Interpretation of China Classics and China Classics

First, the definition of Chinese studies

"Chinese studies" have broad and narrow meanings. Chinese studies in a broad sense is the sum of all academic and cultural aspects of a country's self-cultivation, family harmony and governance, covering all categories of natural science and social science. Chinese studies should be divided into philosophy, history, religion, literature, customs, textual research, ethics, edition and so on. , with Confucian philosophy as the mainstream; Ideologically, it should be divided into pre-Qin philosophers or Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Confucianism runs through and dominates the history of China's thoughts, and everything else is subordinate. Sinology is divided into four parts: classics, history, philosophy and history, but the classics and philosophers are the main ones, especially the classics. The narrow sense of Chinese studies mainly refers to the traditional ideological culture at the ideological level. It is the core connotation of Chinese studies, the concentrated expression of the essential attributes of Chinese studies, and the focus that we should recognize, refine and actively carry forward today. Generally refers to the traditional culture and scholarship of China with Confucianism as the main body. As far as China is concerned, the thought of Chinese studies is the cultural characteristic that makes China people become China people.

Second, the scope and research object of Sinology

(1) The scope of Sinology is difficult to define, and there is no consensus in academic circles at present.

Previously, Qian Mu once said in "An Introduction to Chinese Studies": "One of Chinese studies was neither accepted by the former nor established by the latter. This is the term of an era. As far as its scope is concerned, what should be classified as Chinese studies and what should not be. In order to meet the needs of school textbooks and handouts, this book has to adopt the general idea of Liang's "An Introduction to Learning in Qing Dynasty" and describe it in stages. Explain the main trend of academic thoughts in each era. Its purpose is to make scholars understand the general trend of changes in China's academic and ideological circles since 2000, so as to cultivate their ability to adapt to new opportunities. When sages or masters discuss Chinese studies with classics, history, philosophy and collections, such as Zhang's lecture "Introduction to Chinese Studies". " Qian Mu finds it difficult to define Chinese studies, so let's use it for the convenience of teaching. His chapter arrangement in An Introduction to Chinese Studies reflects his understanding of the scope and content of Chinese studies, and holds that Chinese studies are "the general trend of the spread and change of domestic academic and ideological circles in the past two thousand years."

(2) The research objects of Sinology are classics, history, sub-studies and collections in the traditional classification of ancient books.

The four books listed in the Summary of Sikuquanshu and their categories are as follows:

1. Jingbu

Classics are divided into Yi, Shu, Poetry, Ritual, Spring and Autumn, Filial Piety, Five Classics, Four Books, Music and Primary School. Mainly Confucian classics and famous books that annotate and study Confucian classics. Important bibliographies include Yi Zhuan, Zhouyi, Shangshu Zhengyi, Dongpo Shuzhuan, Yu Gong Lun, Preface of Poetry, Shi Mao Zhengyi, Biography of Poetry, Annotation on Zhou Li, Annotation on Yi Li, Annotation on Chunqiu Yang Gong. Interpretation of Thirteen Classics, Analysis of Characters in Thirteen Classics, Six Classics Map, Mencius Justice, On Semantic Sparseness, University Chapters, Biography of Mencius, Textual Research on Characters in Four Books, Le Shu, Lu Yuequan's Book, Yuan Yue and Yuan Yue.

2. History Department

The history department is divided into official history, chronology, chronicle, other history, miscellaneous history, imperial edict, biography, historical records, chronicle, season, geography, official position and so on. Important bibliographies include Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty, History of the Later Han Dynasty, History of the Three Kingdoms, History as a Mirror, Warring States Policy, Historical Records of Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Yi Shi, Yi Zhou Shu, Zhenguan Dignitary, the Memorial of Dongguan and Imperial edicts of Han Dynasty. National Records of Huayang, Notes on Water Mirror, Six Classics of Tang Dynasty, Annals of Hanlin, General Code, General Examination of Documents, Western Han Conference, Chongwen General Catalogue, Solving Problems in Governing Houses, Textual Research, Historical Survey, Brief Introduction to Dynasties, etc.

3. Subsector

It is subdivided into Confucianism, military strategists, legalists, peasants, doctors, astronomical algorithms, mathematical technology, art, music records, miscellaneous scholars, books, novelists and hermeneutics. Important bibliographies include Confucius' family stories, the theory of salt and iron, Zhuzi's style, Liu Dao, Sun Tzu, Sima Fa, Guan Zi, Zi Han, Qi Yaomin's books, wild cookbooks, agricultural books, Yellow Emperor Su Wen and surgical essentials. Original calligraphy, archaeological drawings, tea classics, bamboo scores, the general meaning of the white tiger, stories about sleeping, literary collections, things, Yuan Gui, Taiping Yulan, Imperial Classics Atlas, Yuhai and Xijing Miscellanies.

Assembling department

The anthology is divided into Chu Ci, Bie Ji, Zong Ji, Ci Qu and Poetry Review. The important bibliographies are: Chapters and Sentences of Chu Ci, Notes on Chu Ci, Collected Works of the Yangtze River, Collected Works of Tao Yuanming, Collected Works of Wang Zian, Collected Works of Li Taibai, Collected Works of Du Gongbu, Collected Works of Han Changli, Collected Works of Dongliu, Collected Works of Bai Xiangshan, Selected Works of Literature and Ancient Wen Yuan. Jiangnan Chunci, Wen Yuan Chunqiu, Yuefuyuan, Wen Ming Model, Article Guide, Tao Yuanming Collection, Song, Central Plains Literature, Ten Selected Poems of Tang Poetry, Zhu Yu Ci, Huajian Collection and so on.

Third, classics and classics

(A) What is a classic

The words of saints are classics. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Jing, Zhi." In Qing Dynasty, Duan Yucai said, "To weave a warp with silk, there must be a warp before a weft." Warp is the longitudinal thread on the loom, which is the original meaning of the word "warp" Before weaving, the warp yarns must be fixed before the weft yarns can shuttle back and forth. Cheng Fazhi said, "The warp is on the axis and the weft is on the shuttle. Weft is a way, with a spindle shape; Classics are arranged according to the axis, which has a quiet and permanent image. " ("Introduction to Chinese Studies" Volume 1) It can be seen that "Jing" training is "Chang". In "Zhuangzi Health Master", "the governor thinks the classics", and Guo Xiang notes: "Shun Zhong is normal." A book: "Classic, often also." In the article "If there are classics day and night" in Heaven, Cheng Xuanying said: "Always there." "Geng Sang Chu" is "I would like to hear the classics of hygiene", and it becomes sparse: "Often." "Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong Twenty-five Years" says: "The ceremony of the husband is also the classics of heaven." Du Zhuyu said: "Classics are the norms of Tao." Starting from the longitudinal line of weaving, the ancients thought that the feudal thoughts and related works advocated by Confucianism were the fundamental guarantee for maintaining the feudal order, the core of the feudal ideological system and played an extremely important role, so they were called classics. Later generations regard "Jing" as "Chang" and "Chang Dao", which means eternal truth. It is of course impossible for rulers to achieve the purpose of the permanent existence of feudal society through eternal "classics".

At first, the content of "Jing" was limited to the "Six Classics" deleted by Confucius. By the time of Emperor Wu, Dr. Wu Jing was established. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the scope of "Classics" expanded continuously, even reaching the "Thirteen Classics".

(2) What is a classic?

Classics are books that people read and cherish affectionately; Classics have special influence, they can't be removed from the mind, but are hidden in the memory of the brain; Classics are like first reading, every time is a journey of discovery. In short, classics are exemplary and authoritative works or works. According to Huang Junjie of National Taiwan University, classics must have social and political connotations, which originated from the irrelevance of politics and religion in ancient China. Classics must have its metaphysical connotation, represented by Zhu; Classics must have the connotation of the theory of mind and nature, represented by Wang Yangming's remarks. In the history of China, when it comes to classics, it generally refers to Confucian classics, such as Hanshu and Sun Baochuan: "Duke Zhou is a saint and a great sage. There is still something to say, and it is based on the classics, and the two do not lose each other. " "The Later Han Dynasty Ji Shang Empress Deng": "Later, I didn't listen to my mother's words. I studied women's cause during the day and recited classics at dusk. My family called it' Zhu Sheng'." Liu Tang knows a few things about Shi Tong Narrative: "Written by sages, it is a classic." In the Qing Dynasty, Ji Yun's Note 4 of Huaixi Magazine of Yuewei Caotang: "The principle of sacrifice is made by saints and is contained in the classics." The classics mentioned here refer to Confucian works.

In the feudal society of China for more than two thousand years, Confucianism was regarded as the dominant ideology. They used this spiritual weapon to consolidate their dominant position and develop feudal culture. Finally, they used it to destroy the bud of the new thought of "Four People's Principles" and prevent the development of modern science and culture. In the feudal society of China, it has long been customary to regard some important works of Confucianism as classics and call them "Jing".

In fact, calling classics classics classics did not begin with Confucian works at first. We can see from Zhuangzi, Guoyu and other books that the Confucian classics in the pre-Qin period did not specifically refer to Confucian works. For example, Zhuangzi called Mozi's works Mohist Classics. Later, with the development of feudal ideology and culture, the rulers gradually defined Confucian classics as important Confucian classics for political needs. Especially by the time of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial court established the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and established the Doctor of the Five Classics. Since then, Confucianism and works have risen to my exclusive "classic" status.