What are the surveying and mapping instruments? How to classify?

1. Surveying and mapping instruments are instruments and devices designed and manufactured for surveying and mapping operations for data acquisition, processing and output. Including all kinds of instruments used for orientation, ranging, angle measurement, height measurement, mapping and photogrammetry in the planning, design, construction and management stages of engineering construction.

2, the classification of surveying and mapping instruments:

(1) theodolite

An instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a telescope, a horizontal dial, a vertical dial and a base. According to reading equipment, it is divided into vernier theodolite, optical theodolite and electronic (automatic display) theodolite. Theodolite is widely used in control, topography and construction lofting. There are six types of China theodolite series: DJ07, DJ 1, DJ2, DJ6, DJ 15, dj60 ("DJ" stands for "geodetic theodolite", "07, 1, 2, ..." respectively represent the average errors of this kind of instruments in the horizontal direction. When the theodolite is attached with special accessories, it can be composed of laser theodolite and inclined theodolite. In addition, there are special gyro theodolite, mine theodolite and photographic theodolite.

(2) Level

An instrument for measuring the height difference between two points. It consists of a telescope, a level (or compensator) and a base. According to the structure: fixed mirror level, rotating mirror level, slightly inclined level and automatic leveling level. Level is widely used in control, topography and construction lofting. China series standards include: DS05, DS 1, DS3, DS 10, DS20, etc. ("DS" stands for "geoid", and "05, 1, 3, ..." is the accidental mean error of height difference per kilometer expressed by this instrument, in millimeters). Laser levels can be formed when special accessories are installed on the level meter.

(3) Flat panel instrument

Main instruments for manual mapping of large-scale topographic maps on the ground. It consists of a collimator, a flat plate and a bracket. Adding an electromagnetic wave ranging device to the collimator can make the operation more convenient and fast.

(4) Electromagnetic wave range finder

An instrument that uses electromagnetic waves to carry ranging signals to measure the distance between two points. Those with a range of 5 ~ 20km are called medium-range rangefinders, and those with a range of less than 5km are called short-range rangefinders. The accuracy is generally 5mm+5ppm, which has the characteristics of small size, portability and high accuracy. Since the 1960s, rangefinders have developed rapidly. Since 1990s, the precision of the two-color precision photoelectric rangefinder has reached 0. 1mm+0. 1ppm. Electromagnetic wave range finder has been widely used in control, topography, construction lofting and other fields, which has doubled the field work efficiency and ranging accuracy.

(5) Total station

According to JJG 100 specification, total station is also called electronic velocimeter, which is composed of electronic theodolite, electromagnetic wave rangefinder, microcomputer, program module, memory and automatic recording device. It can quickly perform multi-functional electronic measuring instruments such as ranging, angle measurement, calculation and recording. There are two types: integral type and combined type. The integral electronic speedometer is an integral combination of all functional components, which can automatically display the oblique distance and angle, automatically calculate and display the horizontal distance, elevation difference and coordinate increment, and has a high degree of automation. Combined electronic velocimeter, that is, electronic theodolite, electromagnetic wave range finder, computer and drawing equipment are combined as needed, which is not only highly automated, but also has great flexibility. The invention is suitable for engineering survey and large-scale topographic survey. It can also provide analysis data for the establishment of digital ground model, make ground survey tend to be automatic, and can also track and measure moving targets, such as the trajectory observation of ships entering and leaving the port in port engineering.

(6) Gyro theodolite

An instrument that combines a gyroscope and a theodolite to determine the true orientation. It can be used in the range of 75 degrees north and south latitude of the earth. When the gyro rotates at high speed, it swings back and forth on both sides of the axis meridian plane due to the influence of the earth's rotation. Through observation, the true north direction can be determined. Gyro theodolite is mainly used for the directional work of traverse survey in mines and tunnels. Some gyro theodolite is controlled by microprocessor, which automatically displays the measurement results and has high measurement accuracy. Laser gyro theodolite has the characteristics of high precision, stability and low cost.

(7) Laser measuring instruments

Various measuring instruments equipped with laser emitters. There are many such instruments, and their similarity is that a He-Ne laser is connected to the telescope, and the laser beam is guided into the telescope tube to make it coincide with the collimation axis. Using the advantages of good directivity, small emission angle, high brightness and high red visibility, a clear quasi-straight line is formed as the basis for directional positioning. Widely used in large-scale building construction, ditch tunnel excavation, large-scale machine installation, deformation observation and other engineering surveys.

Common laser measuring instruments are:

① Laser collimator and laser guide. They are similar in structure and are used for ditch, tunnel or pipeline construction, large-scale machinery installation and building deformation observation. At present, the laser collimation accuracy has reached 10-5 ~ 10-6.

② Laser vertical line instrument. An instrument that aligns a laser beam vertically. Used for vertical positioning of high-rise buildings, chimneys, elevators and other construction processes. , used for later tilt observation, with an accuracy of 0.5× 10-4.

③ Laser theodolite. Used for alignment, positioning and setting known angles in building and equipment installation. Usually the deviation within 200 meters is less than 1 cm.

(4) laser levels. Besides the function of ordinary level, it can also be used for aiming and guiding. If the automatic tracking photoelectric receiving target is installed on the leveling ruler, laser leveling can be carried out.

⑤ Laser Planar Instrument. A multifunctional laser measuring instrument for building construction, in which a vertical beam is converted into a horizontal beam through a pentaprism; The micro-motor drives the pentaprism to rotate, and the horizontal beam scans, giving the laser horizontal plane with an accuracy of 20□. It is suitable for hoisting construction, formwork support, pouring and horizontal control of sliding platform and grid roof truss in large area concrete floor slab, which is accurate, convenient and labor-saving.

(8) Hydrostatic level

An instrument for measuring the tiny height difference between two points with a connecting pipe. It is mainly an observation system consisting of a sounder and a controller. The former is driven by a micro motor, and the measuring needle automatically tracks the water level for observation. After the latter is connected with the settlement point by wire through the sounder, the electronic equipment component is used to direct any settlement point to work, and the digital tube displays the observation value point by point. Under good conditions, the observation accuracy can reach about 0.05 mm. This instrument is mainly used for the accurate determination of building settlement, building installation and tilt observation in earthquake prediction.

(9) Photographic theodolite

The main instruments for field work of ground photogrammetry are assembled by camera and theodolite. The camera has an objective lens, a camera box, a film carrier and an image detector. Accurate frame marks are mounted on the carrier frame. Theodolite is used to determine the coordinates of the camera station and the detection point, and to determine the direction of the main optical axis. Mainly used for topographic and non-topographic photogrammetry.

(10) three-dimensional coordinate measuring instrument

In photogrammetry, an instrument used to determine the plane rectangular coordinates and coordinate difference (parallax) of photos with the same name on a stereo image pair. It consists of observation system, guide rail system, photo CD, measuring system and lighting equipment. Some instruments have automatic coordinate recording devices, or they can directly obtain punched paper tapes used by computers, or they are equipped with devices to automatically take images of the measured image points. It is mainly used to analyze the encrypted image control points of aerial triangulation and ground stereo photogrammetry.

(1 1) stereo plotter

Aerial photogrammetry omnibearing surveying and mapping instruments. It is the main surveying and mapping instrument in photogrammetry. Its structural principle is based on the geometric inversion of the photographic process. It consists of projection system, measurement system, observation system and drawing system. According to the projection mode, the instrument can be divided into three types: optical projection, mechanical projection and optical mechanical projection. According to the scope of use, there are instruments specially designed for ground stereo phototheodolite, and there are all-around instruments that can be used for both aerial photography and ground photography. Some are limited to surveying and mapping, and some can also be used for aerial triangulation. Now the development trend is that the host structure tends to be simple, but various peripheral devices, such as automatic coordinate recording device, orthographic projection device, numerical control drawing table and so on. , in order to expand the scope of use and improve work efficiency. In addition, analytical mapping instrument can also be classified as universal mapping instrument, which consists of high-precision three-dimensional coordinate measuring instrument with feedback system, electronic computer, numerical control drawing table, console and corresponding software. The new analytical mapper can map online or offline, and its man-machine interactive digital photogrammetry, information base and graphics system can be used for cadastral survey and aerial triangulation, and can obtain digital ground models and profiles, carry out ground photogrammetry and update maps.

(12) Orthophoto Projector

A special instrument for photogrammetry, which can convert a central projection photo with tilt and ground fluctuation into a forward projection image. Orthophoto has the characteristics of quick mapping, rich information and intuitive understanding. Orthographic projectors are generally divided into optical projection and electronic projection. Orthogonal images can be generated online or offline.