How to answer the characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture and the law of development?

Characteristics:

Historically, the Chinese have paid great attention to people and real life in the ideal real world. Traditional Chinese architecture considers the feelings of "people" in it, and emphasizes more on the self-expression of "things" themselves. This humanistic approach has its deep cultural roots.

For example, in terms of building materials, traditional Chinese architecture with wood, not to pursue its permanence, is the idea of non-permanence, is the Chinese cultural foundation of non-permanence decided. Whereas in the West, where it is the epic of stone, the pursuit of architectural permanence. In the building volume, Chinese architecture to the human scale as the principle, the requirements of the "big strong", but also to "appropriate shape".

Building height and space are controlled within the scale suitable for human habitation, with the primary human scale ideas, even the Imperial Palace, temples can not make too big. Styling Chinese architecture pay attention to the aesthetic principles of peace and nature, smooth, focusing on horizontal lines. Even the upward development of the tower also added horizontal lines, combined with the Chinese pavilion architecture.

In gardens, architecture is solidified Chinese painting and literature, which takes the mood as the core of creation, making the architectural space of gardens poetic and picturesque.

At the same time, the freedom of garden layout from a side of Confucianism, Taoism and two kinds of ideas in the Chinese cultural field of alternation and complementarity, but also enough to show that the art of gardening through the twists and turns of the subtle way to reflect the people want to get rid of feudalism, longing to return to the true will of the will of the people. China's traditional gardening ideas, layout and techniques have been widely used in modern architecture at home and abroad.

Like many buildings in other countries, the exterior is divided into three parts: the foundation, the body of the house and the roof, but the roof of traditional Chinese buildings is especially large, sometimes almost as high as the body of the house, and each part has certain proportions and standard practices.

The built environment of "unity of heaven and mankind", reverence for nature, and love of nature have existed since ancient times. Ancestors have long been aware of the "heaven and earth, and people and" harmonization. Zhou Yi. Qian Gua": "The adults, and heaven and earth together *** Germany, and the sun and the moon together *** Ming, and the four times together *** order, and the ghosts and gods together *** good and bad. The first heaven and the sky is not violated, and the second heaven and the time of heaven."

Confucianism advocates "the unity of man and heaven", Taoism advocates "natural inaction". The sky is also, nature is also. Whether it is Confucianism's "up and down and heaven and earth with the flow" ("Mengzi - the heart"), or Taoism's "heaven and earth and I was born, and all things with me as one" ("Zhuangzi - Qi matter theory"), all the people and all things of the earth and sky are closely linked together as inseparable * * * * * the same body. **same body.

Thus forming a subjective force, prompting people to explore nature, close to nature, development of nature; on the other hand, the mountains and rivers are magnificent, the scenery of the country's beautiful scenery inspires people to love nature, eulogize the infinite passion of nature.

The idea of "unity of man and nature" and the appreciation of natural beauty has become the core of traditional aesthetics, and accordingly produced a gorgeous landscape culture, landscape paintings, landscape gardens, and the emergence of scenic spots.

Under the influence of this aesthetic trend, people deal with the relationship between the building and the natural environment is not to hold an antagonistic attitude with nature, with the building to control the natural environment; on the contrary, it is to hold a pro-peace attitude, which formed the building harmony in the natural environment attitude.

For example, Shi Chong, a great bureaucrat of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, built in the suburbs of Luoyang, Heyang Bieye (Jingu Garden): "the system of the house side, but blocking the long embankment, in front of the clear canal, cypress trees a few in ten thousand plants, running water around the house" (Shi Chong, "Sijiuquan - Preface"); the Buddhist monk Huiyuan in the operation of the Eastwood Temple in Mt. The peak of the incense burner, along with the waterfall of the ravine, still stone base, that is, the pine planting ditch. Clear springs around the steps, white clouds in the room.

Repeatedly in the temple in the special ink Zen Lin, Sen tree smoke condensation, stone runway moss. Where in the Zhan Cu, all the gods and gas clean" ("monks biography - Huiyuan biography"). Such descriptions are common in the literature.

From then on, those built in the landscape outside the city of Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, other businesses, mountain villages and settlements are very important to the site, not only to meet the needs of their respective functions, but also in how to play the flexibility of the architectural group of horizontal spread of the mountain, and because of the terrain, to achieve the local landscape and harmonize with the overall natural environment.

They are the same as dyeing the earth's landscape to make it condensed and vivid, to achieve the painting of the "landscape architecture", which is the Chinese people in the relationship between architecture and nature on the handling of the unique environmental awareness, although not completely conscious, but very obvious. Historically, the landscape "painting" and geomancy, for this environmental awareness have been part of the aesthetics and scientific exposition.

Harmony in the natural environment consciousness, more conscious and more profoundly embodied in the garden architecture. Broadly speaking, traditional Chinese architecture should include garden architecture. Inside the garden, the building does not have to be confined to one square and two compartments.

Ethical symbols are more or less diluted or even completely disappeared, and the architectural layout is given maximum freedom. Architecture and landscape, flowers and trees are organically organized into a series of scenic images, making the garden in general to achieve a higher level of architectural beauty and natural beauty of the realm of mutual integration.

Expanded

Architectural style

China is a unified multi-ethnic country since ancient times, these ethnic groups live in the region, due to the natural environment of the east, west, south, north and south of the natural environment and climatic conditions of the differences, but also due to the different areas of the respective production of different building materials.

So for generations, they will be in accordance with the natural conditions and the possible availability of materials, according to the different needs and habits of their respective production and life, to create a different building, and in the long-term development of their own construction practices and architectural style.

In the northern loess region, ancient people used the characteristics of loess, or adobe, or rammed earth to build a wall, so as to build a house, or constructed into a kiln as a dwelling. Later, they also used loess to burn bricks and tiles, which were used to build houses that were both convenient and durable.

In the south, the climate is humid and rainy, people will be bamboo and wood as a building material to construct houses to live. Southwest ethnic minority areas are located in subtropical, commonly used bamboo and wood built into a pole and rail building. The Tibetan Plateau, less rain and drought, the temperature difference between day and night, more masonry thick-walled flat-top bunker.

Mongolian region, according to the nomadic habit of living with water and grass and set up tent-style housing (yurt), this housing is easy to dismantle and relocation. Islamic architecture in the west preferred to use the pointed-arched building.

In short, the ancient people of all ethnic groups, according to natural conditions and local building materials may provide, according to their own way of life and the need for their own construction of different national styles of architecture, *** with the enrichment of China's ancient architectural content, *** with the development of the Chinese nation's ancient architecture to make their own contribution.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Ancient Chinese Architecture