How to ask questions about the rise of the Mongols and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty

Through the study of this lesson, students will understand the rise and unification of the Mongols and the process of the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the political rule and economic development of the Yuan Dynasty. They will grasp the basic historical facts such as the rise of the Mongol race, the unification of Mongolia by Genghis Khan, the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Kublai, the struggle of Wen Tianxiang against the Yuan, the main measures taken by Emperor Yuan Shizu to restore and develop agriculture, the development of transportation by water, the prosperity of the metropolis, the frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries, the establishment of the province system, and the development of national integration.

Through thinking about and summarizing the contributions of the Yuan Dynasty in China's history, students will understand the historical status of the Yuan Dynasty and develop their ability to synthesize and summarize historical knowledge. Through the narrative of ethnic integration in the Yuan Dynasty, students are inspired to realize that the further strengthening of ethnic integration in the Yuan Dynasty was achieved under the conditions of national unification and on the basis of ethnic integration in the previous generations, thus cultivating the ability of students to analyze the problems by initially applying the viewpoint of historical materialism.

Through the study of this lesson, students will realize that Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian ministries and established the Mongolian regime, which played a positive role in the development of Mongolian society. Wen Tianxiang has always been steadfast in his struggle against the Yuan Dynasty and has demonstrated noble temperament. The Yuan Dynasty was a powerful regime established by the Mongols: the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country with a vast territory; the provincial system exercised effective jurisdiction over the interior and the frontier and promoted the integration of nationalities; the social economy continued to develop; and there were frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries. The historical status of the Yuan Dynasty should be recognized.

Material Analysis and Teaching Suggestions

I. Key Points and Difficulties

This lesson focuses on the rise of the Mongols and the contribution of the Yuan Dynasty, which they founded, in the history of our country, and involves the content of the political and economic history of the Yuan Dynasty.

"The rise of the Mongols and the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty", "the provincial system" and "ethnic integration" are the key points of this lesson. The "province system" is the difficulty of this lesson. In addition, the content of this lesson is extensive, how to achieve a clear and focused narrative, is also a difficult point.

The Mongols are an important ethnic group in China's history, and their leader, Genghis Khan, unified the Mongolian steppe and established the Mongolian state, which is an outstanding figure in Chinese history. Following this, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which was very successful in political and economic aspects, and he was also an outstanding figure in Chinese history.

The "province system" is both the focus and the difficulty of this lesson. This concept is difficult for first-year students. The narrative should be combined with the "Yuan Dynasty boundaries" map to explain the following points: the implementation of the purpose of the provincial system, the content of the provincial system, the role of the provincial system, Tibet became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ryukyu (Taiwan) jurisdiction.

"Ethnic integration" is another key point in this lesson. Students should be made clear three points: First, the Yuan Dynasty ethnic integration, is a further strengthening of ethnic integration in history, starting from the Three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasty, the North and South Dynasties ethnic fusion, in the middle through the Sui, the Tang, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin to the Yuan Dynasty when the integration of ethnic groups entered a new stage. Secondly, the development of ethnic integration in the Yuan Dynasty was manifested in four aspects: the development of the frontier by the Han people; the migration of the frontier tribes into the interior and their intermingling with the Han and other tribes; the fusion of the Khitan, Jurchen and other tribes with the Han; and the beginning of the formation of the Hui tribe. Thirdly, the unification of the Yuan Dynasty promoted ethnic integration, and ethnic integration in turn promoted the economic and cultural development of all ethnic groups.　　

Two, the teaching method suggested

1. Introduction of the new class I can ask: two Song period in the north of China has appeared which minority regimes? In the students answered the Khitan established Liao, Danghang established the Western Xia and the Jin Jin, I pointed out that there was also a minority living in the north - the Mongols, which led to the introduction of the new lesson.

2. The rise of the Mongols and Genghis Khan unified Mongolia, should highlight the character of Genghis Khan. Through the story of Temujin's childhood experience to stimulate students' interest in learning, and Temujin's strong and sensitive impressed. When narrating, students can be instructed to look at the statue of Genghis Khan and the photo of Genghis Khan's Mausoleum to strengthen the perceptual impression. Emphasize that the establishment of the Mongolian regime is the greatest achievement of Genghis Khan. Speaking of the role of the establishment of the Mongolian regime, you can guide students to read the textbook "brainstorming" quoted in the "Secret History of Mongolia" in a poem: "There is no place to escape ......" to highlight the role of the establishment of the Mongolian regime. The role of the establishment of the regime.

3. The process of establishing the Yuan dynasty should be kept simple. In order to make the students clear, improve classroom efficiency, can also use maps or multimedia courseware to tell the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty and the process of unification, and pay attention to highlight the two major events: 1271 Kublai set the state name for the Yuan, 1276 Yuan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty. Regarding Wen Tianxiang's resistance to the Yuan, students can be instructed to read the small print or tell the story of Wen Tianxiang's resistance to the Yuan to learn about his noble spirit of defiance and chastity, and according to the characteristics of the students, they can be introduced to the "Crossing the Zero Ding Yang" and the "Song of Zhengqi" as appropriate.

4. The Yuan Dynasty's social economy and foreign relations, should be told from agriculture, land and water transportation, business and metropolitan, Chinese and foreign exchanges and other aspects. Before talking about the Yuan Shizu restoration and development of agricultural measures, you can first briefly describe the Mongolian aristocracy on the destruction of agriculture, in order to highlight the importance of the Yuan Shizu to agriculture. Transportation, must be combined with the map, and pay attention to "Huitong River" and "Tonghui River" do not confuse. To illustrate the commercial prosperity of the Yuan Dynasty, take the example of Yuan Dadu and emphasize that it was a world-famous metropolis with an endless stream of merchants and ambassadors from Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa to draw out the frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries at that time. Regarding Marco Polo and the Chronicle of Marco Polo's Travels, I can add some relevant stories and materials as appropriate.

5. Before talking about the provincial system, should first hang or play the courseware "Yuan dynasty territory" map, and will be the Yuan dynasty territory with the Han and Tang map comparison, emphasizing that the Yuan dynasty territory is unprecedentedly vast, is then a powerful feudal state in Asia. In order to carry out effective jurisdiction and rule, the Yuan government established the province system. This was the purpose of the provincial system. The content of the provincial system should be introduced as briefly as possible. Because it involves the whole set of ruling institutions of the Yuan Dynasty, it is more complicated and difficult for students to grasp. The introduction can be divided into: ① central - Zhongshu Province - the highest administrative organization in the country - jurisdiction over the metropolitan area and the surrounding area; ② local - Xing Zhongshu Province (province or province) - the Zhongshu Province of the sending organization - jurisdiction over 11 provinces (provinces). (ii) Local - Xingzhongshu Province (province or province) - the sending organization of the Zhongshu Province - governed 11 provinces (which could be referred to the scope of Lingbei, Liaoyang, and Yunnan Provinces, etc.); (iii) Tibet became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty; and (iv) Penghu Patrol Department governed Penghu and Ryukyus. Regarding the role of the province system, it should be pointed out that it was a major development of the county system since the Qin Dynasty, which was conducive to the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic state and had a profound influence on the Ming and Qing dynasties and the subsequent political system. From then on, the provinces became the local administrative organization of China and have been preserved to this day.

6. The narrative on ethnic integration should first guide students to briefly recall the historical facts of ethnic integration in China since the Han Dynasty, especially since the Three Kingdoms, in order to highlight the development and strengthening of ethnic integration in the Yuan Dynasty. With regard to ethnic integration, students can be instructed to read the text and identify its four manifestations. Students should also be instructed to read the poems of the late Yuan Dynasty quoted in the textbook to deepen their impression. Finally, the role of ethnic integration is emphasized.

7. When the whole lesson is finished and summarized, students can be asked, "What is the contribution of the Yuan dynasty in the history of our country?" I then summarize to emphasize the historical status of the Yuan dynasty.　　

Three, learning method guidance

1. This lesson in the whole textbook belongs to the second unit, the center of this unit is about the economic center of gravity of the south and the development of ethnic relations, this lesson focuses on the development of ethnic relations. In addition to culture, the section on the Yuan Dynasty occupies only one lesson book, so it is a wide range of content, from the rise of Mongolia all the way to the development of politics, economy and ethnic integration in the Yuan Dynasty. The whole class only two major subheadings, one is "a generation of pride" unified Mongolia, the second is Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, the study can focus on the second subheading.

2. Clear the basic clues to clarify the links between things that can help us understand the overall picture of the Yuan Dynasty.

3?When studying, pay attention to the extraction of knowledge, this lesson involves three eras, three historical figures, three major events.

Three eras: 1206 1271 1276

Three historical figures: Genghis Khan Kublai Wen Tianxiang

Three major events: the unification of Mongolia by Genghis Khan Kublai's establishment of the Yuan Dynasty The establishment of the province system

Four, the problem of inquiry

Brainstorming

1.Below are some of the conditions of the Mongolian historical books recorded in the 12th century, think about it in the context of the text, what was the situation at that time? How did this situation change?

"There was no place to run away, only to fight. There was no peace and happiness, only killing each other."

This account describes how the Mongolian tribes were fighting each other and how the society was in turmoil at that time. This kind of war brought deep suffering to the Mongolian people, who longed to get rid of the war, end the division, and lead a peaceful and stable life. Temujin, later Genghis Khan, responded to the wishes of the people and the requirements of historical development, and with extraordinary wisdom, excellent organizational skills and strong character, he organized a powerful army, and after many years of war, achieved the unification of Mongolia.

2. "Life from the beginning of time who have no death, leave the heart of Dan Zhi Zhao Khanqing." Whose poem is this? Can you explain its meaning?

This is a poem by Wen Tianxiang. It means that since ancient times, people are not immune to death, but death should be worthwhile, meaningful and famous in history.

3. Which of them is right? Why?

For these two cases, I can organize students to discuss, the answer can not be fixed.

Practice

B

Activity and Inquiry

1. Storytelling: collect stories about Wen Tianxiang and exchange them in class groups. Or organize a history extracurricular activity group to go together to search for historical sites about Wen Tianxiang.

Mongolian officials, like their Han Chinese counterparts, lived a life of luxury and extravagance. When they drank and enjoyed themselves, they were served by many servants, who held the wine for their masters and played drums and music to cheer them up.

2. Discuss: What is the difference between the Yuan Dynasty Canal and the Sui Dynasty Canal? Do you know today's China's "South-to-North Water Transfer" project? After the lesson may wish to check the direction of the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion.

Sui-Dynasty canals passed through the capital city of Luoyang, in a big bend. In the Yuan dynasty, the capital was in the capital city, and the canal no longer passed through Luoyang, but cut the bend to reach the capital city.