. The so-called "humanistic spirit" refers to the human being as the starting point and source of all values, and the human being as the yardstick and standard for interpreting and measuring the spirit of all values. Because China's thousands of years of feudal society to blood relations based on the social structure of the family and the country as a whole way to lay the family-oriented, human-oriented cultural tone, and thus reflected in the way of thinking is expressed in the "people-oriented" as the logical starting point, that is, people as the basis of everything, from their own characteristics to examine all things, and so in the cognitive style In the cognitive way, everything must be "humanized", the value of human understanding of the value of things, to replace the law of things with the law of people, therefore, the traditional Chinese way of thinking with a strong humanistic color, which is expressed in the value of judgment, is the good instead of the real, to the feelings of the agent. The advantage of this way of thinking is that it focuses on the search for human beings themselves, promotes the development of social ethics, social governance, humanities, etc., promotes the communication and integration of interpersonal relationships, and is easy to form a strong national cohesion and a strong sense of social responsibility. The disadvantage is to ignore the exploration of the outside world, thinking is easy to move towards closure, that is, the subject itself as the starting point of understanding, the object and even the purpose, in a certain procedure to obliterate the objectivity of the object, with a tendency to pan-emotional, and therefore do not have a strong development of the force, to a certain extent, binding people to the depth and breadth of science, which is one of the important cultural reasons for the lagging behind of Chinese science and technology in the modern era.

(2) Focus on overall unity. This is one of the most significant features of the traditional Chinese way of thinking. It starts from the overall principle, emphasizing the interconnection of things and the overall function, in order to achieve harmony and unity of heaven, earth, people and things, that is, focusing on the "unity of heaven and man", "harmony between heaven and man", and not too much attention to the internal structure of things. This way of thinking regarded heaven and humanity, nature and personnel as an organic whole, so that people can be down to all things, the upper reference to heaven and earth, and through their own behavior system of heaven and the use of the order, which enables people from the whole, the overall grasp of the object. This unique way of thinking is of great significance in maintaining the ecological balance of human beings and promoting the coordination and stability of society. The reason why China's four major practical cultures, namely medicine, military, agriculture and art, have been able to take the lead in the world is that they have all benefited from the holistic nature of traditional Chinese thinking. However, this generalized holistic intuition is subject-object indistinguishable, and the image and attributes and characteristics of the object are integrated with the subjective experience and mysterious emotion of the subject, which limits the subject's objective description of the object, and this holistic lacks the precise analysis of the parts and the basis of scientific experiments, and thus has a clear ambiguity and generalization, which limits the development of science and technology to a certain extent.

(3) Favor intuitive experience. Determined by the holistic way of thinking, the traditional Chinese thinking of experience as a higher than rational discursive main way of understanding the ontology, it is essentially a kind of intuitive thinking, this thinking is characterized by, it does not have to concepts, judgments, reasoning and other logical forms, do not have to analyze the outside world, and do not have to experience the accumulation of the subject's self-conscious recognition, inner experience, to grasp the essence of the thing in an instant. The essence of things is grasped in an instant by virtue of the subject's conscious recognition and inner experience. Lao Zi's "to get rid of the mystery", Zhuang Zi's "to be clear, to see alone", Meng Zi's "to exhaust the mind, to know the nature" and even the Buddhist "epiphany" and later Cheng Zhu's "enlightenment". "and later Cheng Zhu's" Ge Shi Zhi Zhi Zhi ", Lu Wang's" Seek reason in my heart " and so on, all have the characteristics of intuitive thinking, intuitive thinking of the nature and law is the high degree of unity of knowledge, feelings and intentions, is the enlightenment, the will and the emotional Intuitive thinking is a high degree of unity of knowledge, feeling and intention, and an inner connection between enlightenment, will and emotion. One advantage of intuitive thinking over logical thinking is that it can effectively break through the programming of knowledge and provide flexible imagination space for the play of thinking, which has a positive impact on the development of ethics, aesthetics, literature and art and other humanities. The disadvantages are: this kind of thinking, which emphasizes inspiration and logic, experience and discernment, and intuition and argumentation, is likely to lead to the ambiguity and lack of rigor in thinking, is not conducive to the development of thinking towards formalization and quantification, hinders the development of natural sciences, and is likely to lead to empiricism and dogmatism.

(4) It advocates mediocrity and conciliation, and is dialectical in nature. Traditional Chinese thinking emphasizes the connection and unity of both sides of a conflict. Such as Laozi's "there is no mutual birth, difficult and easy to grow, the length of the phase shape, high and low phase surplus", "Woe, the blessing of the blessing; blessing, the ambush of the disaster", Cheng Hao's "things will be reversed", Zhu Xi's "One in the two" and other expositions show that everything contains two opposing aspects, all the two opposing aspects are interdependent, mutually inclusive, mutually transformative, reflecting the dialectical thinking. However, there is a major flaw in this simple dialectical thought founded on idealism. This is the pursuit of reconciliation, coordination, unity for the purpose of impartiality of the philosophy of mediocrity, advocating the reconciliation and unity of contradictions, do not pay attention to the differences between the contradictory opposites, exclusion, struggle, this is still the same but not the same differences, the unity of the mediocrity of the thinking advantage of not yet change is conducive to the people to get along with each other to promote the harmony and stability of the society and the peaceful development of mankind, so that the ancient Chinese in the political, economic, military, traditional Chinese medicine and so on. The advantage is that it is conducive to people living in harmony, promoting social harmony and stability and peaceful development of mankind. The disadvantage is that it pursues and exaggerates the homogeneity of contradictions and neglects the struggle, which is not in line with the spirit of scientific dialectics, and easily leads to the closure and conservatism of thoughts, and hinders the production of new things and new ideas, and to a certain extent, it casts the Chinese nation into a neutral, balanced, conservative, and conformist national character and lack of enterprising and innovative national spirit.

2, the basic characteristics of the traditional Western way of thinking and the pros and cons

(1) to "things" as the logical starting point, with the spirit of science. The so-called "scientific spirit" refers to the cultural spirit that grows on the basis of natural science, which is characterized by truth-seeking and rationality. Because Westerners believe that everything is natural, man is a part of nature, as long as you know the nature of things can understand the nature of people, and people and nature as an eternal opposition, the two are in constant competition for survival, so that the formation of the natural world to stand on the opposite side of the objective material world calmly observe and analyze, accustomed to the spirit of the matter and the substance of the opposite thinking way of thinking. The logical starting point of this way of thinking is "object-based", i.e., to take nature as the direct object of study, to explore the laws of nature's interior, to conquer and transform nature, and to reduce all objects, including human beings, to nature or objects for study, and to endow all objects with the characteristics of objects, i.e., to "materialize", and to emphasize the use of observation and observation to identify the objective material world, and the use of observation, observation and analysis to identify the objective material world. ", emphasizing the use of observation, experimentation and argumentation to conduct objective and rational research on all objects, and opposing the input and role of the subject. Thus it makes this way of thinking scientific. Its advantage is conducive to social change, innovation and exploration of the natural world, transformation, thus promoting the rapid development of science and technology and social leapfrog, qualitative development. The disadvantage is that it is easy to cause confrontation between man and nature, threatening the peace and stability of the society and leading to the loss of humanism, especially the decline of social morality.

(2) Local analysis, logical thinking and experimental, empirical evidence. Because of the Western understanding of the subject and object of things diametrically divided characteristics, making them focus on the study of nature, and make the natural sciences, such as: geometry, physics, chemistry and other rapid development, at the same time, but also to make people's logical discursive ability is increasingly perfect, and the development of ancient Greek and Roman slavery in the free debate in the development of logic and rhetoric, so that the Western nation has a good at analyzing, distinguishing, favoring the local analysis of the way of thinking, this way of thinking is manifested in the Western slavery, and the development of logic and rhetoric. This way of thinking is manifested in Western painting, is to strive for every detail of the similarity, figures and animal paintings should be based on anatomy, still life, landscapes, pay attention to the three-dimensional sense of the proportion of perspective, the aesthetic interest is focused on the aesthetic object to be systematically analyzed in detail. In the West, as early as the ancient Greek period, Aristotle's deduction as the beginning, constructed a fairly strict deductive reasoning system, this logical thinking emphasizes the concepts, judgments, reasoning rigor, to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Bacon founded the inductive logic to the end of the eighteenth century, the beginning of the nineteenth century, Russell founded the modern logic of positivism, which is empirical as the premise, inductive as the method, and empirical as the premise, inductive as the method, and inductive as the method, and inductive as the method, and inductive as the method, and inductive as the method. , using induction as a method and mathematical logic as a tool to analyze the experience of scientific knowledge and the logical structure of theories. Because of the heavy inductive and deductive reasoning, it makes Western culture favor the establishment of theoretical systems when conducting research on problems. Westerners have cultivated the spirit of rigorous and precise rationality and truth-seeking in the study of nature. The realization of this spirit in reality is experimentation and empirical evidence. This method is highly respected in modern times. In the modern Renaissance, everything could only gain the right to live if it was tested by experiment or rational argumentation to prove that it conformed to the principles of reason. The advantages of this kind of thinking characteristics are: they are rigorous, analytical, accurate, argumentative, and the conclusion is more reliable, they make great progress in modern science at the same time, but also the formation of critical skepticism, this skepticism promotes the scientific solution to one problem after another in the continuous innovation, the birth of a new discipline after a new discipline. The disadvantages are: it is not easy to achieve a direct and total understanding of things, and too much emphasis on analysis, experimentation, empirical evidence is likely to cause one-sided thinking, fixed, reflected in the philosophical expression of mechanical materialism and metaphysics.

Summary of the above analysis of the different characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of the Chinese and Western traditional ways of thinking, can be seen that each has its own characteristics, each has a reasonable kernel and value, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages, in which the Chinese traditional way of thinking for the Chinese nation's contribution to the splendid civilization of the contribution of the Chinese nation is indispensable, but it is closed and conservative, disregard for the individuality of the neglect of the rationality of the weaknesses of the Chinese nation's pace of innovation and development. Therefore, it is necessary to change the traditional Chinese way of thinking.

Thinking about the modernization of the traditional Chinese way of thinking

In the process of accelerating the construction of socialist modernization, the traditional Chinese way of thinking must be integrated with the western traditional way of thinking on the basis of maintaining the traditional advantages of the nation, drawing on the strengths of the western traditional way of thinking, overcoming its own shortcomings, and establishing a more scientific and effective way of thinking to understand the world and transform the world, so that the Chinese traditional way of thinking can be improved. The change of the traditional Chinese way of thinking should include the following points:

1. Establish the individual independence way of thinking. To establish the individual independence way of thinking is to make the individual from some kind of relationship, some kind of group of subordinates to become an independent individual, with independent personality, thought and thinking, can be self-reliant, independent, self-improvement, and ultimately realize the free and comprehensive development of the individual. According to the traditional way of thinking in China, which over-emphasizes the collective (overall) nature and neglects or even obliterates the individuality, the independence of individual thinking should be emphasized for the era of knowledge economy. Independence is a basic characteristic of a person, but also the spirit of the times necessary for modern people. Without independence, there will not be their own personality, not to mention what creativity. A person who is a cloud of people and a book only, can only be a mediocre person. If this kind of consciousness becomes the general mentality of a nation and no effort is made to change it, this nation will have nothing to do with modernization. Of course, our emphasis on the independence of the thinking subject does not exclude wholeness, but rather emphasizes the need to get rid of dogmatism, cluster concepts and other kinds of boxes on the human way of thinking, allowing, respecting and advocating the positive exploration of the individual. Only in the collective and society that allows the independent existence of individuals and the free development of personality, people's innovative potential can be fully realized, so that the collective and society is alive with strong vitality of the collective and society.

2. Establish a scientific and rational way of thinking. As mentioned above, the traditional Chinese way of thinking emphasizes intuitive perception, which to a certain extent has led to people emphasizing intuitive perception over scientific rationality. Therefore, in the contemporary era of rapid development of high technology, we should y recognize its limitations and conservatism, and strive to make the way of thinking have a firm theoretical thinking basis, highlighting scientific rationality. To do this, first of all, we must guide people's attention from focusing on the life, personnel, interpersonal relations of the subjective world of speculation, exploration, expanding to man and man, man and nature, man and society of the whole world of scientific exploration, and more application of scientific and rational way of thinking, objectivity and fairness, accurate and rigorous understanding of the world and transformation of the world. Engels said: "If a nation wants to stand on the highest peak of science, it cannot do without rational thinking for a moment." Therefore, scientificity is an indispensable attribute of the way of thinking. Secondly, we must pay attention to learning and mastering the scientific and rational way of thinking. The essence of the spirit of scientific rationality is to advocate exploration, questioning, taking facts as the basic starting point, emphasizing logical thinking and empirical analysis, and pursuing the accuracy and regularity of things. In this regard, we should promote the spirit of questioning and criticism, break the habit of thinking only on the top, only books, only authority, through concepts, judgments, reasoning, deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis and other logical thinking on things from the surface to the inside, from sensibility to rationality, from the phenomenon to the essence of scientific understanding. Should also pay attention to the scientific empirical way, bold assumptions, rigorous argumentation. Not only the study of the natural world, even for the study of human society, should also attach importance to observation, experimentation, mathematical statistics and other empirical methods, combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis, to promote the understanding of the rigorous and precise.

3. Focus on the mindset of seeking differences and changes. China's traditional mediocrity and a major flaw in the idea of reconciliation is to seek the same thinking is more than enough, seeking different thinking is not enough, only to emphasize the "one" and ignore the "more", the result is that people from the ideas, concepts to action, everything is gradually trapped in the rigidity, simplicity, convergence Over time, people generally potential source of innovative thinking is bound to be withered. The source of innovative thinking is the doubtful thinking, and to establish the doubtful thinking should dare to doubt, the courage to question, and thus give birth to new and different, colorful, diversified development, creativity, breakthroughs in the new ideas, new ideas, new thinking. To cultivate a different way of thinking, we need to create a democratic and tolerant social environment and social mechanisms to support innovation, and at the same time, we must start from the actual situation, breaking the boundaries of subjectivism and dogmatism.

4. Establish a more open and diversified way of thinking. The traditional Chinese inward-looking way of thinking that emphasizes the way of life and emphasizes the way of things is easy to cause people's thinking to be closed and conservative, so that people are accustomed to looking for theories and methods of solving problems from the existing knowledge and traditional experience, using the past to explain the present, observing, judging, and evaluating things with a moral and political vision, and neglecting to objectively understand and draw on new things, new changes, and new achievements in the world. Closure means backwardness. Especially in the context of global integration, countries and nations with different social systems, different economic structures, different ideologies and different religious beliefs are all linked, and any closure, isolation of oneself and isolation from the world means self-elimination. Therefore, any country or nation must seek self-development in the harmonization of relations. Moreover, in a pluralistic world, relations are always in a state of flux, as the political and economic interests, cooperation, dependence and subordination between countries, regions and peoples are constantly being differentiated and regrouped. Therefore, it is necessary to update and change the way of thinking and values according to the ever-changing situation, and to establish a more open and diversified way of thinking in order to maintain self-survival and development.