Chinese medicine believes that the occurrence of cancer is mainly related to what factors

History of Chinese medicine's understanding of cancer

Cancer belongs to the category of malignant tumors, and Chinese medicine's understanding of tumors can be said to have a long history, and it has gone through different stages of foundation-laying, theoretical maturity, academic prosperity, and improvement and development.

1. Stage of foundation laying

As early as in the Yin and Zhou era more than 3500 years ago, the ancient people had some understanding of tumors, and the oracle bone inscriptions of that period had recorded the name of "tumor", which is the earliest document on tumors recorded by TCM practitioners found in Chinese medicine nowadays. During the pre-Qin period, the "Zhou Li" recorded the specialized doctors related to the treatment of one kind of disease - "ulcer doctor", which reads: "The ulcer doctor is in charge of the swelling and ulcer ...... Qi." The main treatment of "swelling and ulcer" includes the tumor in today's clinic, and advocates the combination of internal and external treatment, in which the internal treatment is "attacked by five poisons, nourished by five qi, treated by five medicines, and adjusted by five flavors". The external treatment is to use "Zhu medicine,...... kill the Qi". "Wish" means the use of medicine external, "kill" is the use of medicine to corrode the evil flesh. "Wish" and "kill" are common methods for modern treatment of tumors, indicating that the ancient people in the nth century BC had a deep understanding of the treatment of tumors.

The more systematic understanding of tumor diseases started from "Huang Di Nei Jing" during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, which laid the foundation for the formation and development of oncology in Chinese medicine, and the book described "Xie Tumor" and "Intestinal Qin", In the book, it is stated that "xi tumors", "intestinal tumors", "obstruction in the intestine", "obstruction in the mass", "purpura in the mass", "fetish knots", "diaphragm in the middle", and "lower diaphragm" are some of the diseases. The descriptions of diseases such as "diaphragm" are similar to the symptoms of certain tumors in modern medicine, such as "choking and diaphragm not being able to pass, not being able to eat or drink" is similar to the symptoms of obstruction caused by esophageal and cardia cancers. The Neijing also discussed the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors, and believed that the formation of tumors is related to the weakness of positive qi, the invasion of external evils, and the internal injuries of seven emotions, such as the cloud: "the evils of deficiency are in the people, and they stay and don't go to the ...... interest and become accumulations". The Spiritual Pivot - nine needle" cloud: "four times eight wind guest in the meridians, for the tumor also." It is believed that the attack of external evil can lead to the development of tumors. "Suwen - Different Methods and Formulas" Yun: "The beauty of their food ...... their diseases are all carbuncle ulcers." The carbuncle and ulcer here includes tumors with body surface ulcers in modern medicine, referring to dietary inaccuracies that cause body surface tumors. The Spiritual Pivot - Hundred Diseases Begins to Born" cloud: "internal injuries to worry and anger, then the gas on the inverse, gas on the inverse of the six transport can not be reached, the warmth does not work, condensation of the blood contained within and does not dissipate, fluid astringent seepage, and not to go, and the accumulation of all into also." The referred emotion and will not be smooth, it is easy to suffer from tumor disease, which is consistent with the modern clinical understanding of the etiology of tumors. The therapeutic principles proposed in the Neijing, such as "the firm one cuts down" and "the knot one disperses", are still of guiding significance in the prevention and treatment of tumor diseases today.

Following the Neijing, the Nanking written by Qin Yue Ren discussed in detail the clinical manifestations and causal mechanisms of certain visceral tumors, such as the Nanking-Fifty-six Nanking, which described the location, nature, and specific symptoms of the disease of accumulation, and put forward the identification and prognosis of benign and malignant tumors: "The accumulation is yin, so it is sunken and ambushed, and the five viscera are born in the place where the tumor originates, its pain does not leave the area of accumulation, and the swelling is not far away from the area of accumulation, and the pain is not far away from the area of accumulation. Its pain is not away from the accumulation of parts, lumps up and down some always, left and right some poor place, death is not treated. Poly, Yang Qi, Yang伏而动, six bowels of the birth, the beginning of no fundamental, its pain is not always place, can be moved, although difficult to cure." He also made a general distinction and description of the "accumulation of the five viscera" to guide the clinical practice of tumor prevention and treatment in the later generations.

The first Chinese medicine monograph "Shennong's Classic of the Materia Medica" written in the Qin and Han Dynasties contained ginseng, eucommia, atractylodes macrocephala, rhubarb, and half-summers which were related to the treatment of tumors, and among them, there were more than 150 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines for treating the tumors and most of them are still in common use in treating tumors in the clinic. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing wrote "Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid", which has a detailed description of the etiology and pathogenesis of "gastric reflux", "accumulation" and gynecological tumors, the laws of treatment, prescription and medication, and also points out the identification and prognosis of certain tumors. Many formulas in the book, such as turtle shell decoction pill, rhubarb hut worm pill, etc., have been commonly used in the clinical treatment of tumors up to now.

Hua Tuo, a famous medical doctor in Han Dynasty, pointed out in "Zhongzangjing" that "The work of carbuncles, gangrene, sores and swellings are all caused by the five viscera and six bowels, and the poison is not flowed to be born, and it is not only because of the congestion of Rongwei and the person who sends it out." It is believed that the cause of tumor is born from the "stored poison" in the internal organs. Hua Tuo's treatment of choking and regurgitation formula has dansha corrosive drugs, the external treatment of tumors on the body surface and mucous membranes has a clear therapeutic effect. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were already surgical treatment methods, which were also used for the treatment of tumor diseases, such as "Hou Han Shu - Hua Tuo Biography" has the earliest record about surgical excision for gastrointestinal tumor-like diseases, which created the precedent of surgical treatment of internal tumors for human beings.

All in all, the knowledge of Chinese medicine about tumor in the Qin-Han period laid a good foundation for the formation and development of tumor doctrine in later times.

2. Stage of theoretical maturity

During the period from Wei and Jin to Sui and Tang dynasties, TCM practitioners had further understanding of the etiology and diagnosis of certain tumors, such as thyroid tumors, mammary tumors, and other visceral tumors, and diversified treatment methods, which made the theory of TCM tumors mature gradually during this period.

Jin Huangfu Jing's "Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B Jing" is a monograph on acupuncture and moxibustion, which contains a large number of treatments for tumors such as choking, regurgitation and so on; Jin Ge Hong's "Post-Elbow Preparation for Emergencies" is a handbook of emergency treatment for doctors at that time, which has a comprehensive understanding of the process of the tumor's development, progression and deterioration, and believes that, "All the diseases are seen to be more gradual and if there is a sudden realization, the cell is big, and if there is a sudden realization, it is big. If there is a sudden realization that the tumor has become big, it will be difficult to treat it. If there is a nodule in the abdomen, it will jeopardize the diet and turn to win and lose weight." The book uses seaweed to treat galls, which has been used by people today to treat thyroid tumors.

Sui Dynasty Chao Yuanfang's "Treatise on the Origins and Symptoms of All Diseases" recorded 169 articles about tumor etiology and symptoms***, and recorded in detail the etiology, pathogenesis and symptoms of many tumor diseases, such as "obstruction in the abdomen", "accumulation", "choking", "choking on food", and "galls", "choking", "regurgitation", "gall tumor", etc., which indicated that the theory of tumor understanding was very mature at that time, and the book also recorded the use of intestinal anastomosis and omental vascular ligation to treat The book also records the use of intestinal anastomosis and omental vascular ligation for the treatment of tumor diseases, which has important historical significance in tumor therapeutics.

Sun Simiao's "Thousand Golden Essentials" of the Tang Dynasty began to classify "tumors" according to the nature and location of the disease, and there appeared "Gall Tumor" and "Bone Tumor", "Lipoma", "Stone Tumor", "Sarcoma", "Pus Tumor" and "Hematoma" and so on. Hematoma" and other classifications. And "Thousand Golden Essentials" contemporaneous "Wai Tai Secret Essentials" recorded many prescriptions for the treatment of tumors, the use of a large number of insect drugs such as centipedes, scorpions, stiff silkworms, etc., for the later use of insect drugs for the treatment of tumors to provide a reference, especially the use of goat thyroid treatment of gall tumors in the case of the pioneering endocrine treatment of tumors, the later generations have a very good reference role.

From this stage of medical literature, it can be seen that by the Sui and Tang dynasties, the theory of Chinese medicine on the understanding of the etiology and treatment of tumors has been very comprehensive and mature, and it has played a role in promoting the further development of Chinese medicine oncology for the later generations.

3. Academic Prosperity Stage

Song, Jin and Yuan period, a hundred schools of thought, medical theories are increasingly rich, the theory of Chinese medicine to prevent and treat tumors is also constantly enriched, the understanding of tumors is also more comprehensive, which promotes the advancement and development of academic oncology. Song Dongxuanjushi mentioned the word "cancer" for the first time in "Wei Ji Bao Shu" and discussed the treatment of "cancer", listed "cancer" as one of the "five hairs" of carbuncle and mentioned the use of "five hairs" to treat cancer. It listed "cancer" as one of the "five hairs" of carbuncle, and mentioned the use of musk paste for the treatment of "cancer hair". In the Treatise on Cancer Symptoms and Disease Characteristics with Remaining Formulas of Renzhai Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi Jian (《仁齋直指附遗方論》) the symptoms and disease character of cancer were described in more details, and it was believed that cancer was caused by "poisonous root y hidden", which provided the theoretical basis for the treatment of cancer with bitter-cold detoxification for the later generations. It also proposed that cancer has the characteristics of "perforation through armor" and easy infiltration and metastasis. The General Records of Sheng Ji (圣济總錄), compiled under the auspices of the Song government, discussed that the flow of qi and blood in the body or the retention of certain abnormal substances might produce tumor diseases, and contained evidence and treatment of liver tumors, liver congestion, liver distension, and other diseases similar to liver tumors. Yan's Jisheng Fang recorded cases of tumor treatment by combining excision surgery and medication. Dou Hanqing's "Complete Book of Sore and Ulcer Experiences" made a careful observation of breast rock, describing its characteristics of being curable in the early stages and difficult to treat in the late stages.

During the Jin-Yuan period, Liu Wansu advocated the use of cold and cool medicines for the treatment of fire-heat diseases, which had a certain guiding significance for the treatment of tumors with the methods of clearing heat and removing toxins and clearing heat and diarrhea of fire for the later generations, such as the treatment of choking with cool diaphragm powder, which achieved better curative effects. Zhang Congzheng, in his book "Ru Men Shi Kin", emphasized on the elimination of evil qi and the use of attacking method, but he also attached great importance to the identification of evidence in the treatment of choking, regurgitation and other tumor diseases. Li Gao put forward the thesis of "internal injury to the spleen and stomach is the cause of all diseases", and created the tonifying and benefiting qi soup and tongyue soup, etc., which had the effect of nourishing and strengthening cancer patients, and supporting the positive and consolidating the root cause of cancer. Zhu Danxi advocated the theory of "phase fire", and advocated "moistening and nourishing the blood and fluids, lowering fire and dispersing knots" as the mainstay of the treatment of tumors, such as regurgitation and choking, etc., and founded the Daxing Dahui Tang and Tongyu Tang. He advocated "moistening and nourishing the blood and fluids, lowering fire and dispersing knots" as the main treatment for tumor diseases such as "regurgitation" and "choking", and created such formulas as "Dajianyin Pill" and "Qiongyu Cream". In Danxi Xinfa, he described the formation, evolution, prognosis and treatment of breast rocks, choking and accumulation of lumps in some detail.

Zhang Jingyue, a representative of the warm tonic school in the Ming Dynasty, summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of tumor-like diseases in a more comprehensive way, and took a step deeper into the identification of accumulation, summarizing the drugs for treating accumulation into four major categories: attacking, eliminating, tonifying, and dispersing, and proposing different treatments for choking and regurgitating, as well as treating the mild and superficial diseases early to prevent the occurrence of tumor-like diseases such as choking and regurgitating.

Chen proposed different treatments for choking and regurgitation.

Chen Shikong's "Surgical Zhengzong" describes the symptoms of breast cancer in detail, mentioning the features of "hardness, wood pain, and sores and bumps near the nipple", and believes that the treatment of swollen ulcers and tumors should emphasize on both internal and external aspects, and it is especially important to regulate the spleen and stomach. Wang Kentang also had a deeper understanding of tumor diseases, and recorded the etiology and prognosis of breast cancer, choking and diaphragm, etc. in the "Guidelines for the Treatment of Evidence". Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" recorded rich anti-tumor drugs such as Bei Mu, Huang Yao Zi, Kelp, Xia Ku Cao, Semen Xie, Nan Xing, San Ling, Curcuma, and more than a hundred other kinds. Surgery Qixuan. The Chapter of Blood Tumor and Tumors" recorded the use of excision method and medicinal thread ligation method to treat tumors with obvious protrusion and small roots, and tibial fibroid tumors.

Surgery Qixuan. A Collection of Surgical Tests and Treatments for the Treatment of Breast Cancer, Malignant Nuclei, and Stony Gangrene

recorded in detail the use of internal and external medicines for the treatment of breast cancer.

The Qing Dynasty had begun to emphasize the importance of tumor prevention, early detection and timely treatment. Wu Qian's "Medical Zong Jin Jian" suggested that if early detection and proper treatment were carried out, the cancer could be cured and "with disease and end of the day", which is consistent with the concept that many patients with tumors can live with the disease if they are detected early and treated in time in the clinic. This is consistent with the concept that many tumor patients in our clinic can survive with disease if they are detected early and treated in time. Wu also recognized that the tumor growth site is mostly related to internal organs and meridians, such as "breast rock" belongs to liver and spleen lesions, leakage, subcutaneous tapes and other tumors belong to Chong, Ren and other chakra lesions, oral tumors belong to the heart and spleen meridians, and laryngeal tumors are caused by the lung meridians and heat, moreover, the language loss of gas and become. In the medical literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are also records about similar penile cancer and tongue cancer, etc. Gao Bingjun of Qing Dynasty described the onset process of "Kidney Rock Flowering" in his "Collection of Ulcer Insights", and also put "Tongue Sore", "Loss of Glory", "Milk Sore", and "Breast Sore" in his "Collection of Ulcer Insights". "

Ming Ming Dynasty (1644-1867), the first time in the history of the Chinese medicine industry, the Chinese medicine industry was the first time in the history of the Chinese medicine industry, the Chinese medicine industry was the first time in the history of the Chinese medicine industry.

Ming and Qing Dynasties, the prosperity of Chinese medicine tumor academic mainly manifested in the deepening of theoretical research, further understanding of the development and prognosis of tumor disease, put forward the tumor should be treated early, the treatment method of tumor is also more abundant, especially to understand more drugs have therapeutic effect on the tumor, which is of great significance to the guidance of the clinic.

4. Stage of improvement and development

After the end of the Qing Dynasty, western medicine was introduced in large quantities, and the understanding of tumors began the period of convergence of Chinese and western medicine. With the penetration of modern medicine, the understanding of Chinese medicine on tumors also made significant progress and improvement. With the penetration of modern medicine, Chinese medicine also made remarkable progress and improvement in the understanding of tumors. The series of "Blood Stasis Expelling Soup" founded by Wang Qingren at the end of Qing Dynasty provided a strong theoretical basis for the treatment of tumors by activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis in the later generations. In Wang Weide's "Surgical Evidence and Treatment of Tumors", Yanghe Tang, Rhinoceros Yellow Pill, Qianjin Tori San were used internally, and toad clams were applied externally, which established many effective formulas for treating cancer. Tang Rongchuan was an early representative of the school of Chinese and Western medicine. In his book "The Theory of Blood Evidence" and "Five Medical Books of Chinese and Western Medicine", he discussed the evidence of "plumpness" similar to gastric cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc. He believed that tumor diseases such as plumpness, accumulation and obstruction of the abdomen were associated with stagnation of qi and blood in the internal organs and meridians, and he advocated the method of invigorating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Zhang Xichun's "Medical Zhongzhong Ganshi Lu" proposed the treatment of diaphragm with Sen Ochre Peiyuan Tang in "Treatment of Diaphragmatic Food", which explained the etiology of esophageal cancer and cardia cancer of the stomach fundus, emphasized on the method of replenishing and removing blood stasis, and provided the theoretical basis for the treatment of cancers with the method of supporting the positive and strengthening the root cause.

The study of tumors with the idea of convergence of Chinese and Western medicines has been influenced from the end of Qing Dynasty to the present time, especially in the past half century, the field of Chinese medicine has carried out extensive and in-depth researches on tumors from the experimental and clinical perspectives by using the modern technology, and has constantly explored the new methods of Chinese medicine for treating tumors, and the oncology of Chinese medicine has become an independent discipline, which is playing an active role in the treatment of tumor diseases.

Modern Chinese medicine integrates traditional Chinese medicine theories with the knowledge of experiments, western medicine, biology and other related disciplines, and researches on the prevention and treatment methods of tumors in multiple aspects, which has made significant breakthroughs and obvious achievements, mainly reflected in the following aspects:

(1) The contents about tumors in the ancient medicinal literature are sorted out and excavated, and the systematic study of Chinese medicine on tumor Understanding and treatment methods, and combined with the research results of modern medicine on tumors, a number of teaching materials and writings on Chinese medicine tumors have been prepared from the perspective of combining Chinese and Western medicine, which are used to guide the clinic and provide references for further research.

(2) On the basis of literature and theoretical research, the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors have been summarized, and the etiology of Chinese medicine is mainly divided into three aspects, namely, internal causes, external causes and physical factors, and the pathogenesis is mainly in four aspects, namely, the weakness of positive qi, stagnation of qi and blood stasis, phlegm and dampness, and heat and toxicity, and the deficiency of positive qi is the basis of the cause of tumors, and the evil reality is the target of tumors, and the tumors are often characterized by the mixture of deficiencies and realities. According to the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors, Chinese medicine treatment of tumors is defined as two categories: supporting the positive and dispelling the evil, and dispelling the evil can be divided into treatments such as activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, dispelling phlegm and removing dampness, and removing toxins and heat.

(3) The therapeutic efficacy of many traditional Chinese medicines with anticancer effects recorded in ancient literature was confirmed, and the mechanism of anticancer effects was studied. It was found that Chinese herbal medicines have different mechanisms of action against cancer. Supporting normal medicine mainly improves the immunity of the body, strengthens the body constitution, indirectly plays the role of tumor suppression and anticancer, and reduces the clinical symptoms and delays the life; dispelling medicine mainly kills the cancer cells directly and inhibits the growth of the cancer cells. Supporting normal and dispelling evil **** work together to achieve the purpose of tumor treatment.

(4) Screening anti-cancer effective herbs from a large number of prescriptions and conducting experimental research and clinical validation, from which anti-cancer herbal preparations or active ingredients are extracted as chemotherapeutic drugs, such as extracting indigo erythromelanin from Cynanchum vulgare for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia; using curcuminoid oil to make injections for the treatment of cervical cancer; extracting colchicine from Cynanchum vulgare for breast cancer; and extracting oil from Cynanchum vulgare for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical carcinoma, which are currently used in clinical treatment.

(5) For the side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, traditional Chinese medicine has the function of reducing toxicity and increasing efficiency. In recent years, it has been confirmed that the use of traditional Chinese medicine according to clinical diagnosis and treatment can not only increase the anti-cancer effect, but also reduce the toxic side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the body. At present, there are a large number of literature reports on the use of Chinese and western therapeutic methods in the treatment of cancer.

All in all, modern Chinese medicine from prevention to treatment of tumors have shown obvious advantages, Chinese medicine as a means of anti-cancer more and more attention, I believe that with the continuous deepening of the research, Chinese medicine anti-cancer research techniques and methods are increasingly improved and developed, in the treatment of cancer as a difficult disease will certainly play a greater role.