What are the artistic forms of China traditional operas?

Guizhou ethnic minorities can sing and dance well, and traditional music and dance are rich and colorful. The music of all ethnic groups in Guizhou is not only varied, but also unique. The following are the songs of some major ethnic minorities in Guizhou Province.

1. Miao nationality

(1) Song

Miao songs can be divided into flying songs, traveling songs, folk songs, narrative songs and sacrificial songs. "Flying Song" is a distinctive genre in Miao music, which is often sung in Shan Ye, forests and fields. It is characterized by high pitch, vigorous momentum, relaxed rhythm and great melody fluctuation. In some areas, there are male flying songs and female flying songs, and they are also divided into high-pitched and flat-pitched. Flying songs have a wide range of themes, which is a treasure of Miao singing art.

(2) Musical Instruments Lusheng is the most famous among Miao musical instruments. Paika Village in Leishan County and Guangxin Village in Kaili City are famous professional villages for Lusheng production. Others include awn tube, suona, tuba, straight flute, bamboo flute, oral string, ancient gourd, erhu, Hu Si, wooden drum, bronze drum, leather drum, big screen gong, big gong, wrapped gong, big hook, small hook and konoha. According to its function, Miao instrumental music can be divided into two categories: custom, ritual and life. The former is composed of musical instruments, while the latter is mostly solo.

2. Buyi people

Buyi music can be divided into vocal music and instrumental music.

(1) Song

According to the usage of lyrics, Buyi folk songs can be divided into Buyi folk songs and China folk songs.

According to the content and singing occasions, it can be divided into love songs, productive labor songs and folk songs.

(2) Musical instruments

The musical instruments of Buyi nationality include bronze drum, suona, Leyou, Yang Le, pen container, sister flute, Duixiao, Niuguhu, Huluqin, flute, Qin Yue, leather drum, big gong, small gong, manggong, cymbal and wood. Its playing forms are solo, ensemble, ensemble, percussion and so on.

Waiting for family

(1) The four Song people were divided into two dialect areas, north and south, with Jinping as the boundary. The musical styles of these two dialect areas are quite different.

A. Bedon

Folk songs in the northern region include folk songs, folk songs, riverside songs, good deeds songs (wine songs), wedding songs and so on. Folk songs have a wide range of themes and rich contents. Mostly in the form of duets and songs. Playing folk songs is a song for young men and women to exchange their thoughts and feelings and pour out their love. This kind of songs are broad in tune, passionate, wide in range, free in rhythm and varied. Good deeds songs are songs sung at banquets, and the tunes vary from place to place. Generally speaking, the melody is comfortable and beautiful. Wedding songs are songs sung by girls in the same village when they accompany the bride one month or more before the girl gets married. In addition, filial piety songs also have certain characteristics.

B. Nandong

The traditional Dong culture preserved in southern China is relatively complete, and its music has strong national characteristics. Music in this area can be roughly divided into Daqu, Xiaoqu, folk songs and narrative songs. A big song is a song sung by a chorus. Its main theme is in the bass part, and the treble part is changed by adding flowers at the head of the song. Daqu has a rigorous structure and a relatively fixed musical form. There are many kinds of Daqu, including Drum Tower Daqu, Narrative Daqu, Children Daqu, Female Daqu and Mixed Voice Daqu. Multi-voice unaccompanied songs are the most distinctive musical form of Dong people, and they have been performed abroad for many times, enjoying a good reputation overseas. The content of the song is mainly love songs. This kind of songs are short in structure, implicit and affectionate in lyrics, euphemistic and lingering in tune, and are mostly sung gently and slowly by young men and women. There are two kinds of songs: instrumental accompaniment and non-instrumental accompaniment.

(2) Musical instruments

Dong musical instruments mainly include pipa, Niuguqin, Lusheng, Dong flute, suona, erhu, gongs and drums, cymbals and konoha. There are several ways to play: solo, accompaniment and ensemble.

4. Aquarium

(1) Song

Shui folk songs are mainly divided into double songs, single songs, tune words, admire Russia and children's songs. The antithesis is divided into toasting, congratulations, narrative antithesis and fable antithesis. The former two songs are usually sung one by one. The first song has two fixed harmony lines, and there are two praise lines at the end of the song. At the beginning of singing, the singer raised his glass or shook chopsticks on the table, and the people around him sang and sang in unison. After the main part of the song is sung, everyone tacitly sings the background and chimes. Every lyric of a song can exist independently and express a unique meaning. There are two kinds of acoustic cavity applications: flat cavity and high cavity. Music rhythm is relatively free compared with other kinds of songs, and it is an ancient form of Shui music.

(2) Musical instruments

Aquarium musical instruments include bronze drums, leather drums, lusheng, suona and erhu.

5. Gelao nationality

(1) Song

Gelao songs mainly include folk songs, love songs, wine songs, marriage customs songs, sacrificial songs, children's songs and so on. Folk songs are songs sung in the fields on the hillside, with a wide range of contents. The lyrics are mostly seven words and four sentences, which are festive and lively. Love songs are songs about love between young men and women, with euphemistic melodies. Nine Songs is a song sung at weddings, funerals and celebrations, with simple rhythm and melody.

Wedding custom songs are sung at weddings, with bright rhythm and smooth melody. Sacrificial songs are sung during ancestor worship in festivals, and the tune can be said to be an exaggerated extension of spoken voice, with strong recitation and no fixed rhythm. Children's songs of Gelao nationality have active rhythm and simple feelings.

(2) Musical instruments

The instruments of the Gelao nationality are Lusheng, suona, gongs and drums, wooden barrels, konoha, flute, Qin Yue, erhu and Hu Si.

6. Tujia nationality

(1) Song

Tujia songs include folk songs, slapstick songs, folk songs, sacrificial songs, wedding songs, labor songs,

"Liuzile" and so on. Folk songs are rich in content and simple in feelings. The slapstick song is also a kind of folk song. Because of the accompaniment of gongs and drums when singing, it is also called "cutting grass and gongs and drums" The slapstick song is a song sung in order to relieve fatigue and incite emotions during the reform. Generally speaking, two people sing, sometimes lead singer, sometimes duet, and sometimes people who take part in labor also help. Two singers followed closely behind the mowing team, one beating gongs and the other beating drums. Where mowing is out of date, they chase after it, knocking and singing. Sometimes some humorous boards called "shouting slogans" are added before singing to make the atmosphere more active. The melody of slapstick songs is warm, high-pitched, simple, free and easy, with many high notes, long tones and long and broad tunes. Labor bugle and Liuzile are distinctive musical forms in Tujia music. The labor horn has the characteristics of multi-voice structure. One is a two-part structure with a lead singer, and the other is a three-part structure with a lead singer and two lead singers. The latter is a primitive contrasting polyphonic texture, which is a distinctive polyphonic music in China folk chorus.

(2) Musical instruments

"Liuzi Music" is a kind of percussion music widely circulated by Tujia people. The basic musical instruments are small gong, big gong, cymbal and drum. There are hundreds of traditional qupai. Tujia musical instruments include suona, erhu, Xiao, Hug drum, cymbals and drums. The "eight tones" played by eight people with eight musical instruments are unique. Its music usually consists of eight ditties.

7. Yi people

(1) Song

Yi folk songs include "Qugu" which reflects the love life of young men and women, as well as "Jicha" (China songs), wedding and funeral songs, narrative songs, "Bimo" songs and children's songs. The singing forms of Qugu are mainly solo and duet, as well as chorus and simple two-part chorus. Female voice uses falsetto, male voice uses real voice. The lyrics of Shacha are mainly in Chinese, and the structure and rhythm of the lyrics are the same as those of Guizhou Han folk songs. Wedding songs are songs sung at weddings. Due to the different singing roles and song contents, the characteristics of tunes and melodies are also different. Funeral songs are similar to filial piety songs of the Han nationality, with solo and duet forms. The tunes are simple, mostly in rap style, and some songs are just the repetition of a phrase, and the mood is relatively low. Narrative songs have small fluctuations in melody and simple structure, and most of them are infinite repetitions of one or two phrases. Only a few songs are multi-segment structures with strong melodies. "Bimo" is a song sung by religious professional "Bimo" at the sacrificial ceremony, with a slightly undulating melody, almost chanting. The tune of children's songs is similar to that of "Qugu" sung by adults, but the rhythm is brighter, the structure is short and the language is vivid.

(2) Musical instruments

Yi musical instruments mainly include suona, Qin Yue, erhu, gong, drum and cymbal.

8. Other ethnic minorities

Yao, Zhuang, Bai and other ethnic groups also have their own unique music forms, which enrich the treasure house of Guizhou music culture.

(2) Dance

There are many kinds of national dances in Guizhou with distinctive national characteristics.

1. Miao nationality,

Lusheng dance is the most popular and distinctive dance form among Miao people, which is popular in other areas except Tongren. Lusheng dance is mostly performed in festivals, mainly in group dance. Lusheng dance in northwest Guizhou is performed by one person or several people in addition to group dance. Some Lusheng dancers can make many thrilling and difficult movements, integrating dance, acrobatics, sports and music. Drum dance is also a popular dance among Miao people, especially the flower drum dance in Songtao area. There are many forms such as male dance, female dance, mixed dance, solo dance, two-person dance, four-person dance and eight-person dance. In terms of the number of musical instruments, there are single-sided drums, double-sided drums and four-sided drums. Dance can show all aspects of social life. Taijiang is known as the "Oriental disco" because of its passionate anti-raft action. The "Golden Rooster Dance" in Danzhai is also very distinctive. It's a mixed group dance. Several young men lined up in front to play lusheng as a guide, and dozens or even hundreds of young women lined up in a long snake array to follow closely, circling counterclockwise, turning and jumping. The dance is dominated by footwork, the waist and knees swing naturally, and the hands relax vertically at the skirt. The dance steps are slow and elegant. Against the backdrop of unique costumes, the whole dance is like a golden pheasant foraging, full of rich life breath. In addition, bench dancing and bronze drum dance are also popular in some Miao areas in southeastern Guizhou, southern Guizhou and southwestern Guizhou.

2. Buyi people

Buyi people's dances include bird and beast dances that simulate birds and beasts, sacrificial dances that perform exorcism and pray at sacrificial ceremonies, and folk dances that show production, life, struggle and customs. Among them, sacrificial dance accounts for a large proportion. For example, "Bronze Drum Brush Dance", "Swing Dance" and "Transition Dance" were all performed at the funeral ceremony. Buyi dance is dominated by male and female dances, and the number of performers is mostly even. Dance music is mainly percussion. The extensive use of props in dance constitutes one of the remarkable characteristics of Buyi dance.

3. Dong nationality

There are also "multi-leaf", Lusheng dance, dragon dance and lion dance. "Foliage" is mainly popular in Congjiang, Rongjiang and Liping areas. When dancing, men or women, or men and women live together in a circle, holding hands, dancing and singing with neat steps, and shaking hands with the beat at the same time, the atmosphere is warm. Lusheng dance is a group dance in which the dancers play Lusheng by themselves, and the number can reach hundreds. There are also some solos. Lusheng dance can imitate people's social production and life, imitate the actions of people and animals, and has strong expressive force. There is also a dance form "Dragon Boat" with national characteristics among the Dong people. During the performance, young men and women are divided into two columns, which are wound from the outside to the inside, then rotated from the inside to the outside, and coiled into a spiral shape, like a long queue. Dragon and lion dances are mostly held during the Spring Festival, similar to those of other ethnic groups.

4. Tujia nationality',

The most famous Tujia dance is swing dance. Generally speaking, performances are held on the third to fifteenth day of the first lunar month. This is a group dance. During the performance, good dancers lead the dancers to form a circle and dance while walking. In the center of the circle, one person is in charge of gongs and drums, playing the role of conductor and accompaniment. Hand-waving dance can show the content of production and social life, and it is vigorous, rough and unrestrained. Sacrificial dance, sweet bell dance is also full of characteristics. This is a dance performed by Ma Ti, a religious professional of Tujia nationality, when he presided over the ceremony of "solving money" for his ancestors. Dance is divided into sitting dance and standing dance, and the movements are simple. In addition, Tujia people are also popular with Meishan dance, vault dance, dragon lantern dance and clam shell dance.

5. Yi people

Yi dance has May Kai performed at the wedding, Ken Hebei performed at the funeral (also known as "chime dance" or "jump"), Bridge Dance and Wheat Planting, which reflect productive labor, as well as children dance's Asrixi and festival dance "Drilling Dragon Gate". The same dance has different programs and performances in different places. For example, "Ameikai" is popular in Bijie, Jinsha and Dafang, such as "not extravagant borrowing" (cricket dance), "Bi Shu Lei" (wrapped in straw mats) popular in Bijie, Jinsha, Dafang, Nayong, Weining and Shuicheng, and "Bu Gu" popular in Weining and Hezhang. Different programs have different styles. Generally speaking, festivals in yi dance are lively, rough and unrestrained.

6. Gelao nationality

The dances of Gelao people include stepping on the hall, drinking ceremony, dragon lantern and lion dance. Perform a step dance in the hall where the spiritual pivot is parked during the funeral. At that time, three or four people will be led by playing lusheng, ringing bells, hitting money poles and practicing knives, singing and dancing, and everyone will walk behind hand in hand. When dancing, the body bends slightly, jumps back and forth, and constantly changes the team shape. A wine dance was performed at the wedding. During the performance, the leading dancer held a handkerchief and led the dancers to form a circle on the ground in front of the house, singing and dancing counterclockwise, and the atmosphere was warm.

7. Aquarium

The dance of Shui nationality mainly includes bronze drum dance and gladiator dance. Bronze drum dance is mainly performed at weddings, funerals and festivals. This kind of dance can show rich social life content. Dancers follow the drums of bronze drums and leather drums, or take strong steps, or spin and jump quickly. The scene is spectacular, warm, elegant and simple. Generally, the fighting dance is performed by 65,438+00 people, among whom 5 people play Lusheng and 5 people play * * * accompanied by mangguan. The other five girls, with their heads tied in pheasant tails and white feather skirts around their waists, danced to the rhythm. Play the lead dance of the small lusheng, and follow closely with the lusheng. This dance started in beginning of spring and continued until the seedlings headed.

8. Yao nationality

Yao dance mainly includes monkey dance, hunting dance and long dance. Monkeys inspired Yao people to say "Jiu Ge Lang" and perform it at the funeral. At that time, a shoulder-high wooden drum will be erected in the center of the venue, and several bronze drums will be hung on one side of the venue. The performer kept jumping and beating the wooden drum in imitation of the monkey's movements. At the same time, some people take turns knocking on bronze drums for fun, and their rhythm is consistent with the dance. Hunting dance is called "which is long" in Yao language and will also be performed at funerals. There are bear dance, monkey dance, goat dance and wild boar dance, which show hunting scenes. Long drum dance is a kind of festive dance, which mainly shows the scenes of productive labor and making wooden drums.

9. Maonan nationality

Maonan people are also popular with monkey encouragement.

(3) Drama

In this multi-ethnic land of Guizhou, there are many professional art performance groups. Guizhou opera is a hometown opera in Guizhou, which is deeply loved by the people of the whole province. Guizhou operas The Beauty of Qin Niang, The Lady of Luxury Fragrance, the large-scale musical Manluohua, and the light drama Seven Sisters and the Snake Lang are also well-known both inside and outside the province. There are more than 4000 amateur art performance groups active in all parts of our province. There are Lusheng Team, Suona Team, Song and Dance Team, Acrobatic Team, Bayin Team, Lantern Team, Local Opera Team, Tang Nuo Theatre Company and Buyi Theatre Company. Most of their programs and plays are written and performed by themselves, which have strong national characteristics and are warmly supported by people of all ethnic groups and welcomed by foreign friends.

Guizhou minority dramas include Nuo opera with strong witchcraft color, lantern opera transplanted from Han nationality, Buyi opera and Dong opera with strong comprehensiveness.

1. Nuo opera

Several ethnic groups in Guizhou have Nuo operas. Nuo opera can be roughly divided into two categories: witch Nuo and military Nuo.

(1) Wu Nuo

Popular in Miao, Buyi, Dong, Tujia, Yi and Gelao, witchcraft in these ethnic groups can be roughly divided into Nuo Tang Opera popular in eastern Guizhou, Tujia and Gelao in northern Guizhou, Nuo Chu popular in Libo Buyi and Cuoji popular in Weining.

(2) Military Nuo

Military Nuo was popular in Anshun City and Guiyang City, and was brought to Guizhou by the Ming army "transferring from the north to the south" in the Ming Dynasty. It was popular in the army at first, and it was an activity of training soldiers and practicing martial arts. Later, it gradually became a folk entertainment with religious color, and was introduced to Buyi and Gelao ethnic groups. Because it is performed on the flat ground and there is no stage, it is also called "local opera"; Because of its religious color, it is also called "jumping into the sky"

The performance of local operas is held in the first month of the lunar calendar. Its performance also has the nature of rewarding the gods, but the composition of witchcraft is much less than witchcraft. Most of the dramas are martial arts dramas, performing official stories. There are mainly Xue's "East Expedition", "West Expedition" and "Five Tigers". Wear a mask when performing. Compared with the ferocious and bizarre masks of Nuo Opera, the masks of local operas are affable.

Play with lanterns

Lantern Opera is a popular art form of traditional Chinese opera in Han nationality. Its outstanding feature is that the hand never leaves the fan and handkerchief, singing and dancing, and singing and doing are closely combined. After the Ming Dynasty's "Transfer from North to South" and "Transfer from North to South", with the arrival of a large number of Han immigrants, it was gradually introduced into Guizhou and absorbed by some ethnic minorities. After a certain nationalization transformation, it has become an art form of national opera. ;

Among the ethnic minorities in Guizhou, Buyi, Tujia, Gelao and Miao are popular with lanterns, among which Dushan Buyi and Qiandong Tujia lanterns are the most famous.

Dushan Lantern is closely related to Jiangxi's "tea picking" and "Yiyang tune", which absorbs the tone art of Zhuang nationality in Guangxi. The early Dushan Lantern Festival was dominated by songs and dances, including "Stepping on a New Platform" and "Lingguan Sweeping the Platform". Later, dramas such as Huaiyin Story, The Red Lantern Story and Rebirth Story gradually appeared. The lyrics of Deng Hua Dao Bai of Dushan Buyi nationality are mainly in Chinese, but there are also Buyi languages.

Tujia lanterns in eastern Guizhou were introduced from Jiangnan in the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of the original lanterns, Tujia folk artists have integrated some elements of their own Nuo opera and waving dance, forming their own characteristics. Tujia lanterns in eastern Guizhou are mainly based on historical stories and folklore. The main repertoires are Zheng Dong, Zheng, The Story of the Red Lantern, The Eight Immortals Map and Guan Ye Dian Bing.

3. Buyi Opera and Dong Opera

Buyi Opera and Dong Opera are popular comprehensive, entertaining and functional drama art forms among ethnic minorities in Guizhou.

(1) Buyi Opera

Buyi Opera has a history of 100 years, and its birthplace is Ceheng, Xingyi and Anlong, which are at the border of Guizhou and Guangxi. The emergence of Buyi Opera is gradually formed on the basis of absorbing the beneficial components of Guangxi Zhuang Opera. Due to the different situations in different places, Buyi Opera has formed certain differences in different places. Buyi Opera in Ceheng is performed and sung, while Buyi Opera in Xingyi and Anlong Ganhe is in the form of sitting and singing.

The repertoire of Buyi Opera includes two aspects: one is to transplant the repertoire of Han nationality, and the other is to adapt it according to Buyi folk stories.

(2) Dong Opera

At the beginning of19th century, Wu Wang Wencai, one of the great songs of Dong people, founded Dong Opera on the basis of Han Opera (mainly Gui Opera and Lantern). Dong opera mainly shows life, Dan, cleanliness and ugliness. The first kind of opera is to announce itself as soon as it comes on stage and must be sung in front of the audience.

Generally, every village has a Dong Opera Troupe, and some villages set up Dong Opera Troupe according to their surnames and Drum Tower. Before the East Troupe, there were only male troupes, but after the founding of New China, there began to be actresses.

Dong opera is mainly based on three aspects: it is adapted from Han Zhuan; Adapted from Dong folk stories; Social real life.